وأيد هذا العمل من خلال تمويل من الحبل الشوكي إنديانا وإصابات الدماغ منح البحوث (SCBI 200-12)، ورالف جورج وغريس M. جائزة البحوث شوالتر، جامعة إنديانا البحوث البيولوجية غرانت، المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح RR025761 و1R21NS072631-01A.

رعاية الحيوان من الذكور C57 BL / 6 الفئران يضم مجموعة والاحتفاظ بها في 12/12 ساعة ضوء / دورة الظلام مع حرية الوصول إلى الغذاء والماء بالمال وبالشهرة أيضا الإعلانية. كانت الحيوانات المستخدمة في هذا البروتوكول 10-12 أسابيع من العمر. تم تنفيذ كافة الإجراءات في إطار البروتوكولات التي وافقت عليها لجنة رعاية الحيوان واستخدام إنديانا الجامعة. 1. إعداد الجراحية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخدير الماوس باستخدام خليط الكيتامين / زيلازين (87.7 ملغ / مل الكيتامين و 12.3 ملغ / مل زيلازين) وإدارة (1 مل / كجم) عن طريق الحقن IP. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حلق الرأس من الفأرة بين الأذنين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تطبيق هلام الذي يعتمد على النفط إلى العينين من الماوس لمنع الجفاف أثناء الجراحة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تنظيف المنطقة حليق مع 10٪ اليود. ثم استخدام الإيثانول بنسبة 70٪ لتنظيف قبالة اليود. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد رأس الماوس في إطار المجسم باستخدام قضبان الأذن وصفيحة العضة. ضمان الدماغ مستقرة. </li></ol> 2. قطع القحف </ع&gt; <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إجراء شق طولي في منتصف الرأس مع مقص. استخدام مرقئ لعقد الجلد قبالة إلى الجانب الأيسر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام قضيب من القطن ذات الرؤوس لإزالة الدم والأنسجة في العظام لفضح الجمجمة. تسمح الجمجمة يتعرض لتجف لمدة 1 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام ملقط لممارسة الضغط والتأكد من أن الجمجمة لا تزال قادرة على الحركة. تحديد معالم تشريحية لامبدا (الذيلية الجانب) وBregma (الجانب الأمامي). رسم دائرة في وسط لامبدا وBregma التي يبلغ قطرها 4 مم و 0.5 مم بعيدا عن خط الوسط. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام الحفر لقطع على طول دائرة ملحوظ. ضربة برفق الغبار العظام بعيدا. لا حفر تماما من خلال العظام لمنع الإضرار الأم الجافية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام ملقط لإزالة العظام وفضح جافية. </li></ol> 3. الإنحشار يشمل نظام الأثر مربع التحكم لتعيين المعلمات تأثير، وهي المحرك لأداء الانحشار، وإطار المجسم لتأمين عملuator ورئيس الماوس للتأثير. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قبل مجموعة سرعة المحرك إلى 3 م / ثانية قبل الجراحة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قبل تعيين العمق تشوه مختلفة للحث على بالقسوة إصابة مختلفة. سوف أعماق تشوه 0،0-0،2 مم، 0.5-1.0 مم، و1.2-2.0 مم يؤدي إلى TBIs خفيفة، متوسطة، وشديدة، على التوالي. وأوضح هذا البروتوكول كيفية تحقيق إصابات الدماغ الحادة باعتدال مع عمق تشوه 1 ملم باستخدام سرعة 3 م / ثانية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إرفاق المحرك لصاحب في إطار المجسم واستخدام micromanipulators نقله لتأمين جولة، طرف شقة من المحرك (3 مم) في وسط منطقة الجمجمة مفتوحة. ثم ضبط الطرف في زاوية موازية لسطح موقع التأثير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إنشاء نقطة الصفر عن طريق تحريك أسفل المحرك في النموذج تمتد حتى تلامس طرف سطح موقع التأثير. ثم تعيين قناة Z على لوحة التحكم المجسم إلى الصفر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> سحب طرف المسباربينما تتحرك في وقت واحد المحرك بنسبة 1 ملم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اضغط على زر أثر لضرب موقع الإصابة وتحقيق عمق تشوه 1 مم. </li></ol> 4. الاصابات الموقع اختتام <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام القطن ذات الرؤوس تطبيقها لإزالة أي أثر الدم التالية، ولكن لا تلمس منطقة الاصابة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع الماوس على وسادة دافئة للحفاظ على درجة حرارة الجسم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مرة واحدة قد توقف النزيف، خياطة الجرح مغلقة. وضع الحيوان مرة أخرى في قفص نظيفة والسماح لها للتعافي من جراحة ليلة وضحاها على لوحة الدافئة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدارة البوبرينورفين 0،05-0،10 ملغ / كغ كل 8-12 ساعة SQ لمدة 2 أيام بعد الجراحة. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

الخطوات الأكثر أهمية لتوليد بنجاح TBIs متسقة باستخدام نظام تأثير المغناطيس الإلكترونية لإحداث CCI هي: 1) تحديد ثابت رئيس الماوس في إطار المجسم؛ 2) توليد نفس الحجم من نافذة العظام بين الفئران وإزالة العظم دون الإضرار الجافية تحته خلال قطع القحف؛ 3) تحديد المواقع بشكل صحيح ?...

يتم تعريف إصابات في الدماغ (المصرف التجاري العراقي) كما تغيير في وظيفة الدماغ، أو أدلة أخرى من أمراض الدماغ، والناجم عن قوة خارجية 1. تبقى TBIs مشكلة صحية خطيرة في جميع أنحاء العالم، ولا سيما في الولايات المتحدة. وفقا لمراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها، تحدث 1.7 مليون على الأقل TBIs سنويا في الولايات المتحدة مما أدى إلى 30.5٪ من جميع الوفيات الناجمة عن الإصابة. في عام 2000، بلغ مجموع التكاليف الطبية المباشرة والتكاليف غير المباشرة للTBIs يقدر ب 76500000000 $ في الولايات المتحدة وحدها. على الرغم من التقدم التكنولوجي والعلاجية في العقود السابقة قد تحسنت نوعية الحياة وطولها لأولئك الذين يعانون من TBIs، لا الصيدلانية الفعالة أو العلاجات الوقائية الموجودة حاليا. نظرا لتعقيد وآثار واسعة المدى من TBIs، بما في ذلك آفات الأنسجة، وموت الخلايا، وتنكس عصبي، أي اثنين بجروح متطابقة؛ وبالتالي، لا يوجد نموذج المصرف التجاري العراقي الحالي للحيوانات تستنسخ بدقةجميع جوانب TBI كما رأينا في البشر. ومع ذلك، النماذج الحيوانية لا توفر القدرة على إنتاج الإصابات متطابقة تقريبا اللازمة للتحقيق في آثار مختلفة من المصرف التجاري العراقي مع الأمل في مزيد من فهم المظاهر السريرية للTBIs. يستخدم تأثير القشرية (CCI) نموذج تسيطر نظام تأثير لتقديم الأثر المادي لالجافية المكشوفة من حيوان. أنها تفضي TBIs تتراوح بين معتدلة وحادة مماثلة لتلك التي يعاني منها البشر. وقد تميزت هذه الإصابة الأولى في النمس 2 وكان في وقت لاحق تكييفها للاستخدام في الفئران 3،4، الماوس 5-7، والأغنام 8. منذ توصيف الأولى، تم وضع موقع الإصابة على حد سواء على 2،9 خط الوسط والقشرة الوحشي 10. يوفر CCI طريقة سهلة ودقيقة من التحقيق في الآثار والعلاجات المحتملة لTBIs. بالإضافة إلى نموذج CCI، وقرع السوائل وانخفاض الوزن النماذج هي التعاونتستخدم لإنتاج mmonly TBIs. ومع ذلك، فإن هذه النماذج قيود الحاضر، بما في ذلك السيطرة على المعلمات أقل إصابة، وتنتج التغيرات histopathalogical لم أر في TBIs الإنسان، وزيادة نسبة حدوث الوفاة في الفئران 3،5،10. يتم استخدام نموذج موجة الانفجار أيضا لإنتاج TBIs. على الرغم من أن نموذج موجة الانفجار لا يتم إنتاج التغييرات التالية histopathalogical ينظر لها تأثير الميكانيكية، وهذا النموذج لا تنتج بدقة TBIs من ذوي الخبرة وخاصة من قبل الأفراد العسكريين 11. نموذج تأثير القشرية تسيطر من السهل السيطرة عليها نظرا لدقة السيطرة على المعلمات تشوه مثل الوقت، والسرعة، وعمق تأثير 5. بهذه الدقة يجعل تكرار الإصابات متطابقة تقريبا عبر مجموعة كاملة من الحيوانات أكثر جدوى. الأهم من ذلك، CCI يستنسخ TBIs مع ميزات ينظر في TBIs الإنسان 12. ومع ذلك، لا يوجد نموذج حيوان واحد هو أن ناجحة تماما في إعادة إنتاج مجموعة كاملة من تشان المرضيةغيس وحظ بعد المصرف التجاري العراقي. المزيد من البحوث أمر ضروري للكشف بالكامل التغييرات الحادة والمزمنة التي تحدث بعد المصرف التجاري العراقي. نوعين من الإصابات تحدث بعد TBI: إصابات الابتدائية والثانوية. تحدث الإصابة الأولية في لحظة وتأثير ليست حساسة لعلاجات العلاجية؛ ومع ذلك، فإن الإصابات الثانوية التي لا تزال قائمة بعد الإصابة الأولية تخضع للعلاجات 13. نموذج تأثير القشرية تسيطر تنتج الإصابة الأولية، مما يتيح للباحثين للتحقيق في الآثار المترتبة على المصرف التجاري العراقي والعلاجات العلاجية المحتملة للتأثيرات طويلة الأمد المحتمل للإصابات الثانوية. وتشمل مجالات البحث المحتملة باستخدام نموذج CCI فاة الخلايا العصبية، وذمة دماغية، تكوين الخلايا العصبية، والآثار الأوعية الدموية، والتغيرات histopathalogical، والعجز في الذاكرة وأكثر 3،13-16.

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controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

<html> نموذج تأثير القشرية تسيطر تنتج TBIs تتراوح في شدتها من خفيفة الى حادة. بعد تأثير كمية من تورم في الجمجمة، والنزيف، وتشويه الجمجمة في موقع التأثير سوف تكشف عن شدة الإصابة الناتجة عن سرعة وعمق تشوه المعلمات. TBIs معتدل يؤدي إلى تورم في الجمجمة في موقع التأثير ونزيف طفيف ...

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Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

تسيطر الموديل أثر القشرية لإصابات الدماغ الرضية

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

controlled-cortical-impact-model-for-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.3K Views.  Indiana University School of Medicine. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Video: Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

التهوية الضغط الشواهد للحث على إصابة الرئة الحادة في الفئران

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

تسيطر الاصابات تهتك عنق في الفئران

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

تمتد في الدماغ الخلايا البطانية الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة (cEND) بوصفه<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; صدمة إصابات الدماغ نموذج من حاجز الدم في الدماغ

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

الكلوي ونقص الأوكسجين إعادة إشباع الخلايا الإصابات: نموذج الفأر من الإصابات والتجديد

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

نموذج رواية خفيفة إصابات الدماغ للالجرذان الأحداث

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

معايرة الملقط نموذج من الحبل الشوكي ضغط الإصابات

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

A النزوح القائم على النزوح النخاع الشوكي نموذج إصابة في الفئران

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

A نموذج الفأر من إصابات الدماغ الصدمة خفيفة ومتكررة خفيفة

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

شبه كمي تقييم استخدام التتبع فدج [18و] في المرضى الذين يعانون من إصابات الدماغ الشديدة

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Tracking Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells using MRI after Intranasal Delivery in a Traumatic Brain Injury Murine Model

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical hurdles such as invasive cell delivery and tracking with low transplantation efficiency remain challenges in translational stem-based therapy. This article describes an emerging technique for stem cell labeling and tracking based on the labeling of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)&#160;nanoparticles, as well as intranasal delivery of the labeled MSCs. These nanoparticles are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-embedded and safe to label the MSCs, which are subsequently delivered to the brains of TBI-induced mice by the intranasal route. They are then tracked non-invasively in vivo by real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Important advantages of this technique that combines SPIO for cell labeling and intranasal delivery include (1) non-invasive, in vivo MSC tracking after delivery for long tracking periods, (2) the possibility of multiple dosing regimens due to the non-invasive route of MSC delivery, and (3) possible applications to humans, owing to the safety of SPIO, non-invasive nature of the cell-tracking method by MRI, and route of administration.

Presented here is a protocol for non-invasive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tracking in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Superparamagnetic iron oxide&#160;nanoparticles are employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe for MSC labeling and non-invasive in vivo tracking following intranasal delivery using real-time MRI.

تتبع أكسيد الحديد المغناطيسي المسمي الخلايا الجذعية المسسبيه باستخدام التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي بعد الولادة في الأنف في أصابه الدماغ الرضية نموذج Murine

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical ...