وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعهد الوطني للصحة العقلية، والمؤسسة الوطنية للعلوم. شكر خاص للدكتور جين Gutzman الدكتور ديكنسون أماندا وغيرها من أعضاء المختبر لإجراء مناقشات SIVE كثيرة مفيدة والنقد البناء، وأوليفييه لتربية الأسماك Paugois الخبراء.

1. إعداد إبر حقن مكروي والترام الخليوي <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ملء إيبندورف CellTram جهاز microinjector النفط مع الزيوت المعدنية وفقا لتعليمات الشركة الصانعة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد الإبر حقن مكروي عن طريق سحب الأنابيب الشعرية باستخدام إبرة سوتر مجتذب الصكوك. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحميل الإبرة على مياداة مجهرية متصلة CellTram إيبندورف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كسر بعناية غيض من إبرة. تلميح لحجم موحد، مع قياس ميكرون، أو مقارنة لإبرة المرجعية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ملء طول الإبرة مع النفط، وذلك باستخدام CellTram لدفع النفط إلى أسفل طول، والحرص على تجنب أي فقاعات. </li></ol> 2. إعداد الأجنة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كزة ثقوب في صحن الاغاروز 1٪ المغلفة مع طرف ماصة ميكرولتر 1-200، وإزالة شمعات الاغاروز. ملء الطبق مع وسائل الإعلام الجنين (مصنوعة وفقا لWesterfield 25). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام ملقط، dechorionate الأجنة تحت stereomicroscope. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل الأجنة dechorionatedفي الاغاروز طبق المغلفة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لتخدير الأجنة، إضافة Tricaine (0.1 ملغ / مل) إلى طبق الاغاروز حتى الأجنة يتوقف عن الحركة (تقدم وفقا لWesterfield 25). </li></ol> 3. تجفيف eCSF <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> توجيه الأجنة مع ذيولها في ثقوب من الاغاروز وجنوبهم الخلفي الأقرب إلى مياداة مجهرية، مما يسمح لرؤية الجانب الظهري من الدماغ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع الإبرة في قسيم معيني 0/1 المفصلي نقطة أو نقطة على أوسع نطاق للبطين الدماغ المؤخر (الشكل 1A). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لوحة السقف بعناية بيرس للبطين الدماغ المؤخر لا يجري التأكد من خلال الذهاب الى عمق الدماغ إلى الصفار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استنزاف eCSF باستخدام CellTram وجمع السوائل في حقن مكروي إبرة. كن حذرا لتجنب أي الخلايا. </li></ol> 4. جمع eCSF لتحليل التركيب <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مرة واحدة يتم جمع eCSF في الإبرة، بعناية وقف السحب من CellTram. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> موهاء طبق من تحت الإبرة ووضع بعناية الإبرة في أنبوب يحتوي على المخزن المؤقت المطلوب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام CellTram، واستنزاف eCSF من الإبرة في المخزن المؤقت في محاولة لتجنب تلويث الحل مع النفط. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> من أجل إزالة الخلايا التي كنت قد يستنشق جنبا إلى جنب مع eCSF eCSF تدور، في ز X 10،000. جمع غير ملوثة eCSF (طاف) وتخزينها في -80 درجة مئوية حتى على استعداد لمزيد من التحليل. </li></ol> 5. إعادة من العوامل المختارة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استنزاف كل ساعة eCSF 2 خلال الفاصل الزمني المطلوب، حيث أن السائل ضمن تجديد تلك الفترة الزمنية. بين الصرف وقتا نقطة إزالة الإبرة وتخزين الأجنة في C ° 28،5 المطلوب أو درجة الحرارة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 2 تحميل إبرة micropipette مع عامل الاختبار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إبرة في مكان مياداة مجهرية المرفقة microinjector. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضبط مستوى الصوت إلى 1 NL حقن عن طريق قياس حجم انخفاض في الوقت حقن النفط والتركيب وعressure. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حقن 1-2 NL في الدماغ البطينات كما هو موضح سابقا 26. </li></ol>

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الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

سوف تستخدم هذه التقنية لاستنزاف يدويا eCSF من البطينين الدماغ الزرد أن تكون مفيدة لتحديد متطلبات eCSF خلال التنمية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، سوف تسمح هذه التقنية وصف الملف البروتين eCSF على مدى التطور الجنيني. وتحديد البروتينات المختلفة خلال هذا الوقت تمكن إجراء مزيد من التحقي?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم الكاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> كتالوج رقم </td></tr><tr><td> إيبندورف CellTram النفط </td><td> إيبندورف </td><td> 516 000.025 </td></tr><tr><td> النفط المعدنية </td><td> سيجما </td><td> M8410 </td></tr><tr><td> Tricaine مسحوق </td><td> سيجما </td><td> A5040 </td></tr><tr><td> أنابيب الشعرية </td><td> شركة FHC </td><td> 30-30-1 </td></tr></tbody></table>

manual drainage of the zebrafish embryonic brain ventricles

السائل النخاعي (CSF) هو السائل الغنية بالبروتين الواردة في البطينين الدماغ. كان موجودا خلال التنمية في وقت مبكر واستمرت الفقاريات الجنينية في جميع مراحل الحياة. ويعتقد الكبار CSF للتخفيف من الدماغ، وإزالة النفايات، وتحمل جزيئات يفرز 1،2. في الجنين الكبار وكبار السن، ويتم إجراء معظم CSF من قبل الضفيرة المشيمية، سلسلة من المناطق عالية إفرازية أوعية دموية تقع بالقرب من الدماغ البطينين 3-5. في الزرد، ويتكون بشكل كامل الضفيرة المشيمية صلت إلى 144 التسميد آخر ساعة (HPF) 6. وقبل ذلك، في كل من الفقاريات الأجنة الزرد وغيرها بما في ذلك الماوس، وكمية كبيرة من CSF الجنينية (eCSF) موجود. هذه البيانات والدراسات في فرخ تشير إلى أن الظهارة العصبية الإفرازية هو في وقت مبكر من التنمية، وقد تكون المصدر الرئيسي للeCSF قبل التنمية الضفيرة المشيمية 7. eCSF يحتوي على حوالي ثلاث مرات أكثر بروتين تيهان الكبار CSF، مما يشير إلى أنه قد يكون لها دور هام أثناء تطوير 8،9. دراسات في الفرخ والفأر تثبت أن العوامل يفرز في eCSF، ضغط السائل، أو مزيج من هذه، مهمة لبقاء الخلايا العصبية التعبير الجيني، تكاثر الخلايا، والخلية، في الظهارة العصبية 10-20. وقد حددت التحليلات البروتين من الفئران والبشرية، والماوس، وeCSF فرخ العديد من البروتينات التي قد تكون ضرورية لوظيفة CSF. وتشمل هذه المكونات المصفوفة خارج الخلية، apolipoproteins والبروتينات التي تنظم الضغط التناضحي، والبروتينات المشاركة في موت الخلايا وانتشار 21-24. ومع ذلك، فإن الوظائف المعقدة للeCSF غير معروفة إلى حد كبير. وقد وضعنا طريقة لإزالة eCSF من البطينين الدماغ الزرد، مما يسمح لتحديد مكونات وeCSF لتحليل متطلبات eCSF خلال التنمية. رغم أنه يمكن جمع أكثر من غيرها eCSF ث نظم الفقارياتإيث أكبر الأجنة، يمكن جمعها eCSF منذ المراحل الأولى للتنمية الزرد، وتحت ظروف جينية أو بيئية غير طبيعية التي تؤدي إلى الدماغ حجم البطين أو شكلها. إزالة وجمع eCSF يسمح لكتلة الطيفي التحقيق، وتحليل وظيفة eCSF، وإعادة تحديد العوامل إلى البطينين لفحص وظيفتها. وبالتالي الوصول إلى الجنين في وقت مبكر يسمح للالزرد تحليل مفصل وظيفة eCSF خلال التنمية.

ويرد مثال على الدماغ البطين ينضب في الشكل 1B-C. وانهارت البطينين الدماغ كما أنها تفتقر eCSF (الشكل 1B مقابل C). كما رأينا في الصور الظهرية (الشكل 1B-C، والشكل 2A-D). والظهارة العصبية الدماغ المؤخر لا تحتفظ التشكل المميز له، ويبدو أن تكون مفتوحة على ال?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles at JoVE.com

Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles

نقدم طريقة لجمع السائل النخاعي (CSF) وخلق نظام الذي يفتقر CSF داخل منظومة البطين الزرد الجنينية الدماغ. وهذا يسمح لمزيد من الدراسة من تكوين CSF ومتطلباتها خلال نمو المخ الجنينية.

دليل الصرف من البطينين الدماغ الجنينية اسماك الزرد

Cerebrospinal fluid  (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is  present during early vertebrate embryonic development and ...

manual-drainage-of-the-zebrafish-embryonic-brain-ventricles

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.9K Views.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. نقدم طريقة لجمع السائل النخاعي (CSF) وخلق نظام الذي يفتقر CSF داخل منظومة البطين الزرد الجنينية الدماغ. وهذا يسمح لمزيد من الدراسة من تكوين CSF ومتطلباتها خلال نمو المخ الجنينية.

Video: Manual Drainage of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain Ventricles

An Assay for Permeability of the Zebrafish Embryonic Neuroepithelium

The brain ventricular system is conserved among vertebrates and is composed of a series of interconnected cavities called brain ventricles, which form during the earliest stages of brain development and are maintained throughout the animal's life. The brain ventricular system is found in vertebrates, and the ventricles develop after neural tube formation, when the central lumen fills with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1,2. CSF is a protein rich fluid that is essential for normal brain development and function3-6.
In zebrafish, brain ventricle inflation begins at approximately 18 hr post fertilization (hpf), after the neural tube is closed. Multiple processes are associated with brain ventricle formation, including formation of a neuroepithelium, tight junction formation that regulates permeability and CSF production. We showed that the Na,K-ATPase is required for brain ventricle inflation, impacting all these processes 7,8, while claudin 5a is necessary for tight junction formation 9. Additionally, we showed that "relaxation" of the embryonic neuroepithelium, via inhibition of myosin, is associated with brain ventricle inflation.
To investigate the regulation of permeability during zebrafish brain ventricle inflation, we developed a ventricular dye retention assay. This method uses brain ventricle injection in a living zebrafish embryo, a technique previously developed in our lab10, to fluorescently label the cerebrospinal fluid. Embryos are then imaged over time as the fluorescent dye moves through the brain ventricles and neuroepithelium. The distance the dye front moves away from the basal (non-luminal) side of the neuroepithelium over time is quantified and is a measure of neuroepithelial permeability (Figure 1). We observe that dyes 70 kDa and smaller will move through the neuroepithelium and can be detected outside the embryonic zebrafish brain at 24 hpf (Figure 2).
This dye retention assay can be used to analyze neuroepithelial permeability in a variety of different genetic backgrounds, at different times during development, and after environmental perturbations. It may also be useful in examining pathological accumulation of CSF. Overall, this technique allows investigators to analyze the role and regulation of permeability during development and disease.

We describe a live whole animal quantitative measurement for permeability of the embryonic zebrafish brain. The technique analyzes the ability to retain cerebrospinal fluid and molecules of different molecular weights within the neural tube lumen and quantifies their movement out of the ventricles. This method is useful for determining differences in epithelial permeability and maturation during development and disease.

مقايسة لنفاذية الظهارة العصبية الجنينية واسماك الزرد

The brain ventricular system is conserved among vertebrates and is composed of a series of interconnected cavities called brain ventricles, which form ...

Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) technique as a means to modulate gene expression in the adult zebrafish brain. By using CVMI, substances can be administered into the cerebroventricular fluid and be thoroughly distributed along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain. We particularly focus on the use of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, which are potent tools for knocking down gene expression in vivo. In our method, when applied, morpholino molecules are taken up by the cells lining the ventricular surface. These cells include the radial glial cells, which act as neurogenic progenitors. Therefore, knocking down gene expression in the radial glial cells is of utmost importance to analyze the widespread neurogenesis response in zebrafish, and also would provide insight into how vertebrates could sustain adult neurogenesis response. Such an understanding would also help the efforts for clinical applications in human neurodegenerative disorders and central nervous system regeneration. Thus, we present the cerebroventricular microinjection method as a quick and efficient way to alter gene expression and neurogenesis response in the adult zebrafish forebrain. We also provide troubleshooting tips and other useful information on how to carry out the CVMI procedure.

In this article, we demonstrate a method for manipulation of gene expression in the ventricular cells of the adult zebrafish telencephalon using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. We present this method as an efficient and quick protocol that can be used for functional studies in the adult vertebrate brain.

المجهرية من التعبير الجيني في الدماغ اسماك الزرد الكبار عن طريق حقن مكروي Cerebroventricular [أليغنوكليوتيد] Morpholino

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is  required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the  cerebroventricular ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

تسجيلات المشبك التصحيح من الخلايا الجنينية الزرد ماوتنر

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

العزلة والثقافة من الخلايا البطانية من الجنينية الدماغ المقدم

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

تسجيل الكهربية في الدماغ سليمة من اسماك الزرد الكبار

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

التصوير حية من الانقسام في تطوير الجنينية الماوس اللحاء

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits during embryonic maturation of the brain however is technically challenging because most transsynaptic tracing methods developed to date depend on stereotaxic tracer injection. To overcome this problem, we developed a binary genetic strategy for conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the mouse brain. Towards this end we generated two complementary knock-in mouse strains to selectively express the bidirectional transsynaptic tracer barley lectin (BL) and the retrograde transsynaptic tracer Tetanus Toxin fragment C from the ROSA26 locus after Cre-mediated recombination. Cell-specific tracer production in these mice is genetically encoded and does not depend on mechanical tracer injection. Therefore our experimental approach is suitable to study neural circuit formation in the embryonic murine brain. Furthermore, because tracer transfer across synapses depends on synaptic activity, these mouse strains can be used to analyze the communication between genetically defined neuronal populations during brain development at a single cell resolution. Here we provide a detailed protocol for transsynaptic tracing in mouse embryos using the novel recombinant ROSA26 alleles. We have utilized this experimental technique in order to delineate the neural circuitry underlying maturation of the reproductive axis in the developing female mouse brain.

Capitalizing on a binary genetic strategy we provide a detailed protocol for neural circuit tracing in mice that express complementary transsynaptic tracers after Cre-mediated recombination. Because cell-specific tracer production is genetically encoded, our experimental approach is suitable to study the formation and maturation of neural circuitry during murine embryonic brain development at a single cell resolution.

شرطي عبر التشابك الوراثية للبحث عن المفقودين في المخ الجنينية الماوس

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

التصوير المباشر لالبطانة العصبية سيليا في البطينات الجانبية للدماغ الفأر

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal

Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to non-human primates. The large brain size of the pig allows the use of conventional clinical brain imagers and the direct use and testing of neurosurgical procedures and equipment from the human clinic. Further macroscopic and histological analysis, however, requires postmortem exposure of the pig central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent brain removal. This is not an easy task, as the pig CNS is encapsulated by a thick, bony skull and spinal column. The goal of this paper and instructional video is to describe how to expose and remove the postmortem pig brain and the pituitary gland in an intact state, suitable for subsequent macroscopic and histological analysis.

The goal of this paper and instructional video is to describe how to expose and remove the postmortem pig brain and pituitary gland in an intact state, suitable for subsequent macroscopic and histological analysis.

تعرض الجهاز العصبي المركزي الخنزير للتحليل النسيجي: دليل لقطع الرأس، الجمجمة افتتاح، والدماغ إزالة

Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to ...

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this challenging. Because the ventricles are negative spaces located deep within the brain, the only way to understand their anatomy is by appreciating their boundaries formed by related structures. Looking at a 2D representation of these spaces, in any of the cardinal planes, will not enable visualisation of all of the structures that form the boundaries of the ventricles. Thus, using 2D sections alone requires students to compute their own mental image of the 3D ventricular spaces. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible method for dissecting the human brain to create an educational resource to enhance student understanding of the intricate relationships between the ventricles and periventricular structures. To achieve this, we created a video resource that features a step-by-step guide using a fiber dissection method to reveal the lateral and third ventricles together with the closely related limbic system and basal ganglia structures. One of the advantages of this method is that it enables delineation of the white matter tracts that are difficult to distinguish using other dissection techniques. This video is accompanied by a written protocol that provides a systematic description of the process to aid in the reproduction of the brain dissection. This package offers a valuable anatomy teaching resource for educators and students alike. By following these instructions educators can create teaching resources and students can be guided to produce their own brain dissection as a hands-on practical activity. We recommend that this video guide be incorporated into neuroanatomy teaching to enhance student understanding of the morphology and clinical relevance of the ventricles.

This paper demonstrates the effective use of a fiber dissection method to reveal the superficial white matter tracts and periventricular structures of the human brain, in three-dimensional space, to aid student comprehension of ventricular morphology.

استكشاف الفضاء السحيق-كشف تشريح لهياكل تلين للكشف عن البطينات الجانبية للدماغ البشري

Anatomy students are typically provided with two-dimensional (2D) sections and images when studying cerebral ventricular anatomy and students find this ...