الكتاب تعترف مصادر التمويل التالية: P01CA040035 (FE / JAS) وجائزة VA التطوير الوظيفي (JAS).

<ol>
	<li>Sterling, J. A., Edwards, J. R., Martin, T. J., Mundy, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+biology+of+bone+metastasis:+how+the+skeleton+affects+tumor+behavior.">Advances in the biology of bone metastasis: how the skeleton affects tumor behavior.</a> Bone. 48, 6-15 (2011).</li><li>Yoneda, T., Sasaki, A., Mundy, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteolytic+bone+metastasis+in+breast+cancer.">Osteolytic bone metastasis in breast cancer.</a> Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 32, 73-84 (1994).</li><li>Johnson, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-beta+promotion+of+Gli2-induced+expression+of+parathyroid+hormone-related+protein,+an+important+osteolytic+factor+in+bone+metastasis,+is+independent+of+canonical+Hedgehog+signaling.">TGF-beta promotion of Gli2-induced expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein, an important osteolytic factor in bone metastasis, is independent of canonical Hedgehog signaling.</a> Cancer Res. 71, 822-831 (2011).</li><li>Li, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+TGF-beta+Responsiveness+in+Prostate+Stromal+Cells+Alters+Chemokine+Levels+and+Facilitates+the+Development+of+Mixed+Osteoblastic/Osteolytic+Bone+Lesions.">Loss of TGF-beta Responsiveness in Prostate Stromal Cells Alters Chemokine Levels and Facilitates the Development of Mixed Osteoblastic/Osteolytic Bone Lesions.</a> Mol. Cancer Res. , (2012).</li><li>Yoneda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actions+of+bisphosphonate+on+bone+metastasis+in+animal+models+of+breast+carcinoma.">Actions of bisphosphonate on bone metastasis in animal models of breast carcinoma.</a> Cancer. 88, 2979-2988 (2000).</li><li>Rose, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoactivin+promotes+breast+cancer+metastasis+to+bone.">Osteoactivin promotes breast cancer metastasis to bone.</a> Mol. Cancer Res. 5, 1001-1014 (2007).</li><li>Sterling, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hedgehog+signaling+molecule+Gli2+induces+parathyroid+hormone-related+peptide+expression+and+osteolysis+in+metastatic+human+breast+cancer+cells.">The hedgehog signaling molecule Gli2 induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression and osteolysis in metastatic human breast cancer cells.</a> Cancer Res. 66, 7548-7553 (2006).</li><li>Lu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VCAM-1+promotes+osteolytic+expansion+of+indolent+bone+micrometastasis+of+breast+cancer+by+engaging+alpha4beta1-positive+osteoclast+progenitors.">VCAM-1 promotes osteolytic expansion of indolent bone micrometastasis of breast cancer by engaging alpha4beta1-positive osteoclast progenitors.</a> Cancer Cell. 20, 701-714 (2011).</li><li>Oyajobi, B. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+myeloma+in+skeleton+of+mice+by+whole-body+optical+fluorescence+imaging.">Detection of myeloma in skeleton of mice by whole-body optical fluorescence imaging.</a> Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 1701-1708 (2007).</li><li>Johnson, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+live+animal+micro-CT+allows+for+quantitative+analysis+of+tumor-induced+bone+destruction.">Longitudinal live animal micro-CT allows for quantitative analysis of tumor-induced bone destruction.</a> Bone. 48, 141-151 (2011).</li><li>Sterling, J., Johnson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Imaging Techniques for the Detection and Examination of Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone. 46, (2011).</li><li>Steinbauer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFP-transfected+tumor+cells+are+useful+in+examining+early+metastasis+in+vivo,+but+immune+reaction+precludes+long-term+tumor+development+studies+in+immunocompetent+mice.">GFP-transfected tumor cells are useful in examining early metastasis in vivo, but immune reaction precludes long-term tumor development studies in immunocompetent mice.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 20, 135-141 (2003).</li><li>Oyajobi, B. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+effects+of+macrophage+inflammatory+protein-1alpha+on+osteolysis+and+tumor+burden+in+the+murine+5TGM1+model+of+myeloma+bone+disease.">Dual effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha on osteolysis and tumor burden in the murine 5TGM1 model of myeloma bone disease.</a> Blood. 102, 311-319 (2003).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

دراسات أمراض العظام التي يسببها الورم تعتمد على النماذج الحيوانية العديد منها وهما أكثر شيوعا هي التطعيمات داخل القلب وintratibial. في كثير من الحالات داخل القلب هو الخيار الأفضل لدراسة الانبثاث العظام ل، إلا أنها لا تمثل عملية كاملة المتنقل، وينبغي من الناحية المثالية ?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم كاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> كتالوج رقم </td></tr><tr><td> MDA-MB-231 خلايا سرطان الثدي البشرية </td><td> في الأصل، ATCC داخليا المستنسخة واختيار </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 11885 </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> Mediatech شركة </td><td> 21-040-CV </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> أطلس البيولوجي </td><td> F-0050a </td></tr><tr><td> التربسين </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 15400 </td></tr><tr><td> Faxitron </td><td> Faxitron </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> قائد فرقة موسيقية </td><td> CRI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> μCT الماسح الضوئي </td><td> Scanco </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> عاري الفئران Athymic </td><td> هارلان </td><td> الثعلب نو - / - </td></tr><tr><td> المحاقن الأنسولين (300 ميكرولتر، و 28.5 جم) </td><td> بيكتون ديكنسون </td><td> 309300 </td></tr><tr><td> IVIS </td><td> الفرجار </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> المشع القوارض حمية </td><td> Teklad </td><td> 2920x </td></tr></tbody></table>

models of bone metastasis

الانبثاث العظام هي أمر شائع في العديد من الأورام الخبيثة، بما في ذلك الثدي والبروستات، والرئة. متى تم انشاؤه في العظام، والأورام هي المسؤولة عن قسط كبير من المراضة والوفيات 1. وبالتالي، هناك حاجة كبيرة لفهم الآليات الجزيئية السيطرة على إنشاء ونمو ونشاط الأورام في العظام. وقد وضعت عدة نماذج في الجسم الحي لدراسة هذه الأحداث ولكل منها فوائد معينة والقيود. النموذج الأكثر شيوعا يستخدم التلقيح داخل القلب من الخلايا السرطانية مباشرة في إمدادات الدم الشرياني من الفئران (عارية) athymic جرذان. ويمكن تطبيق هذا الإجراء إلى العديد من أنواع الأورام المختلفة (بما في ذلك PC-3 سرطان البروستاتا، وسرطان الرئة، والأورام الثديية الماوس وسادة من الدهون)، ولكن في هذه المخطوطة سنركز على الثدي نموذج السرطان، MDA-MB-231. في هذا النموذج نستخدم استنساخ للغاية العظام انتقائية، والمستمدة أصلا في مجموعة الدكتور موندي في سان انطونيو 2، ح أنكما تقاس منذ ذلك الحين للتعبير GFP وإعادة استنساخ من قبل مجموعتنا 3. هذا هو البديل استنساخ العظام النقيلي مع ارتفاع معدل osteotropism والانبثاث سوى القليل جدا لالكبد والرئة، أو الغدد الكظرية. في حين هي الأكثر شيوعا داخل القلب الحقن للدراسات الانبثاث العظام من 2، في بعض الحالات intratibial 4 أو حقن الثدي الوسادة الدهنية هي أكثر ملاءمة. عادة يتم إجراء الحقن داخل القلب عند استخدام الخلايا السرطانية البشرية بهدف رصد مراحل لاحقة من ورم خبيث، وتحديدا من قدرة الخلايا السرطانية في العظام لاعتقال، البقاء على قيد الحياة، تتكاثر، وإقامة الأورام التي تتطور إلى مرض سرطان العظام التي يسببها. يتم تنفيذ الحقن Intratibial إذا التركيز على العلاقة بين الخلايا السرطانية والعظام بعد الورم قد انتشر إلى العظام، والتي يرتبط تقريبا أنشئت أمراض العظام النقيلي. أيا من هذه النماذج يلخص خطوات مبكرة في عملية المنتشر قبل الانسداد والدخولمن الخلايا السرطانية في الدورة الدموية. إذا رصد نمو الورم الابتدائي أو ورم خبيث من الموقع الأساسي إلى العظام، ثم الثديية التطعيمات منصة الدهون وعادة ما تكون المفضلة، ولكن عدد قليل جدا من خطوط الخلايا السرطانية تنتشر باستمرار والعظام من الموقع الأساسي، مع استنساخ العظام تفضيلية 4T1، ماوس الثديية سرطان، هو الاستثناء 5،6. هذه الإجراءات التلقيح مخطوطة التفاصيل والخطوات الرئيسية في التحليلات يسلط الضوء على آخر التلقيح. على وجه التحديد، فإنه يشمل زراعة الخلايا والأورام الخلية إجراءات التلقيح داخل القلب والتطعيمات لintratibial، فضلا عن معلومات موجزة فيما يتعلق بالرصد الأسبوعية عن طريق الأشعة السينية، مضان والتحليلات القياس النسيجي.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Models of Bone Metastasis at JoVE.com

Models of Bone Metastasis

وكثيرا ما يستخدم نماذج حيوانية لدراسة الانبثاث السرطان إلى العظام. في هذا البروتوكول سنقوم بشرح طريقتين مشتركة من التلقيح الورم ورم خبيث العظام للدراسات ووصف بإيجاز بعض التحليلات المستخدمة لرصد وقياس هذه النماذج.

نماذج من الانبثاث العظام

Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

41.8K Views.  Vanderbilt University. وكثيرا ما يستخدم نماذج حيوانية لدراسة الانبثاث السرطان إلى العظام. في هذا البروتوكول سنقوم بشرح طريقتين مشتركة من التلقيح الورم ورم خبيث العظام للدراسات ووصف بإيجاز بعض التحليلات المستخدمة لرصد وقياس هذه النماذج.

Video: Models of Bone Metastasis

Experimental Metastasis Assay

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. To understand the mechanism of metastasis, an experimental metastasis assay was established using immunodeficient mice. This article delineates the procedures involved in this assay, including sample preparation, intravenous injection, and culturing cells from lung metastases. Briefly, a pre-determined number of human cancer cells were prepared in vitro and directly injected into the circulation of immunodeficient mice through their tail veins. A small number of cells survive the turbulence in the circulation and grow as metastases in internal organs, such as lung. The injected mice are dissected after a certain period. The tissue distribution of metastases is determined under a dissecting microscope. The number of metastases in a specific tissue is counted and it directly correlates with the metastatic ability of the injected cancer cells. The arisen metastases are isolated and cultured in vitro as cell lines, which often show enhanced metastatic abilities than the parental line when injected again into immunodeficient mice. These highly metastatic derivatives become useful tools for identifying genes or molecular pathways that regulate metastatic progression.

This article describes the procedures of an experimental metastasis assay that is used to determine the metastatic potential of human cancer cell lines.

الفحص التجريبي الإنبثاث

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients.  To understand the mechanism of metastasis, an experimental metastasis assay was established ...

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

في الفحص المختبري التخليص الظهارية النماذج أن الخطوات في وقت مبكر من الإنبثاث سرطان المبيض

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

ومتعددة الوسائط التصوير من الأوعية الدموية في نموذج الفئران عاري من سرطان الثدي الإنبثاث العظام باستخدام التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي، الحجمي التصوير المقطعي والموجات فوق الصوتية

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

تقييم ما قبل السريرية من التيروزين كيناز مثبطات لعلاج اللوكيميا الحادة

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

على الفئران نموذج مثلي من سرطان البروستاتا البشرية الانبثاث

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

The mechanical environment around the healing of broken bone is very important as it determines the way the fracture will heal. Over the past decade there has been great clinical interest in improving bone healing by altering the mechanical environment through the fixation stability around the lesion. One constraint of preclinical animal research in this area is the lack of experimental control over the local mechanical environment within a large segmental defect as well as osteotomies as they heal. In this paper we report on the design and use of an external fixator to study the healing of large segmental bone defects or osteotomies. This device not only allows for controlled axial stiffness on the bone lesion as it heals, but it also enables the change of stiffness during the healing process in vivo. The conducted experiments have shown that the fixators were able to maintain a 5 mm femoral defect gap in rats in vivo during unrestricted cage activity for at least 8 weeks. Likewise, we observed no distortion or infections, including pin infections during the entire healing period. These results demonstrate that our newly developed external fixator was able to achieve reproducible and standardized stabilization, and the alteration of the mechanical environment of in vivo rat large bone defects and various size osteotomies. This confirms that the external fixation device is well suited for preclinical research investigations using a rat model in the field of bone regeneration and repair.

One constraint of preclinical research in the field of bone repair is the lack of experimental control over the local mechanical environment within a healing bone lesion. We report the design and use of an external fixator for bone repair with the ability to change fixator stiffness in vivo.

تصلب قابل للتعديل، التبعي الخارجي للفأر عظم الفخذ العظم والقطاعي العظام عيب نماذج

The mechanical environment around the healing of broken bone is very important as it determines the way the fracture will heal. Over the past decade there ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

عالية التردد التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية للماوس عنق الرحم الغدد الليمفاوية

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still unclear. Animal models are essential for elucidating the mechanisms and for evaluating novel strategies for the treatment of metastatic cancers. Here, an in-depth description of a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for exploring the mechanisms of metastasis of solid organ tumors is provided. The survival surgical implantation of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c is described. The success and reproducibility of this methodology recommends it for widespread use in elucidating the biological mechanisms of solid organ cancer metastasis.

A &quot;Patient-Like&quot; Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

The metastatic spread of cancer is the major cause of cancer-related deaths. We provide an in-depth description of our survival surgery methodology for establishing a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model system for studying the mechanisms of metastasis in solid organ tumors.

A &quot;المريض مثل&quot; مثلي مسانج نموذج الفأر من سرطان الكبد الانبثاث

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of ...

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of women with late stage disease, when metastasis is already present. EOC is characterized by diffuse and widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastasis. Cells shed from the primary tumor anchor in the mesothelium that lines the peritoneal cavity as well as in the omentum, resulting in multi-focal metastasis, often in the presence of peritoneal ascites. Efforts in our laboratory are directed at a more detailed understanding of factors that regulate EOC metastatic success. However, quantifying metastatic tumor burden represents a significant technical challenge due to the large number, small size and broad distribution of lesions throughout the peritoneum. Herein we describe a method for analysis of EOC metastasis using cells labeled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) coupled with in vivo multispectral imaging. Following intra-peritoneal injection of RFP-labelled tumor cells, mice are imaged weekly until time of sacrifice. At this time, the peritoneal cavity is surgically exposed and organs are imaged in situ. Dissected organs are then placed on a labeled transparent template and imaged ex vivo. Removal of tissue auto-fluorescence during image processing using multispectral unmixing enables accurate quantitation of relative tumor burden. This method has utility in a variety of applications including therapeutic studies to evaluate compounds that may inhibit metastasis and thereby improve overall survival.

Ovarian cancer metastasis is characterized by numerous diffuse intra-peritoneal lesions, such that accurate visual quantitation of tumor burden is challenging. Herein we describe a method for in situ and ex vivo quantitation of metastatic tumor burden using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled tumor cells and optical imaging.

الكميات من البينية البريتوني ورم خبيث سرطان المبيض

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States.  Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

تقييم الرئة الانبثاث في ماوس الثديية ورم المجموعات بواسطة الكمي في الوقت الحقيقي PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...