우리는 Amira과 광학 데이터의 3D 렌더링에 폴 JL 웹스터을 인정합니다. 필 무 노즈와 베냐민 Franta은 개발을 통해 원고에 대한 피드백을 제공했습니다. 이 글에 설명 된 연구 보조금 FA9550-09-1-0546와 FA9550-10-1-0402 미만의 학술 연구의 공군 사무소에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 금속 이온 도핑 된 폴리머 필름 준비 <ol><li> 비커의 물을 8 ML을 측정합니다. </li><li> 물 PVP의 206 밀리그램을 추가합니다. 솔루션이 명확 할 때까지 자기 교반기 또는 와류 믹서를 사용하여 섞는다. </li><li> 솔루션에 AgNO 3의 210 밀리그램을 추가합니다. 솔루션 명확 할 때까지 자기 교반기 또는 와류 믹서를 사용하여 섞는다. </li><li> 드롭 캐스팅을 통해 솔루션 코트 유리 슬라이드. </li><li> 100 ° C.에서 오븐 세트의 장소 유리 슬라이드 30 분에 샘플을 구워. </li><li> 오븐에서 샘플을 제거하고 30 분에 쿨하게. </li></ol> 2. 연결이 끊긴 실버 구조물의 제작 <ol><li> 진동 절연체와 광학 테이블에 그림 1에 도시 된 설정을 맞 춥니 다. </li><li> 현미경 대물 후 50 fsec 펄스를 얻기 위해 압축기를 조정합니다. </li><li> 목표 한 후 3 뉴저지 펄스를 얻기 위해 중립적 인 밀도 필터를 조정합니다. </li><li> 레이저 스폿 사이즈 확인은 현미경 대물의 다시 공보다 큽니다. </li><li>샘플이 방사선되는 동안 10 μsec 노출 창을 생산하기 위해 음향 광학 변조기를 설정합니다. </li><li> 는 3 축 번역 무대로 현미경과 장소 샘플에 도달 블록 레이저 빔 전에. femtosecond 레이저 펄스의 빔 경로는 영상 현미경 대물 통해 샘플에 통과해야합니다. </li><li> CCD 카메라를 사용하여 원위치에서 샘플을 관찰 할 현미경 조명 소스를 켭니다. </li><li> 유리 기판과 폴리머 필름 사이의 인터페이스를 찾을 수 단계의 Z 축를 번역 할 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 패터닝 가장 아래 층에 대한 고분자 내부에 원하는 깊이 현미경 촛점을 다시 맞춰. 패턴 중 Z-번역이 가공 구조와 산란을 피하기 위해 거리에 유리 폴리머 인터페이스에서 방향에 있어야합니다. </li><li> 100 μm / 초의 속도로 방향 - y를 - -와 z 레이저 빔 설정하고 모션 컨트롤러 소프트웨어 X에서 샘플을 번역 차단을 해제하십시오. 10 μsec에 대한 하나의 voxels을 비추다명확 인 시츄 이미지에 적어도 몇 마이크로 미터의 차 별도의 이웃 voxels. 25 Hz에서에 음향 광학 변조기의 반복 속도를 설정하면 4 μm 간격을 생산합니다. 레이저 노출 영역은 구조를 포함합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>von Freymann, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Nanostructures+for+Photonics.">Three-Dimensional Nanostructures for Photonics.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 20, 1038-1052 (2010).</li><li>LaFratta, C. N., Fourkas, J. T., Baldacchini, T., Farrer, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiphoton+Fabrication.">Multiphoton Fabrication.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 46, 6238-6258 (2007).</li><li>Gattass, R. R., Mazur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+laser+micromachining+in+transparent+materials.">Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials.</a> Nat. 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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+spatial+resolution+of+two-photon+microfabrication+by+using+photoinitiator+with+high+initiating+efficiency.">Improving spatial resolution of two-photon microfabrication by using photoinitiator with high initiating efficiency.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 131106 (2007).</li><li>Tan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+in+feature+size+of+two-photon+polymerization+using+SCR500.">Reduction in feature size of two-photon polymerization using SCR500.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 071106 (2007).</li><li>Vora, K., Kang, S., Shukla, S., Mazur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+disconnected+three-dimensional+silver+nanostructures+in+a+polymer+matrix.">Fabrication of disconnected three-dimensional silver nanostructures in a polymer matrix.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063120 (2012).</li><li>G&#252;ney, D. &. #. 2. 1. 4. ;., Koschny, T., Soukoulis, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-connected+three-dimensionally+isotropic+bulk+negative+index+photonic+metamaterial.">Intra-connected three-dimensionally isotropic bulk negative index photonic metamaterial.</a> Opt. Express. 18, 12348-12353 (2010).</li><li>Grigorenko, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofabricated+media+with+negative+permeability+at+visible+frequencies.">Nanofabricated media with negative permeability at visible frequencies.</a> Nat. Photon. 438, 335-338 (2005).</li><li>Grigorenko, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+refractive+index+in+artificial+metamaterials.">Negative refractive index in artificial metamaterials.</a> Opt. Lett. 31, 2483-2485 (2006).</li><li>Shalaev, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+index+of+refraction+in+optical+metamaterials.">Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials.</a> Opt. 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관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

이 과정의 핵심은 고해상도 제조 할 수있는 약물을 복용 한 유전체 매트릭스를 획득되어 있지만, 준비 직후 저하되지 않습니다. PVP, AgNO 3 H 2 O의 간단한 혼합물은 지원 매트릭스 내부에 포함 된 고해상도 실버 nanostructures의 생성을 할 수 있습니다. AgNO 3 비율로 PVP를 변화하는 것은 제조에 필요한 레이저 에너지를 변경하고 기능 해상도 잠재적으로 다른 속성을 것입니다. 낮...

a method to fabricate disconnected silver nanostructures in 3d

표준 nanofabrication 툴킷은 주로 유전체 미디어에서 2D 패턴을 생성하기위한 기술이 포함되어 있습니다. submicron의 규모 금속 패턴을 만들기 nanofabrication 도구와 여러 가지 재료 가공 단계의 조합이 필요합니다. 예를 들어, 자외선 석판 술과 전자 - 빔 리소그래피를 사용하여 평면 금속 구조는 샘플 노출, 샘플 개발, 금속 증착, 금속의 발사를 포함 할 수 있습니다 생성 단계를 반복합니다. 3D 금속 구조를 만들려면 순서가 여러 번 반복됩니다. 여러 레이어를 스태킹 및 정렬의 복잡성과 어려움 표준 nanofabrication 도구를 사용하여 3D 금속 구조의 실제 구현을 제한합니다. Femtosecond 레이저 직접 쓰기는 3D nanofabrication에 대한 사전 저명한 기술로 떠오르고있다. 1,2 Femtosecond 레이저가 자주 폴리머와 안경에서 3D 패턴을 만드는 데 사용됩니다. 3-7 단, 3D 금속이 직접 작성은 도전 남아 있습니다. 여기, 우리는800 nm의 중심 femtosecond 레이저를 사용하여 고분자 매트릭스 내부에 내장은 nanostructures를 조작하는 방법을 설명합니다. 방법은 연결이 끊어 실버 voxels의 3D 배열과 같은 다른 기술을 사용하여 적합하지 않을 패턴 제조 할 수 있습니다. 8 연결이 끊어 3D 금속 패턴은 결합 금속 점 최대 10 단위 세포가 서로 접촉하지 metamaterials, 9 유용합니다, 11 결합 금속 막대 12,13 resonators. 잠재적 인 응용 프로그램은 부정적인 색인 metamaterials, 투명 망토, 완벽한 렌즈가 포함되어 있습니다. femtosecond 레이저 직접 서면으로, 레이저 파장이 등 그 광자가 선형 대상 매체에 흡수되지 않는 선택됩니다. 레이저 펄스 기간이 femtosecond 시간 규모로 압축되고 방사선이 꽉 대상 내부에 초점을 맞춘 경우, 매우 높은 강도가 비선형 흡수를 유도한다. 여러 개의 광자가 동시에 흡수 아르집중 지역 내 소재 변경 될 전자 전이를 일으킬 수있는 통증. 이 방법 사용, 하나는 재료의 대량보다는 표면 구조를 형성 할 수있다. 3D 직접 금속 작성에 대한 대부분의 작업은 자체 지원 금속 구조를 만드는 데 주력했습니다. 14-16 방법은 여기 사람들은 매트릭스 내부에 내장되어 있기 때문에 자체의 지원을 받고있을 필요가 없습니다 서브 마이크로 미터 은색 구조를 산출 설명했다. 도핑 된 폴리머 매트릭스는 실버 질산염의 혼합물 (AgNO 3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)와 물 (H 2 O)를 사용하여 준비가되어 있습니다. 샘플 그런 다음 50 FS 펄스를 생산 11 MHz의 femtosecond 레이저로 조사하여 패턴입니다. 조사 기간은 이온의 photoreduction은 초점 지역의 실버 나노 입자의 누계를 생성, 비선형 흡수를 통해 유도된다. 이 방법 사용 우리는 도핑 PVP​​ 매트릭스에 포함 된 실버 패턴을 만들 수 있습니다. S의 3D 번역을 추가충분한는 세 차원으로 패턴을 확장합니다.

음향 광학 변조기하고 중립적 인 밀도 필터 (그림 1)은 하나의 샘플에 입금 에너지의 양을 제어 할 수 있습니다. 무대가 100 μm / 초에서 번역과 voxel 및 펄스 당 3 NJ 당 110 펄스의 노출을 사용하여 결과 은색 구조 인 시츄 광학 현미경을 통해 쉽게 볼 수 있습니다. 낮은 레이저 노출 수준 (펄스 에너지 및 / 또는 펄스 수를 줄여) 작은 실버 기능에 납,. 우리는 300 나노 미터처럼 작은 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D at JoVE.com

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

Femtosecond 레이저 직접 작성이 자주 폴리머와 잔에 세 차원 (3D) 패턴을 생성하는 데 사용됩니다. 그러나, 3D로 패턴의 금속 도전 남아 있습니다. 우리는 800 nm의 중심 femtosecond 레이저를 사용하여 고분자 매트릭스 내부에 내장은 nanostructures를 제​​조하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

3D로 연결이 끊긴 실버 Nanostructures를 조작하는 방법

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

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Research

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Engineering

13.7K 조회수.  Harvard University. Femtosecond 레이저 직접 작성이 자주 폴리머와 잔에 세 차원 (3D) 패턴을 생성하는 데 사용됩니다. 그러나, 3D로 패턴의 금속 도전 남아 있습니다. 우리는 800 nm의 중심 femtosecond 레이저를 사용하여 고분자 매트릭스 내부에 내장은 nanostructures를 제​​조하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

비디오: A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

연구

공학

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Oxide nanostructures provide new opportunities for science and technology. The interfacial conductivity between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 can be controlled with near-atomic precision using a conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The protocol for creating and measuring conductive nanostructures at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces is demonstrated.

작성 및 산화물 나노 구조의 저온 특성

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions.  Oxide ...

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor performance, which suggest a new direction for the development of next-generation ultrathin and flexible photonic and electronic devices. Enhanced luminescence quantum efficiency has been widely observed in these atomically thin 2D crystals. However, dimension effects beyond quantum confinement thicknesses or even at the micrometer scale are not expected and have rarely been observed. In this study, molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer crystals with a thickness range of 6-2,700 nm were fabricated as two- or four-terminal devices. Ohmic contact formation was successfully achieved by the focused-ion beam (FIB) deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal. Layer crystals with various thicknesses were prepared through simple mechanical exfoliation by using dicing tape. Current-voltage curve measurements were performed to determine the conductivity value of the layer nanocrystals. In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffractometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the interface of the metal&#8211;semiconductor contact of the FIB-fabricated MoSe2 devices. After applying the approaches, the substantial thickness-dependent electrical conductivity in a wide thickness range for the MoSe2-layer semiconductor was observed. The conductivity increased by over two orders of magnitude from 4.6 to 1,500 &#937;&#8722;1 cm&#8722;1, with a decrease in the thickness from 2,700 to 6 nm. In addition, the temperature-dependent conductivity indicated that the thin MoSe2 multilayers exhibited considerably weak semiconducting behavior with activation energies of 3.5-8.5 meV, which are considerably smaller than those (36-38 meV) of the bulk. Probable surface-dominant transport properties and the presence of a high surface electron concentration in MoSe2 are proposed. Similar results can be obtained for other layer semiconductor materials such as MoS2 and WS2.

We describe the approaches for the device fabrication and electrical characterization of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer semiconductor nanostructures with different thicknesses. In addition, the fabrication of ohmic contacts for MoSe2-layer nanocrystals by the focused-ion beam deposition method using platinum (Pt) as a contact metal is described.

오믹 접촉 제조 집중 이온 빔 기술 및 전기 특성 계층 반도체 나노 구조를 위해 사용

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

전송 인쇄하여 수소 첨가 미세 결정 실리콘 태양 전지에 빛 트래핑 실버 나노 구조의 통합

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

고농도 현탁액의 유변학 적 특성에 도전 - 스크린 인쇄 실버 페이스트에 대한 사례 연구

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

2 차원 일렉트로닉스를 조작 하는 표준 및 신뢰할 수 있는 방법

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 박막 태양전지의 실버 나노와이어 전극과 CdS 버퍼 층 간의 견고한 나노스케일 접촉 제조

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

광나노구조체의 스펙트럼 및 각도 해결 된 자기 광학 특성 분석

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi River basin due to its highly efficient filter feeding mechanism. The characteristic organs called gill rakers (GRs), found in many such filter feeders, facilitate the efficient filtration of food particles such as phytoplankton that are of a few microns in size.
The motivation to investigate the rheology of the GR mucus stems from our desire to understand its role in aiding the filter feeding process in the silver carp. The mucus-rich fluid, in a &#8216;thick and sticky&#8217; state may facilitate the adhesion of food particulates. The permeation and transport through the GR membrane are&#160;facilitated by the action of external shear forces that induce varying shear strain rates. Therefore, mucus rheology can provide a vital clue to the tremendous outcompeting nature of the silver carp within the pool of filter feeding fish. Based on this it was posited that GR mucus may provide an adhesive function to food particles and act as a transport vehicle to assist in the filter feeding process.
The main objective of the protocol is to determine the yield stress of the mucus, attributed to the minimum shear stress required to initiate flow at which irreversible plastic deformation is first observed across a structured viscoelastic material. Accordingly, rheological properties of the GR mucus, i.e., viscosity, storage, and loss moduli, were investigated for its non-Newtonian, shear-thinning nature using a rotational rheometer. &#160;
A protocol presented here is employed to analyze the rheological properties of mucus extracted from the gill rakers of a silver carp, fished at Hart Creek location of the Missouri River. The protocol aims to develop an effective strategy for rheological testing and material characterization of mucus assumed to be a structured viscoelastic material.

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

This protocol presents a method to perform rheology characterization of mucus that resides on gill rakers (GRs) of the silver carp. Viscoelastic characteristics of GR-mucus, obtained by measuring viscosity, storage and loss moduli, are evaluated for the apparent yield stress to understand the filter feeding mechanism in GRs.

실버 잉어, 하이포팔미치티스 몰리트리스의 길 레이크머 점액의 매크로-리로지 특성화

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi ...