この作品は、インディアナ州脊髄·脳損傷研究費補助金（SCBI 200-12）からの資金によってラルフ·W·グレースM·ショーウォルター研究賞、インディアナ大学の生物学的研究助成、NIHの助成金RR025761と1R21NS072631-01Aをサポートされていました。

動物ケア 雄のC57 BL / 6マウスを基に収容された食物および水を自由にアクセスでき、無料で12分の12時間の明/暗サイクルで維持した。このプロトコルで使用される動物は、10〜12週齢であった。すべての手順は、インディアナ大学の動物実験委員会によって承認されたプロトコルの下で実施された。 1。手術の準備<ol><li>ケタミン/キシラジン混合物（87.7 mg / mlのケタミンおよび12.3 mg / mlのキシラジン）を使用して、マウスを麻酔し、IP注射を介して（1ミリリットル/ kg）を管理します。 </li><li>耳の間にマウスの頭を剃る。 </li><li>手術中に乾燥を防ぐために、マウスの目に石油系ゼリーを適用します。 </li><li> 10％のヨウ素とパイパンエリアを清掃してください。その後、ヨウ素をきれいに70％エタノールを使用しています。 </li><li>耳のバーやバイトプレートを使用し、定位フレームにマウスの頭を固定します。脳が安定していることを確認してください。 </li></ol> 2。頭蓋骨切除術</P&gt; <ol><li>はさみで頭の真ん中に縦切開を加えます。左側に皮を保持するために止血剤を使用しています。 </li><li>頭蓋骨を露出するために骨に血液や組織を除去するために綿棒を使用してください。さらさ頭蓋骨は1分間乾燥させます。 </li><li>圧力をかけると、頭蓋骨は不動のままであることを確実にするために鉗子を使用してください。解剖学的ラムダ（尾の態様）とブレグマ（前頭面）を特定します。直径4mmと離れて正中線から0.5ミリメートルでラムダとブレグマの中心に円を描く。 </li><li>マークされた円に沿ってカットしてドリルを使用してください。そっと骨ほこりを吹き飛ばす。硬膜の損傷を防ぐために骨を完全に貫通してドリルダウンしないでください。 </li><li>骨を除去し、硬膜を露出させ鉗子を使用してください。 </li></ol> 3。インパク衝撃装置は、衝撃パラメータを設定するコントロールボックス、インパクションを実行するためのアクチュエータと、行為を確保する定位フレームを含むインパクト用uatorとマウスの頭部。 <ol><li>手術前に3メートル/秒アクチュエータの速度を事前に設定してください。 </li><li>別の傷害の重大度を誘導するために様々な変形の深さを事前に設定してください。 0.0〜0.2ミリメートル0.5〜1.0 mmであり、1.2〜2.0ミリメートルの変形深さはそれぞれ、軽度、中等度、重度のTBiSをもたらすであろう。このプロトコルは、3メートル/秒の速度を利用して1ミリメートルの変形の深さが中等度の脳損傷を達成する方法を説明しました。 </li><li>定位フレームにホルダーにアクチュエータを取り付け、オープン頭蓋骨領域の中央にある丸い、アクチュエータのフラットチップ（直径3mm）を確保するためにそれを動かすマイクロマニピュレーターを使用しています。その後、衝突場所の表面に対して平行な角度で先端を調整します。 </li><li>先端が衝突部位の表面に接触するまで拡張モデルでアクチュエータを下に移動することでゼロ点を確立します。ゼロに定位コントロールパネルのZチャネルを設定します。 </li><li>インパクター先端を撤回同時に1ミリメートルまでのアクチュエータを移動させながら。 </li><li>損傷部位に衝突し、1ミリメートルの変形深さを達成するためにインパクトのボタンを押してください。 </li></ol> 4。傷害のサイト閉鎖<ol><li>任意の血液、次の影響を除去するために綿棒アプリケーターを使用していますが、怪我の部分に触れないでください。 </li><li>体温を維持するために、暖かいパッドの上にマウスを置きます。 </li><li>出血が停止すると、閉じた傷口を縫合。清潔なケージに戻って動物を入れて、それが暖かいパッド上で一晩手術から回復することができます。 </li><li>管理ブプレノルフィン0.05〜0.10 mg / kgのSQ手術後2日間、8月12日時間。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+statement:+definition+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 91 (11), 1637-1640 (2010).</li><li>Lighthall, J. W., Dixon, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+brain+injury.">Experimental models of brain injury.</a> J Neurotrauma. 6 (2), 83-97 (1989).</li><li>Dixon, C. E., Clfton, G. 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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+accumulation+after+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rats:+comparison+of+weight+drop+and+controlled+cortical+impact+models.">Neutrophil accumulation after traumatic brain injury in rats: comparison of weight drop and controlled cortical impact models.</a> J Neurotrauma. 11 (5), 499-506 (1994).</li><li>Werner, C., Engelhard, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Br J Anaesth. 99 (1), 4-9 (2007).</li><li>Colicos, M. A., Dixon, C. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

成功したCCIを引き起こす電子の磁石の影響システムを使用して一貫性のあるのTBiSを発生させるための最も重要なステップは次のとおりです。1）安定的定位フレームにマウスの頭を固定。 2）マウスとの間の骨窓の同じサイズを生成し、頭蓋骨切除術の間に、その下の硬膜を損傷することなく骨を除去する工程; 3）が正しくオープンエリアの中心にインパクトチップを配置し、影響を与える前...

外傷性脳損傷（TBI）は、脳機能の変化、又は外力​​1によって引き起こされる脳病理の他の証拠として定義される。オーバフローなし、特に米国では、世界中で深刻な健康問題のまま。疾病管理予防センターによると、少なくとも170万のTBiSは、すべての傷害に関連した死亡の30.5％になり、米国で毎年起こる。 2000年には、直接医療費とのTBiSの間接的なコストは、米国だけで推定765億ドルとなりました。前の数十年の技術と治療の進歩がオーバフローなしで苦しむ人々の生活の質と長さを改善しているものの、有効な医薬品または予防治療は現在存在しません。により複雑さと組織病変、細胞死、および軸索変性を含むのTBiSの広い及ぶ影響​​で、どの2つの負傷者が同一ではありません。このように、動物には、現在のTBIのモデルを正確に再現していませんTBIのすべての側面は、ヒトにおいて見られる。しかし、動物モデルは、さらにのTBiSの臨床症状を理解するのを期待して、TBIの様々な影響を調査するために必要なほとんど同一の傷害を生成する能力を提供します。 制御皮質衝撃（CCI）モデルでは、動物の露出硬膜に物理的な衝撃を配信するためにインパクト方式を使用しています。これは、軽度から人間が経験と同様の深刻なまでのTBiSを誘導する。この損傷は、第2のフェレットを特徴とし、それ以降3,4ラット、マウス5-7、およびヒツジ8で使用するために適合させた。最初に特性化するので、損傷部位は正中線2,9と横皮質10上の両方に置かれています。 CCIはオーバフローなしのための効果や治療の可能性を調査する簡単かつ正確な方法を提供します。 CCIモデルに加えて、流体打楽器および体重降下モデルは同時であるmmonlyのTBiSを生成するために使用される。しかし、これらのモデルより少ない傷害パラメータを制御、人間のTBiSでは見られないhistopathalogical変化をもたらす、マウス3,5,10中の事故死の高い発生率を含めて、本制限は、。爆風モデルものTBiSを生成するために使用される。爆風モデルは機械的衝撃後に見histopathalogical変化を再現していませんが、このモデルは、正確に、特に軍関係者11が経験したのTBiSを生み出すん。制御皮質衝撃モデルは、インパクト5時、速度、深さなどの変形パラメータを正確に制御するため、制御が容易である。このような精度はより実現可能動物のグループ全体でほぼ同一の傷害を複製することができます。最も重要なことは、CCIは、人間のTBiS 12に見られるような機能を持つのTBiSを再生する。しかし、病理学ちゃんの完全なスペクトルを再現する完全に成功している単一の動物モデルは存在しないTBIの後に観察GES。さらなる研究は、完全TBI後に生じる急性および慢性の変化を明らかにすることが必要である。 プライマリとセカンダリの負傷：負傷の2つのタイプがTBI後に発生する。主な損傷はインパクトの瞬間に発生し、治療上の処置に敏感ではありません。しかし、最初の損傷後も持続二次傷害は治療13の対象となります。制御皮質衝撃モデルは、このように研究者が二次的傷害の可能性のある長期的な効果のためのTBIと潜在的な治療処置の効果を調査することができ、主要な傷害を生成します。 CCIモデルを使用して潜在的な研究の分野は、神経細胞死、脳浮腫、神経発生、血管作用、histopathalogical変化、記憶障害や3,13-16などが含まれます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="873">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Povidone-iodine 7.5%</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purdue product L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Surgical scrub</td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:247px;">Cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-6015</td>
			<td>Remove blood and debris</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:247px;">scissor</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14084-08</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Suture monofilament</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G697</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">tert-Amyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">152463-250ML</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
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</table>

controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

制御皮質衝撃モデルは、軽度から重度までの重症度の範囲のTBiSを生成します。ポストインパクトインパクトサイトで頭蓋膨潤量、出血および頭蓋の歪み速度と変形深さのパラメータに起因する傷害の重症度を明らかにする。軽度のTBiSは、限定された硬膜の侵害に衝突場所と、わずかな出血で頭蓋腫れを引き起こす。適度なTBIは頭蓋腫脹を示し、原因衝突時に硬膜違反（ 図1）に?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

外傷性脳損傷のための制御皮質衝撃モデル

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

controlled-cortical-impact-model-for-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.4K ビュー.  Indiana University School of Medicine. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

ビデオ: Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

マウスにおける急性肺障害を誘発するために圧力制御された換気

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

医学

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) cases 1 and is the ultimate cause of death in patients with the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) 2.
ALS is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by relatively rapid degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Patients ultimately succumb to the disease on average 2-5 years following diagnosis because of respiratory paralysis due to loss of phrenic motor neuron innnervation of the diaphragm 3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, while 10% are of the familial form. Approximately twenty percent of familial cases are linked to various point mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene on chromosome 21 4. Transgenic mice 4,5 and rats 6 carrying mutant human SOD1 genes (G93A, G37R, G86R, G85R) have been generated, and, despite the existence of other animal models of motor neuron loss, are currently the most highly used models of the disease.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a heterogeneous set of conditions resulting from physical trauma to the spinal cord, with functional outcome varying according to the type, location and severity of the injury 7. Nevertheless, approximately half of human SCI cases affect cervical regions, resulting in debilitating respiratory dysfunction due to phrenic motor neuron loss and injury to descending bulbospinal respiratory axons 1. A number of animal models of SCI have been developed, with the most commonly used and clinically-relevant being the contusion 8.
Transplantation of various classes of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries and neurodegeneration, including ALS and SCI, because of the ability to replace lost or dysfunctional CNS cell types, provide neuroprotection, and deliver gene factors of interest 9.
Animal models of both ALS and SCI can model many clinically-relevant aspects of these diseases, including phrenic motor neuron loss and consequent respiratory compromise 10,11. In order to evaluate the efficacy of NPC-based strategies on respiratory function in these animal models of ALS and SCI, cellular interventions must be specifically directed to regions containing therapeutically relevant targets such as phrenic motor neurons. We provide a detailed protocol for multi-segmental, intraspinal transplantation of NPCs into the cervical spinal cord ventral gray matter of neurodegenerative models such as SOD1G93A mice and rats, as well as spinal cord injured rats and mice 11.

Neural precursor transplantation is a promising strategy for protecting and/or replacing lost/dysfunctional cervical phrenic motor neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS). We provide a protocol for cell delivery to cervical spinal cord ventral horn in rodent models of ALS and SCI.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症や外傷性脊髄損傷では頚椎前角をターゲットとするための髄腔内細胞移植

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) ...

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

マウスで制御子宮裂傷の傷害

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

として脳微小血管内皮細胞（CEND）でストレッチ<em&gt;インビトロ</em血液脳関門の&gt;外傷性脳損傷モデル

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

腎臓虚血再灌流障害：障害のマウスモデルおよび再生

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

少年ラット用マイルド外傷性脳損傷の新規モデル

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

脊髄圧縮傷害の校正済み鉗子モデル

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

マウスにおける組織変位ベースの脊柱挫傷モデルの検討

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

片性および反復性軽度外傷性脳損傷のマウスモデル

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

重症脳損傷患者 [18F] FDG トレーサーを用いた定量的評価

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...