وأيد هذا العمل عن طريق بدء الأموال من جامعة نيويورك. نشكر مايتريا دنهام ومات براور الذي طور في البداية استخدام المفاعلات الحيوية Sixfors كما الكيموستات.

<ol>
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Pasteur. 79, 390-410 (1950).</li><li>Novick, A., Szilard, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+of+the+chemostat.">Description of the chemostat.</a> Science. 112, 715-716 (1950).</li><li>Kjeldgaard, N. O., Maaloe, O., Schaechter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transition+between+different+physiological+states+during+balanced+growth+of+Salmonella+typhimurium.">The transition between different physiological states during balanced growth of Salmonella typhimurium.</a> J. Gen. Microbiol. 19, 607-616 (1958).</li><li>Maaloe, O., Kjeldgaard, N. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+macromolecular+synthesis.">Control of macromolecular synthesis.</a> , (1966).</li><li>Saldanha, A. J., Brauer, M. J., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+Homeostasis+in+Batch+and+Steady-State.">Nutritional Homeostasis in Batch and Steady-State.</a> Culture of Yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15, 4089-4104 (2004).</li><li>Boer, V. M., Crutchfield, C. A., Bradley, P. H., Botstein, D., Rabinowitz, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth-limiting+intracellular+metabolites+in+yeast+growing+under+diverse+nutrient+limitations.">Growth-limiting intracellular metabolites in yeast growing under diverse nutrient limitations.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 21, 198-211 (2010).</li><li>Boer, V. M., de Winde, J. H., Pronk, J. T., Piper, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genome-wide+transcriptional+responses+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+grown+on+glucose+in+aerobic+chemostat+cultures+limited+for+carbon,+nitrogen,+phosphorus,+or+sulfur.">The genome-wide transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose in aerobic chemostat cultures limited for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3265-3274 (2003).</li><li>Brauer, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+growth+rate,+cell+cycle,+stress+response,+and+metabolic+activity+in+yeast.">Coordination of growth rate, cell cycle, stress response, and metabolic activity in yeast.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 19, 352-367 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptation+to+diverse+nitrogen-limited+environments+by+deletion+or+extrachromosomal+element+formation+of+the+GAP1+locus.">Adaptation to diverse nitrogen-limited environments by deletion or extrachromosomal element formation of the GAP1 locus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 18551-18556 (2010).</li><li>Regenberg, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth-rate+regulated+genes+have+profound+impact+on+interpretation+of+transcriptome+profiling+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Growth-rate regulated genes have profound impact on interpretation of transcriptome profiling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genome Biol. 7, R107 (2006).</li><li>Castrillo, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+control+of+the+eukaryote+cell:+a+systems+biology+study+in+yeast.">Growth control of the eukaryote cell: a systems biology study in yeast.</a> J. Biol. 6, 4 (2007).</li><li>Cipollina, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+role+of+yeast+Sfp1+in+ribosome+biogenesis+and+cell+size+control:+a+chemostat+study.">Revisiting the role of yeast Sfp1 in ribosome biogenesis and cell size control: a chemostat study.</a> Microbiology. 154, 337-346 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=System-level+analysis+of+genes+and+functions+affecting+survival+during+nutrient+starvation+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">System-level analysis of genes and functions affecting survival during nutrient starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 187, 299-317 (2011).</li><li>Levy, S. F., Ziv, N., Siegal, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bet+hedging+in+yeast+by+heterogeneous,+age-correlated+expression+of+a+stress+protectant.">Bet hedging in yeast by heterogeneous, age-correlated expression of a stress protectant.</a> PLoS Biol. 10, e1001325 (2012).</li><li>Kao, K. C., Sherlock, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+clonal+interference+during+adaptive+evolution+in+asexual+populations+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Molecular characterization of clonal interference during adaptive evolution in asexual populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nat. Genet. 40, 1499-1504 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repertoire+and+dynamics+of+evolutionary+adaptations+to+controlled+nutrient-limited+environments+in+yeast.">The repertoire and dynamics of evolutionary adaptations to controlled nutrient-limited environments in yeast.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000303 (2008).</li><li>Wenger, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hunger+Artists:+Yeast+Adapted+to+Carbon+Limitation+Show+Trade-Offs+under+Carbon+Sufficiency.">Hunger Artists: Yeast Adapted to Carbon Limitation Show Trade-Offs under Carbon Sufficiency.</a> PLoS Genet. 7, e1002202 (2011).</li><li>Dunham, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristic+genome+rearrangements+in+experimental+evolution+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Characteristic genome rearrangements in experimental evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16144-16149 (2002).</li><li>Ronen, M., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+response+of+steady-state+yeast+cultures+to+transient+perturbations+in+carbon+source.">Transcriptional response of steady-state yeast cultures to transient perturbations in carbon source.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 389-394 (2006).</li><li>Kresnowati, M. T. A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+transcriptome+meets+metabolome:+fast+cellular+responses+of+yeast+to+sudden+relief+of+glucose+limitation.">When transcriptome meets metabolome: fast cellular responses of yeast to sudden relief of glucose limitation.</a> Mol. Sys. Biol. 2, 49 (2006).</li><li>Tu, B. P., Kudlicki, A., Rowicka, M., McKnight, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Logic+of+the+yeast+metabolic+cycle:+temporal+compartmentalization+of+cellular+processes.">Logic of the yeast metabolic cycle: temporal compartmentalization of cellular processes.</a> Science. 310, 1152-1158 (2005).</li><li>Tzur, A., Kafri, R., LeBleu, V. S., Lahav, G., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Growth+and+Size+Homeostasis+in+Proliferating+Animal+Cells.">Cell Growth and Size Homeostasis in Proliferating Animal Cells.</a> Science. 325, 167-171 (2009).</li><li>Conlon, I., Raff, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+control+in+animal+development.">Size control in animal development.</a> Cell. 96, 235-244 (1999).</li><li>Conlon, I. J., Dunn, G. A., Mudge, A. W., Raff, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+control+of+cell+size.">Extracellular control of cell size.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 918-921 (2001).</li><li>Fussmann, G. F., Ellner, S. P., Shertzer, K. W., Hairston, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crossing+the+hopf+bifurcation+in+a+live+predator-prey+system.">Crossing the hopf bifurcation in a live predator-prey system.</a> Science. 290, 1358-1360 (2000).</li><li>Cohen, E. P., Eagle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+chemostat+for+the+growth+of+mammalian+cells:+characteristics+of+cell+growth+in+continuous+culture.">A simplified chemostat for the growth of mammalian cells: characteristics of cell growth in continuous culture.</a> J. Exp. Med. 113, 467-474 (1961).</li></ol>

يعلن الكتاب أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

الكيموستات تمكين زراعة الميكروبات في ظروف الحالة المستقرة التي تسيطر عليها النمو. الخلايا تنمو بشكل مستمر بمعدل ثابت مما يؤدي إلى بيئة خارجية ثابتة. هذا هو على النقيض من الأساليب ثقافة دفعة في البيئة الخارجية التي تتغير باستمرار ويتم تحديد معدل نمو الخلايا من خلال ا...

وينظم نمو الخلايا من خلال شبكات معقدة من التفاعل عوامل وراثية وبيئية 1،2. تنظيم سياقاتها من نمو الخلايا يتطلب نهجا على مستوى النظام لدراستها. ومع ذلك، يتم الطعن في دراسة دقيقة من نمو الخلايا ينظمها صعوبة السيطرة تجريبيا المعدل الذي تنمو الخلايا. علاوة على ذلك، حتى في أبسط التجارب الظروف خارج الخلية هي في كثير من الأحيان ديناميكية ومعقدة كخلايا تغيير بيئتهم بشكل مستمر لأنها تتكاثر. يتم توفير حل لهذه المشاكل من قبل ناظم كيميائي: وسيلة لزرع الخلايا التي يمكن السيطرة التجريبية من معدلات نمو الخلايا في بيئات محددة، ثابتة والسيطرة عليها. طريقة زراعة المستمر باستخدام ناظم كيميائي وصفت بشكل مستقل من قبل مونود 3 و 4 نوفيك وزيلارد في عام 1950. كما تصور في الأصل، وتزرع الخلايا في حجم ثابت من وسائل الإعلام وهذا هو يخدعالمخفف tinually بإضافة وسائل الإعلام الجديدة وإزالة في وقت واحد من وسائل الإعلام القديمة والخلايا (الشكل 1). إلى جانب المعادلات التفاضلية العادية (الشكل 2) وصف معدل التغير في كثافة الخلية (س) وتركيز المغذيات منظم النمو (ق) في السفينة ناظم كيميائي. الأهم من ذلك، هذا النظام من المعادلات تتنبأ واحد (صفرية) مستقرة ثابتة للدولة (الشكل 3) مع ضمنا ملحوظا أنه في الحالة المستقرة، ومعدل نمو محدد من الخلايا (أي ثابت معدل النمو الأسي) يساوي معدل الذي يتم تخفيفه ثقافة (D). من خلال تغيير معدل التخفيف من الممكن لإقامة السكان المطرد للدولة من الخلايا في معدلات نمو مختلفة وتحت ظروف مختلفة من قيود المغذيات. كانت السيطرة التجريبية من معدل النمو باستخدام الكيموستات حاسمة لتطوير فهم كيف يمكن للتغييرات فسيولوجية الخليةمع معدلات النمو 5،6. ومع ذلك، أصبح هذا دعامة السابق الأساليب الميكروبيولوجية غامضة بشكل متزايد خلال انفجار في البحوث البيولوجيا الجزيئية في أواخر القرن العشرين. اليوم، تجدد الاهتمام في السيطرة النمو في كل من الميكروبات والكائنات الحية متعددة الخلايا وظهور أساليب الجينوم على نطاق وللتحليل على مستوى النظم جددت الدافع لاستخدام الكيموستات. هنا، نحن تصف ثلاثة التطبيقات التي تستفيد من مراقبة دقيقة لمعدلات نمو الخلية والبيئة الخارجية التي من الممكن فريد باستخدام الكيموستات. أولا، نحن تصف استخدام الكيموستات إلى التحقيق في كيفية وفرة الآلاف من الجزيئات الحيوية - وينظم coordinately مع معدل النمو - مثل النصوص ونواتج الأيض. الثاني، نحن تصف كيف يمكن استخدام الكيموستات للحصول على تقديرات دقيقة للاختلافات معدل النمو بين الأنماط الجينية المختلفة في بيئات محدودة المغذيات باستخدام التجارب المنافسة. الثالث، ونحن تصف كيفية الكيموستات يمكنأن تستخدم لدراسة التطور على التكيف من خلايا تنمو في بيئات فقيرة بالمغذيات ثابتة. هذه الأمثلة أمثلة الطرق التي الكيموستات يتم تمكين التحقيقات على مستوى نظم تنظيم نمو الخلايا، الجين عن طريق تفاعلات البيئة والتطور على التكيف.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infors-HT Sixfors Chemostat</td>
			<td>Appropriate Technical Resources, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Bottle 9.5 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-887-1</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pinchcock</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-867</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopper, Size 12, Green Neoprene</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-62991-42</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Connector</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-30703-02</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>General purpose ties 4 in</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9557052</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone Rubber</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>B000FMWTDE</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 7/32 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1E</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/16 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K164</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K161</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook Connectors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-66-18Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ratchet Clamp</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06403-11</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Female</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45512-34</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Male</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45513-04</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore Aervent MTGR05010 62 mm Filter, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MTGR05010</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE Acrodisc CR 13 mm filters, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9131037</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Air</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32047-77</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32048-63</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Proportioner Multitube Frames</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-50</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator, Two-Stage Analytical</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y12-N145D580</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Adaptor, Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y99-26450</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Male Adaptor</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>WES544</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norprene Tubing</td>
			<td>US Plastics</td>
			<td>57280</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod Base</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-58</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valve Cartridges</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03217-92</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboy 10 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-963-2A</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop Sterile Vacuum Bottle-Top Filters, 1,000 ml, PES membrane; for 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SCGP-T10-RE</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Bottle 100 ml, 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-800-100</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC424205000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC423400010</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>copper sulfate&middot;5H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>209198</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>60400</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ferric chloride&middot;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>I88-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>manganese sulfate&middot;H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium molybdate&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7634</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zinc sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Z68-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP232-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium pantothenate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC24330-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7876</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inositol (aka myo-inositol)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC12226-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>niacin (aka nicotinic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N4126</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC14621-2500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pyridoxine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9755</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R4500-25G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP892-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L8000-100G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U0750</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0155-08-5</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of chemostats in microbial systems biology

خلايا تنظيم معدل نموها في استجابة لإشارات من العالم الخارجي. مع نمو الخلية والعمليات الخلوية المختلفة يجب أن تكون منسقة بما في ذلك تجميع الجزيئات، والتمثيل الغذائي، وفي نهاية المطاف، والالتزام دورة انقسام الخلية. وناظم كيميائي، وهي طريقة للسيطرة على تجريبيا معدل نمو الخلايا، ويوفر وسيلة قوية لدراسة منهجية كيفية تأثير معدل نمو العمليات الخلوية - بما في ذلك التعبير الجيني والتمثيل الغذائي - والشبكات التنظيمية التي تتحكم في معدل نمو الخلايا. عندما يحتفظ به لمئات من الأجيال الكيموستات يمكن استخدامها لدراسة تطور التكيف من الميكروبات في الظروف البيئية التي تحد من نمو الخلايا. وصفنا مبدأ ناظم كيميائي الثقافات، وإظهار عملها وتقديم أمثلة من التطبيقات المختلفة. بعد فترة من الاهمال بعد بدء العمل بها في منتصف القرن العشرين، تلاقي المنهجيات الجينوم على نطاق ومع تجدد فيterest في تنظيم نمو الخلايا والأساس الجزيئي للتطور التكيف هو تحفيز نهضة في استخدام الكيموستات في الأبحاث البيولوجية.

والميزة الرئيسية لالكيموستات هو القدرة على التحكم في معدل نمو الخلايا تجريبيا من خلال تغيير معدل التخفيف. في الخميرة في مهدها، خميرة الخباز، مورفولوجية الخلية بالمعلومات من مرحلته في دورة انقسام الخلية. السكان مع ارتفاع معدلات النمو تحتوي على نسبة أعلى من تقسيم الخ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology at JoVE.com

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

معدل نمو الخلايا هو عملية تنظيم والمحددات الأساسية لعلم وظائف الأعضاء الخلية. زراعة المستمر باستخدام الكيموستات يمكن السيطرة خارجي من معدل نمو الخلايا بالتقادم المغذيات تسهيل دراسة الشبكات الجزيئية التي تتحكم في نمو الخلايا وكيف تتطور هذه الشبكات لتحسين نمو الخلايا.

استخدام الكيموستات في الميكروبية بيولوجيا الأنظمة

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

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30.5K Views.  New York University.  معدل نمو الخلايا هو عملية تنظيم والمحددات الأساسية لعلم وظائف الأعضاء الخلية. زراعة المستمر باستخدام الكيموستات يمكن السيطرة خارجي من معدل نمو الخلايا بالتقادم المغذيات تسهيل دراسة الشبكات الجزيئية التي تتحكم في نمو الخلايا وكيف تتطور ه...

Video: The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Investigating the Microbial Community in the Termite Hindgut - Interview

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes. The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

التحقيق في الجماعة الميكروبية في المعى المؤخر النمل الأبيض -- مقابلة

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The ...

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

المجتمعات الميكروبية في الطبيعة ومختبر -- مقابلة

Biology of Microbial Communities  - Interview

بيولوجيا المجتمعات الميكروبية -- مقابلة

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

باستخدام مايكرو سيستمز الكهربائية والميكانيكية (ممس) لتطوير أدوات التشخيص

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life activities. Its high prevalence in general population and the severe limitations it causes, point out the necessity to find new efficient strategies to treat it. Together with the cognitive-behavioral treatments, relaxation represents a useful approach for the treatment of GAD, but it has the limitation that it is hard to be learned. The INTREPID project is aimed to implement a new instrument to treat anxiety-related disorders and to test its clinical efficacy in reducing anxiety-related symptoms. The innovation of this approach is the combination of virtual reality and biofeedback, so that the first one is directly modified by the output of the second one. In this way, the patient is made aware of his or her reactions through the modification of some features of the VR environment in real time. Using mental exercises the patient learns to control these physiological parameters and using the feedback provided by the virtual environment is able to gauge his or her success. The supplemental use of portable devices, such as PDA or smart-phones, allows the patient to perform at home, individually and autonomously, the same exercises experienced in therapist's office. The goal is to anchor the learned protocol in a real life context, so enhancing the patients' ability to deal with their symptoms. The expected result is a better and faster learning of relaxation techniques, and thus an increased effectiveness of the treatment if compared with traditional clinical protocols.

The Project on Virtual Reality Intelligent Multi-sensor System for the Treatment of Anxiety-related Disorders (INTREPID) is aimed at developing a multi-sensor context-aware virtual reality system for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.

استخدام بيوفيدباك في الواقع الافتراضي السريرية : مشروع مقدام

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in the environment, as well as directly for the transmission of pathogens to drinking water supplies. Natural porous media is composed of an intricate physical topology, varied surface chemistries, dynamic gradients of nutrients and electron acceptors, and a patchy distribution of microbes. These features vary substantially over a length scale of microns, making the results of macro-scale investigations of microbial transport difficult to interpret, and the validation of mechanistic models challenging. Here we demonstrate how simple microfluidic devices can be used to visualize microbial interactions with micro-structured habitats, to identify key processes influencing the observed phenomena, and to systematically validate predictive models. Simple, easy-to-use flow cells were constructed out of the transparent, biocompatible and oxygen-permeable material poly(dimethyl siloxane). Standard methods of photolithography were used to make micro-structured masters, and replica molding was used to cast micro-structured flow cells from the masters. The physical design of the flow cell chamber is adaptable to the experimental requirements: microchannels can vary from simple linear connections to complex topologies with feature sizes as small as 2 &mu;m. Our modular EcoChip flow cell array features dozens of identical chambers and flow control by a gravity-driven flow module. We demonstrate that through use of EcoChip devices, physical structures and pressure heads can be held constant or varied systematically while the influence of surface chemistry, fluid properties, or the characteristics of the microbial population is investigated. Through transport experiments using a non-pathogenic, green fluorescent protein-expressing Vibrio bacterial strain, we illustrate the importance of habitat structure, flow conditions, and inoculums size on fundamental transport phenomena, and with real-time particle-scale observations, demonstrate that microfluidics offer a compelling view of a hidden world.

Microfluidic devices can be used to visualize complex natural processes in real time and at the appropriate physical scales. We have developed a simple microfluidic device that mimics key features of natural porous media for studying growth and transport of bacteria in the subsurface.

نافذة على المجهري : نظم ميكروفلويديك بسيطة لدراسة النقل في وسائل الإعلام الميكروبية المسامية

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in ...

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given physical activity. Although some sports are relatively easy to be reproduced in a laboratory (e.g., running and cycling), a number of sports are much more difficult to be reproduced and studied in controlled situations. This method presents how to assess the differential contribution of the energy systems in sports that are difficult to mimic in controlled laboratory conditions. The concepts shown here can be adapted to virtually any sport.
The following physiologic variables will be needed: rest oxygen consumption, exercise oxygen consumption, post-exercise oxygen consumption, rest plasma lactate concentration and post-exercise plasma peak lactate. To calculate the contribution of the aerobic metabolism, you will need the oxygen consumption at rest and during the exercise. By using the trapezoidal method, calculate the area under the curve of oxygen consumption during exercise, subtracting the area corresponding to the rest oxygen consumption. To calculate the contribution of the alactic anaerobic metabolism, the post-exercise oxygen consumption curve has to be adjusted to a mono or a bi-exponential model (chosen by the one that best fits). Then, use the terms of the fitted equation to calculate anaerobic alactic metabolism, as follows: ATP-CP metabolism = A1 (mL . s-1) x t1 (s). Finally, to calculate the contribution of the lactic anaerobic system, multiply peak plasma lactate by 3 and by the athlete&#x2019;s body mass (the result in mL is then converted to L and into kJ).
The method can be used for both continuous and intermittent exercise. This is a very interesting approach as it can be adapted to exercises and sports that are difficult to be mimicked in controlled environments. Also, this is the only available method capable of distinguishing the contribution of three different energy systems. Thus, the method allows the study of sports with great similarity to real situations, providing desirable ecological validity to the study.

This protocol allows researchers focused on exercise and sports sciences to determine the relative contribution of three different energy systems to the total energy expenditure during a large variety of exercises.

تحديد مساهمة لأنظمة الطاقة أثناء ممارسة الرياضة

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given ...

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as recycle rates of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) sequestration1,2. Plant litter comprises the majority of detritus3, and so it is assumed that decomposition is only marginally influenced by biomass inputs from animals such as herbivores and carnivores4,5. However, carnivores may influence microbial decomposition of plant litter via a chain of interactions in which predation risk alters the physiology of their herbivore prey that in turn alters soil microbial functioning when the herbivore carcasses are decomposed6. A physiological stress response by herbivores to the risk of predation can change the C:N elemental composition of herbivore biomass7,8,9 because stress from predation risk increases herbivore basal energy demands that in nutrient-limited systems forces herbivores to shift their consumption from N-rich resources to support growth and reproduction to C-rich carbohydrate resources to support heightened metabolism6. Herbivores have limited ability to store excess nutrients, so stressed herbivores excrete N as they increase carbohydrate-C consumption7. Ultimately, prey stressed by predation risk increase their body C:N ratio7,10, making them poorer quality resources for the soil microbial pool likely due to lower availability of labile N for microbial enzyme production6. Thus, decomposition of carcasses of stressed herbivores has a priming effect on the functioning of microbial communities that decreases subsequent ability to of microbes to decompose plant litter6,10,11.
We present the methodology to evaluate linkages between predation risk and litter decomposition by soil microbes. We describe how to: induce stress in herbivores from predation risk; measure those stress responses, and measure the consequences on microbial decomposition. We use insights from a model grassland ecosystem comprising the hunting spider predator (Pisuarina mira), a dominant grasshopper herbivore (Melanoplus femurrubrum),and a variety of grass and forb plants9.

We present methods to evaluate how predation risk can alter the chemical quality of herbivore prey by inducing dietary changes to meet demands of heightened stress, and how the decomposition of carcasses from these stressed herbivores slows subsequent plant litter decomposition by soil microbes.

ربط المخاطر الافتراس، والإجهاد الفسيولوجي آكل النبات والتحلل الميكروبي للنباتات القمامة

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil  determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as  recycle rates of ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

تصميم وتحليل سلوك تفضيل درجة الحرارة وإيقاعها Circadian في Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

قياس صلابة من<em&gt; فيفو السابقين</em&gt; ماوس Aortas باستخدام مجهر القوة الذرية

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...