Sivrisinek RNAi-aracılı gen susturulması ilgi gen hedef belirli dsRNAs önceden hazırlanması ve arıtma gerektirir. DsRNA sentezi için, biz bir T7 RNA polimeraz aracılı in vitro transkripsiyon reaksiyonu kullanır Ambion Megascript kitini tavsiye ederiz . DsRNA arıtma için, biz Qiagen RNeasy kitini tavsiye ederiz. DsRNA, Örnekleri sayısal ve 3 mikrogram / mcL su ayarlanmış olmalıdır. Gereksinim duyacağınız diğer malzemeler şunlardır: ince uçlu forseps, cam Slayt, cam microcapillary iğneler, mikroenjektör (Drummond Kullanıcı Nanoject II kullanırız), soğuk bir blok, bir kapalı cam Petri çanak, kağıt havlu ve bir kova buz üstünde monte edilmiş bir ışık mikroskobu . Ayrıca% 10 sakaroz batırılmış pamuk gibi bir besin kaynağı ile birlikte sivrisinek ve onlar için uygun bir kap toplamak için bir yol gerekir. <ol><li> Sivrisinekler toplayın. Pilli bir aspiratör kullanılması, enjekte etmek istediğiniz sivrisinek toplamak. Bir kağıt havlu ya da pamuk sivrisinek yok rezervuar kaçış ve kaldırmak, böylece meme takın. Soğuk havalarda sivrisinek anestezisi bu yana, bir kova buz rezervuar gömmek ve hareket durdurmak için sivrisinekler için 5-10 dakika bekleyin. Anesthetization da soğuk bir oda ya da buzdolabında rezervuara koyarak ya da CO 2 kullanılarak elde edilebilir. Bu 5-10 dakika boyunca, bir sonraki adıma geçin. </li><li> Çalışma alanınızı hazırlamak düz bir yüzeye soğuk blok 2 ° C ve üzerine bir bardak slayt yerleştirmek. Bu onlara enjekte olarak sivrisinek geri kalanı nerede. Mikroenjektör üzerine bir cam iğne takınız ve iğne ucu istenilen genişlikte kırmak için forseps kullanabilir. Genişliği için yeterli sıvı oda makul bir hızda akmasına izin verecek kadar büyük ama enjeksiyon sırasında en az bir yara indirebilmek kadar dar olduğunu önemlidir. İyi bir iğne ucu hafifçe bükülerek dar ama kırılmaz. Istenen çıkış hacmi (RNAi için, biz 69 nL) enjeksiyon ekipmanı ayarlayın. Batmak örnek içine iğne ucu ve iğne üreticinin talimatlarına kullanarak içine sıvı numune. DsRNA çözüm, bakteriyel süspansiyon, ya da diğer sıvı örnek olabilir; enjeksiyon işlemi herkes için aynıdır. Buz kovası bir cam Petri çanak çanak alt tamamen buz iletişime şekilde gömün. Enjekte etmek için hazır olana kadar sivrisinek koyacağız. </li><li> Sivrisinek hazırlayın Transfer 50-100 sivrisinek rezervuar cam Petri kabı. Onları anestezi tutmak için çanak soğuk alt temas emin olun, bunları tek bir katmanda inceltmek için forseps kullanın. Kullanılmadığı zaman kapağı çanak bu sivrisinekler örtün. Sivrisinekler geri kalanı anestezi tutmak için buz kovası rezervuar dönün. </li><li> Sivrisinekler soğuk blok üzerine monte edin. Sivrisinek bir çanak ışık mikroskobu altında, soğuk bir blok üzerine monte edilmiş cam slayt için bir anda transfer etmek için ince uçlu forseps kullanın. Tercihen bacaklar hafifçe vurur taşıyınız. Hat slaytta 30 olarak sivrisinek gibi birçok yan yana mikroenjektör her biri olsun ve her biri soğuk slayt ile temas edinceye emin olun emin olun. Sivrisinek gibi geçinmek ve enjekte henüz hangi biliyorum ki düzenli dizilmiş emin olun. Soğutulmuş Petri kabındaki kapsamındaki diğer sivrisinekler bırakın. </li><li> İlk grup sivrisinek enjekte edilir. Bir elinde ince uçlu uçlu forseps tutun ve bir kalem gibi diğer yandan mikroenjektör tutun. Forseps sivrisinek taşımak için (bacaklar yaralanmayı önlemek için onları idare) ve sivrisinek enjekte olarak sabit tutmak için kullanın. Diğer taraftan enjekte olarak sivrisinek bir tarafı desteklemek için forseps kullanabilir Bu iyi çalışır. Sivrisineğin toraks içine dikkatlice sadece iğne ucu takın. Yaralanmaları en aza indirmek için manikür gergin ama ince bir parçası haline enjekte etmek en iyisidir. Ayrıca, çok derinden enjekte önlemek; toraks içinde sadece ucu istiyorum; derin enjeksiyonlar, hayatta kalma uzlaşma olacak büyük yaralar neden olur. İğnenin ucu konumda, basın ve dsRNA önceden ayarlanan ses getireceği mikroenjektör cihazların ayak pedalı bırakın. Bir veya iki saniye bekleyin ve sivrisinek iğneyi çıkarın. Sıvı yara sitesi dışında bir damla belirirse, bu yaranın içine absorbe edilmesi için birkaç saniye bekleyin. Birkaç saniye içinde absorbe değilse, o sivrisinek atmak ve tekrar deneyin. Cam slayt tüm sivrisinekler için enjeksiyon işlemi devam edin. </li><li> Sivrisinekler Mağaza Bitirdiğinizde, etiketlenmiş, uygun kaplar içine enjekte sivrisinek (1 pint kapsadığı balmumu kaplı karton bardak tercihMesh) netleştirme ve lastik bantlar ve bir karton kapak ile güvenli. </li><li> Tamamlanana kadar enjeksiyonlar devam edin. Slaytta sivrisinek yerleştirmek için devam edin ve sizin arzu örneklem büyüklüğü kadar enjekte bardak transfer . Hesap bazı ölümlerin yeni başlayanlar için çok sivrisinek enjeksiyon travma ölmektedir. Sivrisineklerin neredeyse% 100 enjeksiyon hayatta kadar bu uygulama ile artıracaktır. </li><li> Tamamlandığında, bir gıda kaynağı ile birlikte, fincan katlanmış, ıslak kağıt havlu yerleştirin ve bardak, plastik ambalaj malzemesi ile veya, plastik bir Petri kapak gibi nemi korumak için bir şey kapsayacak. Enjekte sivrisinekler, ıslak havlu ve plastik tarafından tutulan nem bu önlemeye yardımcı olur, böylece kuruma eğilimli. </li><li> Çevre kontrollü bir kuluçka odasında sivrisinek yerleştirin. </li></ol> Not: Verimlilik gen susturulması son derece değişken ve hücreler ve organlar tarafından transkript ve protein ciro oranları ve dsRNA alımı verimliliği de dahil olmak üzere bir takım faktörlere bağlıdır. Biz susturulması, 1 gün sonrası enjeksiyon şeklinde gibi erken başlar bulduk ve 6 gün yazılan enjeksiyon kadar sürebilir. Susturulması doğrulamak için blot gibi kantitatif PCR ve Batı olarak transkript ve protein algılama yöntemleri kullanın. Not: sivrisinek enjeksiyon ve RNAi aracılı gen susturma tekniği birkaç adım çeşitli varyasyonları vardır. Bazı varyasyonlar tarafından açıklanmıştır: Boisson ve ark (2006) ve Blandin ve ark (2002)...

<ol>
	<li>Boisson, ., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2006).</li><li>Blandin, ., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2002).</li></ol>

Gen susturma Verim çok değişkendir ve hücreler ve organlar tarafından transkript ve protein ciro oranları ve dsRNA alımı verimliliği de dahil olmak üzere bir takım faktörlere bağlıdır. Biz susturulması gibi erken 1 gün yazılan enjeksiyon başlar ve en fazla 6 gün enjeksiyonu sürebilir bulduk. Susturulması doğrulamak için blot gibi kantitatif PCR ve Batı olarak transkript ve protein algılama yöntemleri kullanın.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Megascript</td>
<td>kit</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for dsRNA synthesis; T7 RNA polymerase-mediated in vitro transcription reaction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RNeasy</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Qiagen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For dsRNA purification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dsRNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>should be quantified and adjusted to 3 &#x03BC;g/ &#x03BC;L in water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fine-tipped forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>glass slide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>glass microcapillary needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>microinjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Drummond</td>
<td>Nanoject II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>light microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>mounted above a cold block</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Petri dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>covered, glass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>paper towels</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10% sucrose</td>
<td>food</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A. gambiae</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>mosquitos</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

protocol for rnai assays in adult mosquitoes (a. gambiae)

Ters genetik yaklaşımlar sivrisinek vektör patojenler için hangi genlerin altta ya direncini belirlemek için son derece yararlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu video protokolü Dimopoulos laboratuar tarafından dsRNA Anofel gambiae sivrisinekler, sıtma paraziti limanın içine enjekte etmek için kullanılan bir yöntem gösteriyor. Enjeksiyon kurulum ve toraks içine enjekte dsRNA manipüle tekniği gösterilmiştir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae at JoVE.com

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

Yetişkin Sivrisinekler (A. gambiae) RNAi Tahliller için protokol

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video ...

protocol-for-rnai-assays-in-adult-mosquitoes-a-gambiae

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes (A. gambiae)

12.6K Görüntüleme.  Johns Hopkins University. Ters genetik yaklaşımlar sivrisinek vektör patojenler için hangi genlerin altta ya direncini belirlemek için son derece yararlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu video protokolü Dimopoulos laboratuar tarafından dsRNA Anofel gambiae sivrisinekler, sıtma paraziti limanın içine enjekte etmek için kullanılan bir yöntem gösteriyor. Enjeksiyon kurulum ve toraks içine enjekte dsRNA manipüle tekniği gösterilmiştir.

Video: Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination

The purpose of this procedure is to infect the Aedes mosquito with dengue virus in a laboratory condition and examine the infection level and dynamic of the virus in the mosquito tissues. This protocol is routinely used for studying mosquito-virus interactions, especially for identification of novel host factors that are able to determine vector competence. The entire experiment must be conducted in a BSL2 laboratory. Similar to Plasmodium falciparum infections, proper attire including gloves and lab coat must be worn at all times. After the experiment, all the materials that came in contact with the virus need to be treated with 75% ethanol and bleached before proceeding with normal washing. All other materials need to be autoclaved before discarding them.

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for the dengue virus, it must be evaluated for it's role in preventing viral infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of dengue infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for growing up the virus in culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Dang Enfeksiyonlar Sivrisinekler (A. aegypti) ve Enfeksiyon Fenotip belirlenmesi için protokol

The purpose of this procedure is to infect the Aedes mosquito with dengue virus in a laboratory condition and examine the infection level and dynamic of ...

Biyoloji

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night cycle. For this procedure, you'll need mosquito cages, 10% sterile sucrose solution, paper towels, beaker, whatman filter paper, glass feeders, human blood and serum, water bath, parafilm, distilled water, clean plastic trays, mosquito food (described below), mosquito net to cover the trays, vacuum, and a collection chamber to collect adults.

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing A. gambiae

This video illustrates the general techniques used to rear Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. The methods for caring for laboratory mosquitoes are demonstrated through all stages of the organism's life cycle from larvae to pupae to blood-feeding adults.

Sivrisinek Yetiştirme Protokolü (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night ...

Protocol for Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Mosquitoes and Infection Phenotype Determination

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito.    This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed.  The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Sivrisinekler ve Enfeksiyon Fenotip belirlenmesi Plasmodium falciparum Enfeksiyonlar Protokol

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the ...

Building a Better Mosquito: Identifying the Genes Enabling Malaria and Dengue Fever Resistance in A. gambiae and A. aegypti Mosquitoes

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections.   Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections. Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

Bina daha iyi Sivrisinek: Sıtma ve Dang Ateşi Direnç A. gambiae ve A. aegypti Sivrisinekler etkinleştirilmesi Genler belirlenmesi

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus ...

MISSION esiRNA for RNAi Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The short double-stranded RNAs originate from longer double stranded precursors by the activity of Dicer, a protein of the RNase III family of endonucleases. The resulting fragments are components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), directing it to the cognate target mRNA. RISC cleaves the target mRNA thereby reducing the expression of the encoded protein1,2,3. RNAi has become a powerful and widely used experimental method for loss of gene function studies in mammalian cells utilizing small interfering RNAs.
Currently two main methods are available for the production of small interfering RNAs. One method involves chemical synthesis, whereas an alternative method employs endonucleolytic cleavage of target specific long double-stranded RNAs by RNase III in vitro. Thereby, a diverse pool of siRNA-like oligonucleotides is produced which is also known as endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or esiRNA. A comparison of efficacy of chemically derived siRNAs and esiRNAs shows that both triggers are potent in target-gene silencing. Differences can, however, be seen when comparing specificity. Many single chemically synthesized siRNAs produce prominent off-target effects, whereas the complex mixture inherent in esiRNAs leads to a more specific knockdown10.
In this study, we present the design of genome-scale MISSION esiRNA libraries and its utilization for RNAi screening exemplified by a DNA-content screen for the identification of genes involved in cell cycle progression. We show how to optimize the transfection protocol and the assay for screening in high throughput. We also demonstrate how large data-sets can be evaluated statistically and present methods to validate primary hits. Finally, we give potential starting points for further functional characterizations of validated hits.

Here we use a human esiRNA library in a high-throughput screen for genes involved in cell division. We demonstrate how to set up and conduct an esiRNA screens, as well as how to analyze and validate the results.

Memeli Hücreleri RNAi Tarama MİSYON esiRNA

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as ...

Bacterial Delivery of RNAi Effectors: Transkingdom RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) represents a high effective mechanism for specific inhibition of mRNA expression. Besides its potential as a powerful laboratory tool, the RNAi pathway appears to be promising for therapeutic utilization. For development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies, delivery of RNAi-mediating agents to target cells is one of the major obstacles. A novel strategy to overcome this hurdle is transkingdom RNAi (tkRNAi). This technology uses non-pathogenic bacteria, e.g. Escherichia coli, to produce and deliver therapeutic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into target cells to induce RNAi. A first-generation tkRNAi-mediating vector, TRIP, contains the bacteriophage T7 promoter for expression regulation of a therapeutic shRNA of interest. Furthermore, TRIP has the Inv locus from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that encodes invasin, which permits natural noninvasive bacteria to enter &beta;1-integrin-positive mammalian cells and the HlyA gene from Listeria monocytogenes, which produces listeriolysin O. This enzyme allows the therapeutic shRNA to escape from entry vesicles within the cytoplasm of the target cell. TRIP constructs are introduced into a competent non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain, which encodes T7 RNA polymerase necessary for the T7 promoter-driven synthesis of shRNAs. A well-characterized cancer-associated target molecule for different RNAi strategies is ABCB1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MDR1/P-gp). This ABC-transporter acts as a drug extrusion pump and mediates the "classical" ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype of human cancer cells which is characterized by a specific cross resistance pattern. Different ABCB1-expressing MDR cancer cells were treated with anti-ABCB1 shRNA expression vector bearing E. coli. This procedure resulted in activation of the RNAi pathways within the cancer cells and a considerable down regulation of the ABCB1 encoding mRNA as well as the corresponding drug extrusion pump. Accordingly, drug accumulation was enhanced in the pristine drug-resistant cancer cells and the MDR phenotype was reversed. By means of this model the data provide the proof-of-concept that tkRNAi is suitable for modulation of cancer-associated factors, e.g. ABCB1, in human cancer cells.

For development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies, a novel strategy was developed, transkingdom RNAi (tkRNAi). This technology uses non-pathogenic bacteria to produce and deliver therapeutic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into target cells. Here, tkRNAi was successfully applied for reversal of classical ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells.

RNAi Efektör Bakteriyel Teslim Tarihi: Transkingdom RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) represents a high effective mechanism for specific inhibition of mRNA expression. Besides its potential as a powerful laboratory ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi-aracılı Gene Nakavt ve<em&gt; In Vivo</emYetişkin Kadınlar&gt; diürez Testi<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; Sivrisinekler

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

Endurance Training Protocol and Longitudinal Performance Assays for Drosophila melanogaster

One of the most pressing problems facing modern medical researchers is the surging levels of obesity, with the consequent increase in associated disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease 1-3. An important topic of research into these associated health problems involves the role of endurance exercise as a beneficial intervention.
Exercise training is an inexpensive, non-invasive intervention with several beneficial results, including reduction in excess body fat 4, increased insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle 5, increased anti-inflammatory and antioxidative responses 6, and improved contractile capacity in cardiomyocytes 7. Low intensity exercise is known to increase mitochondrial activity and biogenesis in humans 8 and mice, with the transcriptional coactivator PGC1-&alpha; as an important intermediate 9,10. 
Despite the importance of exercise as a tool for combating several important age-related diseases, extensive longitudinal genetic studies have been impeded by the lack of an endurance training protocol for a short-lived genetic model species. The variety of genetic tools available for use with Drosophila, together with its short lifespan and inexpensive maintenance, make it an appealing model for further study of these genetic mechanisms. With this in mind we have developed a novel apparatus, known as the Power Tower, for large scale exercise-training in Drosophila melanogaster 11. The Power Tower utilizes the flies' instinctive negative geotaxis behavior to repetitively induce rapid climbing. Each time the machine lifts, then drops, the platform of flies, the flies are induced to climb. Flies continue to respond as long as the machine is in operation or until they become too fatigued to respond. Thus, the researcher can use this machine to provide simultaneous training to large numbers of age-matched and genetically identical flies. Additionally, we describe associated assays useful to track longitudinal progress of fly cohorts during training.

Endurance Training Protocol and Longitudinal Performance Assays for Drosophila melanogaster

We describe the first endurance training protocol for an important genetic model species, Drosophila melanogaster, and outline several assays to chart improvements in mobility following training.

Drosophila melanogaster Kondisyon Eğitim Protokolü ve Boyuna Performans Tahliller

One of the most pressing problems facing modern medical researchers is the surging levels of obesity, with the consequent increase in associated disorders ...

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, several traits are typically characterized using molecular assays to aid in epidemiological studies. These traits include species identification, insecticide resistance, parasite infection status, and host preference. Since populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex are morphologically indistinguishable, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is traditionally used to identify species. Once the species is known, several downstream assays are routinely performed to elucidate further characteristics. For instance, mutations known as KDR in a para gene confer resistance against DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Plasmodium parasite DNA detection PCR assays are used to detect parasites present in mosquito tissues. Lastly, a combination of PCR and restriction enzyme digests can be used to elucidate host preference (e.g., human vs. animal blood) by screening the mosquito bloodmeal for host-specific DNA. We have developed a multi-detection assay (MDA) that combines all of the aforementioned assays into a single multiplex reaction genotyping 33SNPs for 96 or 384 samples at a time. Because the MDA includes multiple markers for species, Plasmodium detection, and host blood identification, the likelihood of generating false positives or negatives is greatly reduced from previous assays that include only one marker per trait. This robust and simple assay can detect these key mosquito traits cost-effectively and in a fraction of the time of existing assays.

Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

Sıtma verici Sivrisinekler için bir çok algılama Deneyi

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...

RNAi Trigger Delivery into Anopheles gambiae Pupae

RNA interference (RNAi), a naturally occurring phenomenon in eukaryotic organisms, is an extremely valuable tool that can be utilized in the laboratory for functional genomic studies. The ability to knockdown individual genes selectively via this reverse genetic technique has allowed many researchers to rapidly uncover the biological roles of numerous genes within many organisms, by evaluation of loss-of-function phenotypes. In the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, the predominant method used to reduce the function of targeted genes involves injection of double-stranded (dsRNA) into the hemocoel of the adult mosquito. While this method has been successful, gene knockdown in adults excludes the functional assessment of genes that are expressed and potentially play roles during pre-adult stages, as well as genes that are expressed in limited numbers of cells in adult mosquitoes. We describe a method for the injection of Serine Protease Inhibitor 2 (SRPN2) dsRNA during the early pupal stage and validate SRPN2 protein knockdown by observing decreased target protein levels and the formation of melanotic pseudo-tumors in SRPN2 knockdown adult mosquitoes. This evident phenotype has been described previously for adult stage knockdown of SRPN2 function, and we have recapitulated this adult phenotype by SRPN2 knockdown initiated during pupal development. When used in conjunction with a dye-labeled dsRNA solution, this technique enables easy visualization by simple light microscopy of injection quality and distribution of dsRNA in the hemocoel.

RNAi Trigger Delivery into Anopheles gambiae Pupae

RNA interference (RNAi) is an extremely valuable tool for uncovering gene function. However, the ability to target genes using RNAi during pre-adult stages is limited in the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. We describe an RNAi protocol to reduce gene function via direct injection during pupal development.

içine RNAi Tetik Teslimat<em&gt; Anofel gambiae</em&gt; Pupa

RNA interference (RNAi), a naturally occurring phenomenon in eukaryotic organisms, is an extremely valuable tool that can be utilized in the laboratory ...