Este trabajo fue apoyado por fondos de la Cord Indiana espinal y lesiones cerebrales Ayudas a la Investigación (SCBI 200-12), el Ralph W. y Grace Premio de Investigación Showalter M., Universidad de Indiana Investigaciones Biológicas Grant, NIH subvenciones RR025761 y 1R21NS072631-01A.

Cuidado de los Animales Masculino C57 BL / 6 ratones fueron alojados en grupos y se mantuvieron en un 12/12 horas de luz / oscuridad ciclo con el libre acceso al alimento y agua ad libitum. Los animales utilizados en este protocolo fueron 10-12 semanas de edad. Todos los procedimientos se realizaron bajo los protocolos aprobados por el Comité de Cuidado de Animales y el empleo de la Universidad de Indiana. 1. Preparación quirúrgica <ol><li> Se anestesia el ratón utilizando una mezcla de ketamina / xilazina (87,7 mg / ml de ketamina y 12,3 mg / ml de xilazina) y administrar (1 ml / kg) a través de inyección IP. </li><li> Afeitarse la cabeza del ratón entre las orejas. </li><li> Aplicar una gelatina a base de petróleo a los ojos del ratón para evitar que se sequen durante la cirugía. </li><li> Limpie la zona afeitada con un 10% de yodo. A continuación, utilice etanol al 70% para limpiar el yodo. </li><li> Fijar la cabeza del ratón en el marco estereotáctico utilizando las barras de oído y placa de mordida. Asegúrese de que el cerebro es estable. </li></ol> 2. Craniectomía </p&gt; <ol><li> Hacer una incisión longitudinal en el centro de la cabeza con unas tijeras. Use una pinza hemostática para mantener la piel en el lateral izquierdo. </li><li> Utilice un aplicador con punta de algodón para quitar la sangre y el tejido del hueso para exponer el cráneo. Permitir cráneo expuesto se seque durante 1 min. </li><li> El uso de fórceps para ejercer presión y asegurarse de que el cráneo permanece inmóvil. Identificar puntos de referencia anatómicos Lambda (aspecto caudal) y Bregma (aspecto frontal). Dibuje un círculo en el centro de Lambda y Bregma con un diámetro de 4 mm y 0,5 mm de la línea media. </li><li> Use un taladro para cortar a lo largo del círculo marcado. Sople suavemente el polvo de huesos de distancia. No perfore completamente a través del hueso para evitar que se dañe la duramadre. </li><li> El uso de fórceps para quitar el hueso y exponer la duramadre. </li></ol> 3. Impactación El sistema de impacto incluye una caja de control para establecer los parámetros de impacto, un dispositivo de accionamiento para realizar la impactación, y un marco estereotáctico para garantizar el actouator y la cabeza de ratón para el impacto. <ol><li> Pre-establecer la velocidad del actuador a 3 m / seg antes de la cirugía. </li><li> Pre-set diferente profundidad de deformación para inducir diferentes niveles de gravedad de lesiones. Profundidades de deformación de 0,0 a 0,2 mm, 0,5 a 1,0 mm, y 1,2 a 2,0 mm resultaría en lesiones cerebrales traumáticas leves, moderados y graves, respectivamente. Este protocolo explica cómo lograr una lesión cerebral moderadamente grave con una profundidad de deformación de 1 mm mediante el uso de una velocidad de 3 m / seg. </li><li> Fije el actuador a la titular en el marco estereotáctico y utilizar los micromanipuladores moviéndolo para asegurar la punta redonda y plana del actuador (3 mm de diámetro) en el centro de la zona cráneo abierto. A continuación, ajuste la punta en un ángulo paralelo a la superficie del lugar del impacto. </li><li> Establecer el punto cero moviendo hacia abajo el actuador en el modelo que se extiende hasta la punta toque la superficie del lugar del impacto. A continuación, establezca el canal Z en el panel de control estereotáctica a cero. </li><li> Retirar la punta impactadormientras se mueve simultáneamente el actuador hacia abajo 1 mm. </li><li> Pulse el botón de impacto para golpear el sitio de la lesión y lograr una profundidad de deformación de 1 mm. </li></ol> 4. Lesión del sitio de cierre <ol><li> Utilice bastoncillos de algodón para eliminar cualquier impacto sangre después, pero no toque la zona de la lesión. </li><li> Coloque el ratón sobre una almohadilla caliente para mantener la temperatura corporal. </li><li> Una vez que el sangrado se haya detenido, suturar la herida cerrada. Ponga el animal dentro de la jaula limpia y deje que se recupere de la cirugía durante la noche en la almohadilla caliente. </li><li> Administrar Buprenorfina 0,05-0,10 mg / kg vía subcutánea cada 8 a 12 horas durante 2 días después de la cirugía. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Los pasos más importantes para la generación de éxito LCT consistentes utilizando un sistema de impacto imán electrónico para causar una CCI son: 1) la fijación estable de la cabeza del ratón en el marco estereotáctico; 2) generar el mismo tamaño de ventana de hueso entre los ratones y eliminar el hueso sin dañar la duramadre debajo de ella durante la craniectomía; 3) colocar correctamente la punta del impacto en el centro de la zona abierta y establecer el punto cero antes de impactar. <p class="jove_con...

La lesión cerebral traumática (TBI) se define como una alteración de la función cerebral, u otra evidencia de patología cerebral, causada por una fuerza externa 1. LCT siguen siendo un grave problema de salud en todo el mundo, particularmente en los Estados Unidos. Según los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades, por lo menos 1.7 millones de lesiones cerebrales traumáticas se producen anualmente en los Estados Unidos lo que resulta en un 30,5% de todas las muertes relacionadas con lesiones. En 2000, los costos médicos directos y los costos indirectos de la LCT totalizaron un estimado de 76,5 mil millones dólares en los Estados Unidos solamente. Aunque los avances tecnológicos y terapéuticos en décadas anteriores se ha mejorado la calidad y la duración de vida de aquellos que sufren de lesiones cerebrales traumáticas, actualmente no existen farmacéutica eficaz o tratamientos preventivos. Debido a la complejidad y efectos de gran alcance de la LCT, incluyendo lesiones de los tejidos, la muerte celular y la degeneración axonal, no hay dos lesiones son idénticos; por lo tanto, no hay un modelo de TBI de corriente para animales reproduce con precisióntodos los aspectos de TBI como se ve en los seres humanos. Sin embargo, los modelos animales proporcionan la capacidad de producir lesiones casi idénticos necesarias para investigar diversos efectos de TBI con la esperanza de una mayor comprensión de las manifestaciones clínicas de la LCT. El modelo controlado impacto cortical (CCI) utiliza un sistema de impacto para entregar impacto físico a la duramadre expuesta de un animal. Induce LCT que van de leves a graves similares a los experimentados por los seres humanos. Esta lesión se caracteriza por primera vez en el hurón 2 y fue adaptado más adelante para su uso en la rata 3,4, ratón 5-7, y ovejas 8. Desde la primera caracterización, el sitio de la lesión se ha colocado tanto sobre la línea media de 2,9 y la corteza lateral 10. CCI ofrece un método fácil y preciso de la investigación de los efectos y posibles tratamientos para lesiones cerebrales traumáticas. Además del modelo de CCI, la percusión de fluido y caída de peso modelos son commonly utilizado para producir lesiones cerebrales traumáticas. Sin embargo, estos modelos ofrecen limitaciones, entre ellas un menor control sobre los parámetros de lesión, produciendo cambios histopathalogical no vistos en LCT humano y mayor incidencia de muerte accidental en ratones 3,5,10. El modelo de onda expansiva también se utiliza para producir lesiones cerebrales traumáticas. Aunque el modelo de onda expansiva no reproduce los cambios histopathalogical visto después de un impacto mecánico, este modelo no producir con precisión lesiones cerebrales traumáticas experimentadas en particular por el personal militar 11. El modelo de impacto cortical controlado es fácil de controlar debido al control preciso sobre los parámetros de deformación, tales como el tiempo, la velocidad y la profundidad de impacto 5. Tal precisión hace que la replicación de lesiones casi idénticos a través de todo un grupo de animales más factibles. Lo más importante, CCI reproduce LCT con características que se observan en la LCT humana 12. Sin embargo, no hay ningún modelo animal único que es del todo satisfactoria en la reproducción del espectro completo de patológica Chanbios observados después de TBI. Se necesita más investigación para revelar plenamente los cambios agudos y crónicos que se producen después de TBI. Hay dos tipos de lesiones se producen después de una lesión cerebral traumática: lesiones primarias y secundarias. La lesión primaria se produce en el momento del impacto y no es sensible a tratamientos terapéuticos; Sin embargo, las lesiones secundarias que persisten después de la lesión inicial están sujetos a los tratamientos 13. El modelo de impacto cortical controlado produce la lesión primaria, lo que permite a los investigadores estudiar los efectos de la lesión cerebral traumática y tratamientos terapéuticos potenciales para los efectos potencialmente de larga duración de las lesiones secundarias. Áreas de potencial de investigación utilizando el modelo CCI incluyen la muerte neuronal, edema cerebral, la neurogénesis, efectos vasculares, cambios histopathalogical y déficits de memoria y más 3,13-16.

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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Povidone-iodine 7.5%</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purdue product L.P.</td>
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			<td style="width:336px;">Surgical scrub</td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:247px;">Cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-6015</td>
			<td>Remove blood and debris</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:247px;">scissor</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14084-08</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
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			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:247px;">forcept</td>
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			<td>Surgery</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:247px;">hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13021-12</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
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			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:247px;">Rechargeable Cordless Micro Drill</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">58610</td>
			<td>Combine with Burrs for generating the bone window</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Burrs for Micro Drill</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19007-05</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Suture monofilament</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G697</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">tert-Amyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">152463-250ML</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T48402-25G</td>
			<td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td>
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</table>

controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

El modelo de impacto cortical controlado produce lesiones cerebrales traumáticas que varían en gravedad de leve a grave. Post-impacto la cantidad de inflamación craneal, hemorragia, y la distorsión del cráneo en el sitio de impacto revelan la gravedad de las lesiones resultantes de los parámetros de velocidad y profundidad de la deformación. LCT leve como resultado hinchazón craneal en el lugar del impacto y sangrado leve como consecuencia del incumplimiento duración limitada. A TCE moderado presenta hinchazón...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Controlado Modelo de Impacto cortical de la lesión cerebral traumática

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

controlled-cortical-impact-model-for-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.4K vistas.  Indiana University School of Medicine. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Video: Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

La presión de la ventilación controlada para inducir la lesión pulmonar aguda en ratones

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Investigación

Medicina

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

Controlado lesiones laceración cervical en ratones

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

Estirar en Brain células endoteliales microvasculares (CEND) como<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Lesión cerebral traumática Modelo de la barrera hematoencefálica

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

La isquemia reperfusión renal: un modelo de ratón de la lesión y regeneración

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

Un nuevo modelo de leve lesión cerebral traumática para ratas jóvenes

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

Calibrado Pinzas Modelo de Lesión Medular Compresión

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

Un modelo de lesión de la médula espinal contundente basado en el desplazamiento de tejidos en ratones

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

Un Modelo de Ratón de Único y Repetitivo Lesión Cerebral Traumática Leve

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Evaluación semicuantitativa usando [18F] FDG trazador en pacientes con lesión cerebral grave

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Tracking Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells using MRI after Intranasal Delivery in a Traumatic Brain Injury Murine Model

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical hurdles such as invasive cell delivery and tracking with low transplantation efficiency remain challenges in translational stem-based therapy. This article describes an emerging technique for stem cell labeling and tracking based on the labeling of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)&#160;nanoparticles, as well as intranasal delivery of the labeled MSCs. These nanoparticles are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-embedded and safe to label the MSCs, which are subsequently delivered to the brains of TBI-induced mice by the intranasal route. They are then tracked non-invasively in vivo by real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Important advantages of this technique that combines SPIO for cell labeling and intranasal delivery include (1) non-invasive, in vivo MSC tracking after delivery for long tracking periods, (2) the possibility of multiple dosing regimens due to the non-invasive route of MSC delivery, and (3) possible applications to humans, owing to the safety of SPIO, non-invasive nature of the cell-tracking method by MRI, and route of administration.

Presented here is a protocol for non-invasive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tracking in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Superparamagnetic iron oxide&#160;nanoparticles are employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe for MSC labeling and non-invasive in vivo tracking following intranasal delivery using real-time MRI.

Seguimiento de células madre mesenquimales con etiqueta de óxido de hierro superparamagnético mediante RMN después de la entrega intranasal en un modelo de murino de lesión cerebral traumática

Stem cell-based therapies for brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), are a promising approach for clinical trials. However, technical ...