Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da un finanziamento della Cord Indiana spinale &amp; Brain Injury Research Grants (SCBI 200-12), Ralph W. e Grazia M. Showalter Research Award, Indiana University ricerca biologica Grant, NIH sovvenzioni RR025761 e 1R21NS072631-01A.

Animal Care Maschile C57 BL / 6 topi erano alloggiato in gruppo e conservati in 12/12 ore di luce / buio ciclo con libero di accedere a cibo e acqua ad libitum. Gli animali utilizzati in questo protocollo sono di 10-12 settimane di età. Tutte le procedure sono state eseguite secondo protocolli approvati dalla cura degli animali e uso commissione di Indiana University. 1. Preparazione chirurgica <ol><li> Anestetizzare il mouse usando una miscela di ketamina / xilazina (87,7 mg / ml ketamina e 12,3 mg / ml Xylazina) e somministrare (1 ml / kg) tramite iniezione IP. </li><li> Radersi la testa del topo tra le orecchie. </li><li> Applicare una gelatina a base di petrolio agli occhi del mouse per prevenire l&#39;essiccazione durante la chirurgia. </li><li> Pulire la zona rasata con il 10% di iodio. Quindi utilizzare il 70% di etanolo per pulire lo iodio. </li><li> Fissare la testa del mouse nel frame stereotassico utilizzando le barre di auricolari e piastra morso. Assicurarsi che il cervello è stabile. </li></ol> 2. Craniectomy </p&gt; <ol><li> Effettuare una incisione longitudinale nel mezzo della testa con le forbici. Utilizzare una pinza emostatica per tenere la pelle fuori al lato sinistro. </li><li> Utilizzare un applicatore con punta di cotone per rimuovere il sangue e tessuto sull&#39;osso per esporre il cranio. Lasciare cranio esposto ad asciugare per 1 min. </li><li> Usare pinze per applicare la pressione e far sì che il cranio rimane immobile. Identificare punti di repere anatomici Lambda (aspetto caudale) e Bregma (aspetto frontale). Disegnare un cerchio al centro di Lambda e Bregma con un diametro di 4 mm di distanza dalla linea mediana 0,5 mm. </li><li> Usare un trapano per tagliare lungo il cerchio marcato. Soffiare delicatamente la polvere di osso di distanza. Non forare completamente attraverso l&#39;osso per evitare di danneggiare la dura madre. </li><li> Usare pinze per rimuovere l&#39;osso ed esporre la dura madre. </li></ol> 3. Impaction Il sistema impatto comprende una scatola di controllo per impostare i parametri di impatto, un attuatore per eseguire l&#39;occlusione, e un telaio stereotassico per fissare l&#39;attouator e la testa del mouse per l&#39;impatto. <ol><li> Pre-impostare la velocità dell&#39;attuatore di 3 m / sec prima dell&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Pre-set profondità della deformazione diverso da indurre diversi livelli di gravità del pregiudizio. Profondità di deformazione di 0,0-0,2 mm, 0,5-1,0 mm, e 1,2-2,0 mm si tradurrebbe in TBIs lieve, moderata e grave, rispettivamente. Questo protocollo spiegato come ottenere una lesione cerebrale moderatamente grave deformazione con una profondità di 1 mm, utilizzando una velocità di 3 m / sec. </li><li> Fissare l&#39;attuatore al titolare nel telaio stereotassico e utilizzare i micromanipolatori spostandolo per fissare il turno, punta piatta dell&#39;attuatore (diametro 3 mm) nel centro dell&#39;area cranio aperto. Quindi regolare la punta con un angolo parallelo alla superficie del sito di impatto. </li><li> Stabilire il punto zero spostando verso il basso l&#39;attuatore nel modello di proroga fino a toccare la superficie del sito di impatto. Quindi impostare il canale Z sul pannello di controllo stereotassica a zero. </li><li> Ritrarre la punta di simulazionementre simultaneamente spostando l&#39;attuatore giù 1 mm. </li><li> Premi il pulsante impatto di colpire il sito di lesione e di raggiungere una profondità di deformazione di 1 mm. </li></ol> 4. Lesioni sito Chiusura <ol><li> Utilizzare applicatori di cotone con punta per eliminare l&#39;eventuale impatto di sangue in seguito, ma non toccare la zona ferita. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse su un tappetino caldo per mantenere la temperatura corporea. </li><li> Una volta emorragia si è fermata, suturare la ferita chiusa. Mettere l&#39;animale nella gabbia pulita e permettono di recuperare da un intervento chirurgico durante la notte sul pad caldo. </li><li> Somministrare Buprenorfina 0,05-0,10 mg / kg SQ ogni 8-12 ore per 2 giorni dopo l&#39;intervento. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+statement:+definition+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 91 (11), 1637-1640 (2010).</li><li>Lighthall, J. W., Dixon, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+brain+injury.">Experimental models of brain injury.</a> J Neurotrauma. 6 (2), 83-97 (1989).</li><li>Dixon, C. E., Clfton, G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+controlled+cortical+impact+model+of+traumatic+brain+injury+in+the+rat.">A controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in the rat.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 39 (3), 253-262 (1991).</li><li>Scheff, S. W., Baldwin, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morris+water+maze+deficits+in+rats+following+traumatic+brain+injury:+lateral+controlled+cortical+impact.">Morris water maze deficits in rats following traumatic brain injury: lateral controlled cortical impact.</a> J Neurotrauma. 14 (9), 615-627 (1997).</li><li>Smith, D. H., Soares, H. 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E., Ahmed, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profile+changes+are+commonly+modulated+across+models+and+species+after+traumatic+brain+injury.">Gene expression profile changes are commonly modulated across models and species after traumatic brain injury.</a> J Neurotrauma. 20 (10), 907-927 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, R. W., Brown, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+mechanics+and+axonal+injury+in+a+sheep+model.">Impact mechanics and axonal injury in a sheep model.</a> J Neurotrauma. 20 (10), 961-974 (2003).</li><li>Lighthall, J. 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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+accumulation+after+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rats:+comparison+of+weight+drop+and+controlled+cortical+impact+models.">Neutrophil accumulation after traumatic brain injury in rats: comparison of weight drop and controlled cortical impact models.</a> J Neurotrauma. 11 (5), 499-506 (1994).</li><li>Werner, C., Engelhard, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Br J Anaesth. 99 (1), 4-9 (2007).</li><li>Colicos, M. A., Dixon, C. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Le fasi più critiche per la generazione di successo TBIs coerenti con un sistema elettronico di impatto magnete di causare una CCI sono: 1) stabilmente fissa la testa del mouse nel frame stereotassico; 2) generare la stessa dimensione della finestra ossea tra topi e rimuovendo l&#39;osso senza danneggiare la dura sotto in caso craniectomy; 3) posizionare correttamente la punta impatto nel centro della zona aperta e fissazione del punto zero prima di colpire. Una testa mouse deve essere fiss...

Lesione cerebrale traumatica (TBI) è definita come una alterazione nella funzione del cervello, o altro titolo di patologia cerebrale, causata da una forza esterna 1. TBIs rimangono un grave problema di salute in tutto il mondo, in particolare negli Stati Uniti. Secondo i Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, almeno 1,7 milioni di TBI si verificano ogni anno negli Stati Uniti con conseguente 30,5% di tutti i decessi lesioni correlate. Nel 2000, i costi medici diretti e costi indiretti di TBI ammontano a una cifra stimata 76,5 miliardi dollari nei soli Stati Uniti. Nonostante i progressi tecnologici e terapeutici in decenni precedenti hanno migliorato la qualità e la durata della vita per chi soffre di TBI, non farmaceutica efficace o trattamenti preventivi esistono attualmente. A causa della complessità e effetti di vasta portata di TBI, comprese lesioni tessutali, morte cellulare e degenerazione dell&#39;assone, non esistono due ferite sono identici; quindi, nessun modello TBI corrente per gli animali riproduce fedelmentetutti gli aspetti della TBI come si è visto negli esseri umani. Tuttavia, i modelli animali forniscono la capacità di produrre danni quasi identici necessari per indagare i vari effetti di TBI con la speranza di comprendere ulteriormente le manifestazioni cliniche della TBI. L&#39;impatto corticale (CCI) modello controllato utilizza un sistema di impatto per fornire impatto fisico a dura esposta di un animale. Induce TBI che vanno da lievi a gravi simili a quelle sperimentate dagli esseri umani. Questa lesione è stato caratterizzato nella furetto 2 ed è stato successivamente adattato per l&#39;uso nel ratto 3,4, mouse 5-7, pecore e 8. Poiché la prima caratterizzazione, il sito della lesione è stato posto sia sulla linea mediana 2,9 e la corteccia laterale 10. CCI fornisce un metodo semplice e preciso di indagare gli effetti e trattamenti potenziali per TBI. Oltre al modello CCI, la percussione fluido e peso goccia modelli sono commonly utilizzato per produrre TBI. Tuttavia, questi modelli limitazioni presenti, tra cui un minore controllo sui parametri di pregiudizio, producendo cambiamenti histopathalogical non si vedono in TBIs umano e una maggiore incidenza di morte accidentale nei topi 3,5,10. Il modello di onda d&#39;urto è utilizzato anche per la produzione di TBI. Anche se il modello di onda d&#39;urto non riproduce le modifiche histopathalogical osservati a seguito di un impatto meccanico, questo modello non produce esattamente TBIs vissute in particolare da personale militare 11. Il modello controllato impatto corticale è facile da controllare a causa del controllo preciso su parametri di deformazione come il tempo, la velocità e la profondità di impatto 5. Tale precisione consente di replicare le lesioni quasi identici in un intero gruppo di animali più fattibile. Soprattutto, CCI riproduce TBIs con le caratteristiche viste in TBIs umano 12. Tuttavia, non esiste un modello unico animale che è del tutto riuscito a riprodurre la gamma completa di patologico chanGES si osservano dopo il trauma cranico. Ulteriori ricerche sono necessarie per rivelare pienamente le modifiche acute e croniche che si verificano dopo TBI. Due tipi di lesioni si verificano in seguito a un trauma cranico: le lesioni primarie e secondarie. La lesione primaria si verifica al momento dell&#39;impatto e non è sensibile ai trattamenti terapeutici; tuttavia, le lesioni secondarie che persistono dopo la lesione iniziale vengono sottoposti a trattamenti 13. Il modello controllato impatto corticale produce la lesione primaria, permettendo così ai ricercatori di indagare gli effetti del trauma cranico e potenziali trattamenti terapeutici per i potenziali effetti di lunga durata di lesioni secondarie. Aree di potenziale di ricerca utilizzando il modello di CCI sono morte neuronale, edema cerebrale, neurogenesi, effetti vascolari, i cambiamenti histopathalogical e deficit di memoria e più 3,13-16.

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			<td style="width:336px;">Surgical scrub</td>
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			<td>Remove blood and debris</td>
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			<td>Surgery</td>
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			<td style="width:171px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">58610</td>
			<td>Combine with Burrs for generating the bone window</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Burrs for Micro Drill</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Suture monofilament</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G697</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">tert-Amyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">152463-250ML</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T48402-25G</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
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</table>

controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Il modello di impatto corticale controllata produce TBI variano in gravità da lieve a grave. Post-impatto la quantità di gonfiore cranico, emorragia, e la distorsione cranica nel sito di impatto riveleranno la gravità del pregiudizio derivante dai parametri di velocità e profondità di deformazione. TBI Lieve producono gonfiore cranica presso il sito di impatto e leggero sanguinamento dovuto alla violazione durata limitata. Un trauma cranico moderato presenta gonfiore cranica e aumentato sanguinamento dovuto alla du...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Controllata corticale modello Impact per trauma cranico

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

controlled-cortical-impact-model-for-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.4K Views.  Indiana University School of Medicine. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Video: Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Pressione di ventilazione controllata per indurre lesioni polmonari acute nei topi

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

Controllata cervicale lesioni lacerazione nei topi

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

Stretch in microvascolari cerebrali cellule endoteliali (CEND) come<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Trauma cranico modello della barriera ematoencefalica

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

Renale ischemia riperfusione: un modello murino di infortuni e rigenerazione

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

Un modello Novel di Mild Traumatic Brain Injury per ratti giovani

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

Calibrato forcipe Modello di Spinal Cord Injury Compression

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

Un modello di lesioni del midollo spinale contusivo basato sullo spostamento tissutale nei topi

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

Un modello di mouse del singolo e ripetitivo dolore cerebrale traumatico lieve

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Valutazione semi-quantitativa utilizzando [18F] FDG Tracer in pazienti con trauma cranico severo

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Tracking Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells using MRI after Intranasal Delivery in a Traumatic Brain Injury Murine Model

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical hurdles such as invasive cell delivery and tracking with low transplantation efficiency remain challenges in translational stem-based therapy. This article describes an emerging technique for stem cell labeling and tracking based on the labeling of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)&#160;nanoparticles, as well as intranasal delivery of the labeled MSCs. These nanoparticles are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-embedded and safe to label the MSCs, which are subsequently delivered to the brains of TBI-induced mice by the intranasal route. They are then tracked non-invasively in vivo by real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Important advantages of this technique that combines SPIO for cell labeling and intranasal delivery include (1) non-invasive, in vivo MSC tracking after delivery for long tracking periods, (2) the possibility of multiple dosing regimens due to the non-invasive route of MSC delivery, and (3) possible applications to humans, owing to the safety of SPIO, non-invasive nature of the cell-tracking method by MRI, and route of administration.

Presented here is a protocol for non-invasive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tracking in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Superparamagnetic iron oxide&#160;nanoparticles are employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe for MSC labeling and non-invasive in vivo tracking following intranasal delivery using real-time MRI.

Monitoraggio delle cellule staminali mesenchymale con etichetta chimica dell'ossido di ferro superparamagnetico utilizzando la risonanza magnetica dopo la consegna intranasale in un modello murino traumatico da lesioni cerebrali

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical ...