עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי להתחיל את כספים בצורה של אוניברסיטת ניו יורק. אנו מודים מאטרייה דאנהם ומאט בראואר, שפתח בתחילה את השימוש בbioreactors Sixfors כchemostats.

<ol>
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O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+macromolecular+synthesis.">Control of macromolecular synthesis.</a> , (1966).</li><li>Saldanha, A. J., Brauer, M. J., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+Homeostasis+in+Batch+and+Steady-State.">Nutritional Homeostasis in Batch and Steady-State.</a> Culture of Yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15, 4089-4104 (2004).</li><li>Boer, V. M., Crutchfield, C. A., Bradley, P. H., Botstein, D., Rabinowitz, J. 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Genet. 40, 1499-1504 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repertoire+and+dynamics+of+evolutionary+adaptations+to+controlled+nutrient-limited+environments+in+yeast.">The repertoire and dynamics of evolutionary adaptations to controlled nutrient-limited environments in yeast.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000303 (2008).</li><li>Wenger, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hunger+Artists:+Yeast+Adapted+to+Carbon+Limitation+Show+Trade-Offs+under+Carbon+Sufficiency.">Hunger Artists: Yeast Adapted to Carbon Limitation Show Trade-Offs under Carbon Sufficiency.</a> PLoS Genet. 7, e1002202 (2011).</li><li>Dunham, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristic+genome+rearrangements+in+experimental+evolution+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Characteristic genome rearrangements in experimental evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16144-16149 (2002).</li><li>Ronen, M., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+response+of+steady-state+yeast+cultures+to+transient+perturbations+in+carbon+source.">Transcriptional response of steady-state yeast cultures to transient perturbations in carbon source.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 389-394 (2006).</li><li>Kresnowati, M. T. A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+transcriptome+meets+metabolome:+fast+cellular+responses+of+yeast+to+sudden+relief+of+glucose+limitation.">When transcriptome meets metabolome: fast cellular responses of yeast to sudden relief of glucose limitation.</a> Mol. Sys. Biol. 2, 49 (2006).</li><li>Tu, B. P., Kudlicki, A., Rowicka, M., McKnight, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Logic+of+the+yeast+metabolic+cycle:+temporal+compartmentalization+of+cellular+processes.">Logic of the yeast metabolic cycle: temporal compartmentalization of cellular processes.</a> Science. 310, 1152-1158 (2005).</li><li>Tzur, A., Kafri, R., LeBleu, V. S., Lahav, G., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Growth+and+Size+Homeostasis+in+Proliferating+Animal+Cells.">Cell Growth and Size Homeostasis in Proliferating Animal Cells.</a> Science. 325, 167-171 (2009).</li><li>Conlon, I., Raff, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+control+in+animal+development.">Size control in animal development.</a> Cell. 96, 235-244 (1999).</li><li>Conlon, I. J., Dunn, G. A., Mudge, A. W., Raff, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+control+of+cell+size.">Extracellular control of cell size.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 918-921 (2001).</li><li>Fussmann, G. F., Ellner, S. P., Shertzer, K. W., Hairston, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crossing+the+hopf+bifurcation+in+a+live+predator-prey+system.">Crossing the hopf bifurcation in a live predator-prey system.</a> Science. 290, 1358-1360 (2000).</li><li>Cohen, E. P., Eagle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+chemostat+for+the+growth+of+mammalian+cells:+characteristics+of+cell+growth+in+continuous+culture.">A simplified chemostat for the growth of mammalian cells: characteristics of cell growth in continuous culture.</a> J. Exp. Med. 113, 467-474 (1961).</li></ol>

החוקרים מצהירים כי אין להם אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים.

Chemostats לאפשר הטיפוח של חיידקים בתנאי מצב יציב בשליטת צמיחה. התאים גדלים ברציפות בקצב קבוע וכתוצאה מכך סביבה חיצונית משתנה. זאת בניגוד לשיטות התרבות אצווה שבסביבה החיצונית משתנית ללא הרף ובקצב צמיחת תאים נקבע על ידי האינטראקציה המורכבת של הסביבה וגנוטיפ. לפיכך, יתרון ...

הצמיחה של תאים מווסתות על ידי רשתות מורכבות של האינטראקציה 1,2 גורמים גנטיים וסביבתיים. הרגולציה multifactorial של צמיחת תאים מחייבת גישה ברמת מערכת למחקר שלה. עם זאת, המחקר הקפדני של צמיחת תאים מוסדרת הוא קרא תיגר על ידי הקושי בניסוי שליטה על הקצב שבו תאים לגדול. יתר על כן, אפילו בניסויים הפשוטים תנאים תאיים הם לעתים קרובות דינמיים ומורכבים כמו תאים ברציפות לשנות את הסביבה שלהם כמו שהם מתרבים. פתרון לבעיות אלו מסופק על ידי chemostat: שיטה של ​​culturing תאים המאפשרת שליטת ניסיוני של שיעורי צמיחת תאים בסביבות מוגדרות, בלתי משתנה ומבוקרות. השיטה של תרבית רציפה באמצעות chemostat תוארה באופן עצמאי על ידי מונה 3 ונוביק &amp; 4 סילארד ב1950. כמו נולד במקור, תאים גדלים בנפח קבוע של תקשורת שהוא קוןדילול tinually על ידי תוספת של מדיה חדשה וההסרה בו זמנית של אמצעי תקשורת ותאים ישנים (איור 1). משוואות דיפרנציאליות רגילות יחד (איור 2) מתארות את שיעור השינוי בתא צפיפות (x) ואת הריכוז של חומר מזין הגבלת צמיחה (ים) בכלי chemostat. חשוב מכך, מערכת זו של משוואות צופה בודד (שאינו אפס) יציב מצב יציב (איור 3) עם המשמעות יוצאת דופן, כי במצב יציב, קצב הגידול הספציפי של התאים (כלומר קבוע שיעור צמיחה מעריכית) שווה לשיעור שבתרבות בדילול מלא (ד &#39;). על ידי שינוי שיעור דילול זה אפשרי להקים אוכלוסיות מצב יציב של תאים על שיעורי צמיחה שונים ובתנאים שונים של הגבלה תזונתית. השליטה הניסיונית של שיעור צמיחה באמצעות chemostats הייתה קריטית להתפתחות של הבנה של אופן ששינויים בפיזיולוגיה של תאיםעם שיעורים של 5,6 צמיחה. עם זאת, עמוד התווך לשעבר זה של שיטות מיקרוביולוגיות הפך מעורפל יותר ויותר במהלך הפיצוץ במחקר בביולוגיה מולקולרית בשלהיי המאה העשרים. כיום, עניין מחודש בצמיחת שליטה בשני חיידקים ויצורים רב תאיים וכניסתו של שיטות הגנום בקנה מידה לניתוח ברמת מערכות חידש מוטיבציה לשימוש בchemostats. כאן, אנו מתארים שלושה יישומים שמנצלים את השליטה המדויקת של שיעורי צמיחת תא והסביבה החיצונית, כי הם ייחודי אפשריים באמצעות chemostats. ראשית, אנו מתארים את השימוש של chemostats לחקור כיצד השפע של אלפי ביומולקולות - כגון תמלילים ומטבוליטים - מוסדרים מתואם עם קצב צמיחה. שנית, אנו מתארים כיצד ניתן להשתמש chemostats לקבל אומדנים מדויקים של הבדלי צמיחה בשיעור שבין גנוטיפים שונים בסביבות מוגבלות תזונתיים באמצעות ניסויי תחרות. שלישית, אנו מתארים כיצד chemostats יכוללשמש כדי לחקור אבולוציה אדפטיבית של תאים גדל בסביבות תזונתיות ירודה קבועים. דוגמאות אלה ממחישים את הדרכים שבהן chemostats מאפשרות לחקירות ברמת מערכות של רגולציה צמיחת תאים, גן על ידי אינטראקציות סביבה והתפתחות אדפטיבית.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infors-HT Sixfors Chemostat</td>
			<td>Appropriate Technical Resources, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Bottle 9.5 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-887-1</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pinchcock</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-867</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopper, Size 12, Green Neoprene</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-62991-42</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Connector</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-30703-02</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>General purpose ties 4 in</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9557052</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone Rubber</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>B000FMWTDE</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 7/32 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1E</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/16 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K164</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K161</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook Connectors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-66-18Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ratchet Clamp</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06403-11</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Female</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45512-34</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Male</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45513-04</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore Aervent MTGR05010 62 mm Filter, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MTGR05010</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE Acrodisc CR 13 mm filters, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9131037</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Air</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32047-77</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32048-63</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Proportioner Multitube Frames</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-50</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator, Two-Stage Analytical</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y12-N145D580</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Adaptor, Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y99-26450</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Male Adaptor</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>WES544</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norprene Tubing</td>
			<td>US Plastics</td>
			<td>57280</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod Base</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-58</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valve Cartridges</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03217-92</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboy 10 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-963-2A</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop Sterile Vacuum Bottle-Top Filters, 1,000 ml, PES membrane; for 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SCGP-T10-RE</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Bottle 100 ml, 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-800-100</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC424205000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC423400010</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>copper sulfate&middot;5H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>209198</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>60400</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ferric chloride&middot;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>I88-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>manganese sulfate&middot;H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium molybdate&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7634</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zinc sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Z68-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP232-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium pantothenate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC24330-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7876</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inositol (aka myo-inositol)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC12226-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>niacin (aka nicotinic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N4126</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC14621-2500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pyridoxine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9755</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R4500-25G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP892-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L8000-100G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U0750</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0155-08-5</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of chemostats in microbial systems biology

תאים לווסת את קצב צמיחה שלהם בתגובה לאותות מהעולם החיצוני. כתא גדל, תהליכים תאיים שונים חייבים להיות מתואמים ביניהם סינתזת macromolecular, חילוף חומרים וסופו של דבר, מחויבת למחזור חלוקת תא. Chemostat, שיטה של ​​ניסוי שליטה שיעור צמיחת תאים, מספקת אמצעי רב עוצמה של שיטתי לומד כיצד תהליכים תאיים משפיע שיעור צמיחה - הכוללים ביטוי גנים וחילוף חומרים - ורשתות רגולטורים ששולטות בקצב גדילת תאים. כאשר נשמר במשך מאות דורות chemostats יכול לשמש כדי לחקור אבולוציה אדפטיבית של חיידקים בתנאים סביבתיים המגבילים את צמיחת תאים. אנו מתארים את העיקרון של תרבויות chemostat, להדגים את פעולתם ולספק דוגמאות של היישומים השונים שלהם. לאחר תקופה של חוסר שימוש לאחר כניסתה שלהם באמצע המאה העשרים, ההתכנסות של מתודולוגיות הגנום בקנה מידה עם מחודשת בterest בויסות גדילת תאים ואת הבסיס המולקולרי של אבולוציה אדפטיבית הוא מגרה רנסנס בשימוש בchemostats במחקר ביולוגי.

יתרון עיקרי של chemostats הוא היכולת לשלוט על קצב הצמיחה של תאים בניסוי על ידי שינוי שיעור הדילול. בשמרי ניצנים, שמר אפייה, המורפולוגיה של תא הוא אינפורמטיבי של השלב שלה במחזור חלוקת תא. אוכלוסיות עם שיעורי צמיחה גבוהים יותר מכילות שיעור גבוה יותר של תאים המתחלקים באופן פע...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology at JoVE.com

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

שיעור צמיחת תאים הוא תהליך מוסדר וקובע עיקרי של פיזיולוגיה של תא. culturing הרציף באמצעות chemostats מאפשר שליטה חיצונית של שיעור צמיחת תאים על ידי הגבלה תזונתית להקל על הלימוד של רשתות מולקולריות השולטות צמיחת תאים וכיצד רשתות אלה להתפתח כדי לייעל את צמיחת תאים.

השימוש בChemostats בביולוגיה מיקרוביאלית מערכות

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

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Research

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30.5K Views.  New York University.  שיעור צמיחת תאים הוא תהליך מוסדר וקובע עיקרי של פיזיולוגיה של תא. culturing הרציף באמצעות chemostats מאפשר שליטה חיצונית של שיעור צמיחת תאים על ידי הגבלה תזונתית להקל על הלימוד של רשתות מולקולריות השולטות צמיחת תאים וכיצד רשתות אלה להתפתח כדי לייעל...

Video: The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Investigating the Microbial Community in the Termite Hindgut - Interview

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes. The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

חקירת הקהילה חיידקים במעי האחורי הטרמיטים - ראיון

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The ...

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

הקהילות מיקרוביאלית בטבע מעבדה - ראיון

Biology of Microbial Communities  - Interview

ביולוגיה של הקהילות מיקרוביאלית - ראיון

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

שימוש Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) לפתח כלים לאבחון

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life activities. Its high prevalence in general population and the severe limitations it causes, point out the necessity to find new efficient strategies to treat it. Together with the cognitive-behavioral treatments, relaxation represents a useful approach for the treatment of GAD, but it has the limitation that it is hard to be learned. The INTREPID project is aimed to implement a new instrument to treat anxiety-related disorders and to test its clinical efficacy in reducing anxiety-related symptoms. The innovation of this approach is the combination of virtual reality and biofeedback, so that the first one is directly modified by the output of the second one. In this way, the patient is made aware of his or her reactions through the modification of some features of the VR environment in real time. Using mental exercises the patient learns to control these physiological parameters and using the feedback provided by the virtual environment is able to gauge his or her success. The supplemental use of portable devices, such as PDA or smart-phones, allows the patient to perform at home, individually and autonomously, the same exercises experienced in therapist's office. The goal is to anchor the learned protocol in a real life context, so enhancing the patients' ability to deal with their symptoms. The expected result is a better and faster learning of relaxation techniques, and thus an increased effectiveness of the treatment if compared with traditional clinical protocols.

The Project on Virtual Reality Intelligent Multi-sensor System for the Treatment of Anxiety-related Disorders (INTREPID) is aimed at developing a multi-sensor context-aware virtual reality system for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.

השימוש ביופידבק במציאות מדומה קליני: פרויקט ללא חת

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in the environment, as well as directly for the transmission of pathogens to drinking water supplies. Natural porous media is composed of an intricate physical topology, varied surface chemistries, dynamic gradients of nutrients and electron acceptors, and a patchy distribution of microbes. These features vary substantially over a length scale of microns, making the results of macro-scale investigations of microbial transport difficult to interpret, and the validation of mechanistic models challenging. Here we demonstrate how simple microfluidic devices can be used to visualize microbial interactions with micro-structured habitats, to identify key processes influencing the observed phenomena, and to systematically validate predictive models. Simple, easy-to-use flow cells were constructed out of the transparent, biocompatible and oxygen-permeable material poly(dimethyl siloxane). Standard methods of photolithography were used to make micro-structured masters, and replica molding was used to cast micro-structured flow cells from the masters. The physical design of the flow cell chamber is adaptable to the experimental requirements: microchannels can vary from simple linear connections to complex topologies with feature sizes as small as 2 &mu;m. Our modular EcoChip flow cell array features dozens of identical chambers and flow control by a gravity-driven flow module. We demonstrate that through use of EcoChip devices, physical structures and pressure heads can be held constant or varied systematically while the influence of surface chemistry, fluid properties, or the characteristics of the microbial population is investigated. Through transport experiments using a non-pathogenic, green fluorescent protein-expressing Vibrio bacterial strain, we illustrate the importance of habitat structure, flow conditions, and inoculums size on fundamental transport phenomena, and with real-time particle-scale observations, demonstrate that microfluidics offer a compelling view of a hidden world.

Microfluidic devices can be used to visualize complex natural processes in real time and at the appropriate physical scales. We have developed a simple microfluidic device that mimics key features of natural porous media for studying growth and transport of bacteria in the subsurface.

חלון על המיקרו: מערכות Microfluidic פשוט לחקר התחבורה מיקרוביאלית בתווך נקבובי

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in ...

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given physical activity. Although some sports are relatively easy to be reproduced in a laboratory (e.g., running and cycling), a number of sports are much more difficult to be reproduced and studied in controlled situations. This method presents how to assess the differential contribution of the energy systems in sports that are difficult to mimic in controlled laboratory conditions. The concepts shown here can be adapted to virtually any sport.
The following physiologic variables will be needed: rest oxygen consumption, exercise oxygen consumption, post-exercise oxygen consumption, rest plasma lactate concentration and post-exercise plasma peak lactate. To calculate the contribution of the aerobic metabolism, you will need the oxygen consumption at rest and during the exercise. By using the trapezoidal method, calculate the area under the curve of oxygen consumption during exercise, subtracting the area corresponding to the rest oxygen consumption. To calculate the contribution of the alactic anaerobic metabolism, the post-exercise oxygen consumption curve has to be adjusted to a mono or a bi-exponential model (chosen by the one that best fits). Then, use the terms of the fitted equation to calculate anaerobic alactic metabolism, as follows: ATP-CP metabolism = A1 (mL . s-1) x t1 (s). Finally, to calculate the contribution of the lactic anaerobic system, multiply peak plasma lactate by 3 and by the athlete&#x2019;s body mass (the result in mL is then converted to L and into kJ).
The method can be used for both continuous and intermittent exercise. This is a very interesting approach as it can be adapted to exercises and sports that are difficult to be mimicked in controlled environments. Also, this is the only available method capable of distinguishing the contribution of three different energy systems. Thus, the method allows the study of sports with great similarity to real situations, providing desirable ecological validity to the study.

This protocol allows researchers focused on exercise and sports sciences to determine the relative contribution of three different energy systems to the total energy expenditure during a large variety of exercises.

לקבוע את התרומה של מערכות אנרגיה במהלך פעילות גופנית

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given ...

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as recycle rates of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) sequestration1,2. Plant litter comprises the majority of detritus3, and so it is assumed that decomposition is only marginally influenced by biomass inputs from animals such as herbivores and carnivores4,5. However, carnivores may influence microbial decomposition of plant litter via a chain of interactions in which predation risk alters the physiology of their herbivore prey that in turn alters soil microbial functioning when the herbivore carcasses are decomposed6. A physiological stress response by herbivores to the risk of predation can change the C:N elemental composition of herbivore biomass7,8,9 because stress from predation risk increases herbivore basal energy demands that in nutrient-limited systems forces herbivores to shift their consumption from N-rich resources to support growth and reproduction to C-rich carbohydrate resources to support heightened metabolism6. Herbivores have limited ability to store excess nutrients, so stressed herbivores excrete N as they increase carbohydrate-C consumption7. Ultimately, prey stressed by predation risk increase their body C:N ratio7,10, making them poorer quality resources for the soil microbial pool likely due to lower availability of labile N for microbial enzyme production6. Thus, decomposition of carcasses of stressed herbivores has a priming effect on the functioning of microbial communities that decreases subsequent ability to of microbes to decompose plant litter6,10,11.
We present the methodology to evaluate linkages between predation risk and litter decomposition by soil microbes. We describe how to: induce stress in herbivores from predation risk; measure those stress responses, and measure the consequences on microbial decomposition. We use insights from a model grassland ecosystem comprising the hunting spider predator (Pisuarina mira), a dominant grasshopper herbivore (Melanoplus femurrubrum),and a variety of grass and forb plants9.

We present methods to evaluate how predation risk can alter the chemical quality of herbivore prey by inducing dietary changes to meet demands of heightened stress, and how the decomposition of carcasses from these stressed herbivores slows subsequent plant litter decomposition by soil microbes.

קישור סיכוני טריפה, מתח פיסיולוגי אוכלי עשב ופירוק מיקרוביאלית המלטת צמח

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil  determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as  recycle rates of ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

עיצוב וניתוח של התנהגות העדפת טמפרטורה והשעון הביולוגי שלה בדרוסופילה

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

מדידת הקשיחות של<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; עכבר Aortas באמצעות מיקרוסקופ כוח אטומי

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...