Name: controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury
Uploaded: 2014-08-05T16:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo financiamento do Cordão Indiana Spinal &amp; Brain Injury Research Grants (SCBI 200-12), o Ralph W. and Grace M. Showalter Research Award, da Universidade de Indiana Biological Research Grant, NIH concede RR025761 e 1R21NS072631-01A.

Animal Care Masculino C57 BL / 6 machos foram alojados em grupo e mantidos em um ciclo claro / escuro 12/12 horas de luz com acesso ao acesso a alimentos e água ad libitum. Os animais utilizados neste protocolo foram 10-12 semanas de idade. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob protocolos aprovados pelo Comitê Animal Care e Use da Universidade de Indiana. 1. Preparação Cirúrgica <ol><li> Anestesiar o rato usando uma mistura de cetamina / xilazina (87,7 mg / ml de cetamina e 12,3 mg / ml de xilazina) e administrar (1 ml / kg), por injecção IP. </li><li> Raspar a cabeça do rato entre as orelhas. </li><li> Aplique uma geléia à base de petróleo para os olhos do mouse para evitar ressecamento durante a cirurgia. </li><li> Limpe a área de barba feita com 10% de iodo. Em seguida, use álcool 70% para limpar o iodo. </li><li> Fixe a cabeça do rato na moldura estereotáxica usando as barras de ouvido e placa de mordida. Certifique-se de que o cérebro é estável. </li></ol> 2. Craniectomia </p&gt; <ol><li> Fazer uma incisão longitudinal no meio da cabeça com uma tesoura. Use uma pinça hemostática para manter a pele para o lado esquerdo. </li><li> Usar um aplicador com ponta de algodão para remover o sangue e o tecido no osso para expor o crânio. Permitir crânio exposto a secar durante 1 min. </li><li> Use uma pinça para aplicar a pressão e garantir que o crânio permanece imóvel. Identificar pontos anatômicos Lambda (aspecto caudal) e Bregma (aspecto frontal). Desenhar um circulo no centro da Lambda e Bregma com um diâmetro de 4 mm e 0,5 mm da linha média. </li><li> Use uma broca para cortar ao longo do círculo marcado. Suavemente soprar pó de osso de distância. Não perfure completamente através do osso para evitar danificar a dura-máter. </li><li> Use uma pinça para remover o osso e expor a dura-máter. </li></ol> 3. Impactação O sistema de impacto inclui uma caixa de controle para definir os parâmetros de impacto, um atuador para realizar a compactação, e um quadro estereotáxico para garantir o atouator e cabeça de rato para o impacto. <ol><li> Pré-estabelecidos da velocidade do actuador de 3 m / s antes da cirurgia. </li><li> Pré-definido diferente profundidade deformação para induzir diferentes gravidades da lesão. Profundezas de Deformação de 0,0-0,2 mm, 0,5-1,0 mm e 1,2-2,0 mm resultaria em Tbis leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. Este protocolo explicado como conseguir uma lesão cerebral moderadamente grave, com uma profundidade de deformação de um milímetro por meio de uma velocidade de 3 m / seg. </li><li> Fixe o atuador para o titular na armação estereotáxica e usar os micromanipuladores movê-lo para garantir a ponta redonda e plana do atuador (3 mm de diâmetro) no centro da área do crânio aberto. Em seguida, ajustar a ponta em ângulo paralelo à superfície do local do impacto. </li><li> Estabelecer o ponto zero, movendo-se o atuador no modelo que prorroga até a ponta toca a superfície do local do impacto. Em seguida, defina o canal Z no painel de controle estereotáxico para zero. </li><li> Recolha a ponta pênduloenquanto se move para baixo, simultaneamente, o actuador de um milímetro. </li><li> Aperte o botão de impacto para atingir o local da lesão e atingir uma profundidade de deformação de 1 mm. </li></ol> 4. Lesão site Encerramento <ol><li> Utilize aplicadores com ponta de algodão para remover qualquer impacto sangue seguinte, mas não toque na área da lesão. </li><li> Coloque o mouse sobre uma almofada quente para manter a temperatura corporal. </li><li> Uma vez que o sangramento parou, suturar a ferida fechada. Coloque o animal de volta para a gaiola limpa e permitir que ele se recuperar da cirurgia durante a noite na almofada quente. </li><li> Administrar Buprenorfina 0,05-0,10 mg / kg SQ cada 8-12 horas por 2 dias após a cirurgia. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+statement:+definition+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 91 (11), 1637-1640 (2010).</li><li>Lighthall, J. W., Dixon, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+brain+injury.">Experimental models of brain injury.</a> J Neurotrauma. 6 (2), 83-97 (1989).</li><li>Dixon, C. E., Clfton, G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+controlled+cortical+impact+model+of+traumatic+brain+injury+in+the+rat.">A controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in the rat.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 39 (3), 253-262 (1991).</li><li>Scheff, S. W., Baldwin, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morris+water+maze+deficits+in+rats+following+traumatic+brain+injury:+lateral+controlled+cortical+impact.">Morris water maze deficits in rats following traumatic brain injury: lateral controlled cortical impact.</a> J Neurotrauma. 14 (9), 615-627 (1997).</li><li>Smith, D. H., Soares, H. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+parasagittal+controlled+cortical+impact+in+the+mouse:+cognitive+and+histopathologic+effects.">A model of parasagittal controlled cortical impact in the mouse: cognitive and histopathologic effects.</a> J Neurotrauma. 12 (2), 169-178 (1995).</li><li>Hannay, H. J., Feldman, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+controlled+cortical+impact+model+of+head+injury+in+mice.">Validation of a controlled cortical impact model of head injury in mice.</a> J Neurotrauma. 16 (11), 1103-1114 (1999).</li><li>Natale, J. E., Ahmed, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profile+changes+are+commonly+modulated+across+models+and+species+after+traumatic+brain+injury.">Gene expression profile changes are commonly modulated across models and species after traumatic brain injury.</a> J Neurotrauma. 20 (10), 907-927 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, R. W., Brown, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+mechanics+and+axonal+injury+in+a+sheep+model.">Impact mechanics and axonal injury in a sheep model.</a> J Neurotrauma. 20 (10), 961-974 (2003).</li><li>Lighthall, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+cortical+impact:+a+new+experimental+brain+injury+model.">Controlled cortical impact: a new experimental brain injury model.</a> J Neurotrauma. 5 (1), 1-15 (1988).</li><li>Chen, S., Pickard, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+course+of+cellular+pathology+after+controlled+cortical+impact+injury.">Time course of cellular pathology after controlled cortical impact injury.</a> Exp Neurol. 182 (1), 87-102 (2003).</li><li>Long, J. B., Bentley, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blast+overpressure+in+rats:+recreating+a+battlefield+injury+in+the+laboratory.">Blast overpressure in rats: recreating a battlefield injury in the laboratory.</a> J Neurotrauma. 26 (6), 827-840 (2009).</li><li>Clark, R. S., Schiding, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+accumulation+after+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rats:+comparison+of+weight+drop+and+controlled+cortical+impact+models.">Neutrophil accumulation after traumatic brain injury in rats: comparison of weight drop and controlled cortical impact models.</a> J Neurotrauma. 11 (5), 499-506 (1994).</li><li>Werner, C., Engelhard, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Br J Anaesth. 99 (1), 4-9 (2007).</li><li>Colicos, M. A., Dixon, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed,+selective+neuronal+death+following+experimental+cortical+impact+injury+in+rats:+possible+role+in+memory+deficits.">Delayed, selective neuronal death following experimental cortical impact injury in rats: possible role in memory deficits.</a> Brain Res. 739 (1-2), 111-119 (1996).</li><li>Raghavendra Rao, V. L., Dogan, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury+leads+to+increased+expression+of+peripheral-type+benzodiazepine+receptors,+neuronal+death,+and+activation+of+astrocytes+and+microglia+in+rat+thalamus.">Traumatic brain injury leads to increased expression of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors, neuronal death, and activation of astrocytes and microglia in rat thalamus.</a> Exp Neurol. 161 (1), 102-114 (2000).</li><li>Gao, X., Chen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+traumatic+brain+injury+promotes+neural+precursor+proliferation+without+increasing+neurogenesis+in+the+adult+hippocampus.">Moderate traumatic brain injury promotes neural precursor proliferation without increasing neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.</a> Exp Neurol. 239, 38-48 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Os passos mais críticos para a geração de sucesso Tbis consistentes usando um sistema impacto ímã eletrônico para causar um CCI são: 1) de forma estável a fixação da cabeça do rato na moldura estereotáxica; 2) gerar o mesmo tamanho da janela de osso entre ratinhos e remoção do osso, sem danificar a dura por baixo durante a craniotomia; 3) posicionar corretamente a ponta impacto no centro da área aberta e estabelecer o ponto zero antes de colidir. A cabeça de rato deve ser fix...

Traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) é definido como uma alteração no funcionamento do cérebro, ou outra evidência de patologia cerebral, causada por uma força externa 1. Tbis continuam a ser um grave problema de saúde em todo o mundo, especialmente nos Estados Unidos. De acordo com os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças, pelo menos 1,7 milhão de Tbis ocorrem anualmente nos Estados Unidos, resultando em 30,5% de todas as mortes relacionadas com a lesão. Em 2000, os custos médicos diretos e custos indiretos de Tbis totalizaram um valor estimado de 76.500 milhões dólares nos Estados Unidos sozinho. Embora os avanços tecnológicos e terapêuticos em décadas anteriores melhoraram a qualidade ea duração da vida para aqueles que sofrem de Tbis, nenhuma farmacêutica eficaz ou tratamentos preventivos existem atualmente. Devido à complexidade e os efeitos de grande alcance de Tbis, incluindo lesões teciduais, morte celular e degeneração de axônios, não há duas lesões são idênticas; assim, nenhum modelo de TBI atual para animais reproduz com precisãotodos os aspectos do TCE, como visto nos seres humanos. No entanto, os modelos animais não fornecem a capacidade para produzir lesões quase idênticos necessários para investigar os efeitos de vários TCE com a esperança de compreender ainda as manifestações clínicas da lesão cerebral traumática. O modelo de impacto cortical controlado (CCI) utiliza um sistema de impacto para gerar impacto físico para a dura-máter de um animal exposto. Induz Tbis que variam de leve a grave semelhantes às vividas por seres humanos. Esta lesão foi caracterizado pela primeira vez no furão, 2 e depois foi adaptada para uso no rato 3,4, rato 5-7, e ovelhas 8. Desde a primeira caracterização, o local da lesão foi colocada tanto sobre a linha média e 2,9 a cortical lateral 10. CCI fornece um método fácil e preciso de investigar os efeitos e tratamentos potenciais para Tbis. Além do modelo de CCI, a percussão do fluido e da queda de peso modelos são commonly usado para produzir Tbis. No entanto, estes modelos apresentam limitações, incluindo menos controle sobre parâmetros de lesão, produzindo alterações histopathalogical não vistos em Tbis humano e uma maior incidência de morte acidental em ratos 3,5,10. O modelo de onda de choque também é usado para produzir Tbis. Embora o modelo de onda de choque não reproduz as mudanças histopathalogical visto após um impacto mecânico, este modelo não produz precisão Tbis experientes particularmente por militares 11. O modelo de impacto cortical controlado é fácil de controlar, devido ao controlo preciso sobre os parâmetros de deformação, tais como tempo, velocidade e profundidade de impacto 5. Essa precisão torna replicando lesões quase idênticas em todo um grupo inteiro de animais mais viáveis. Mais importante ainda, CCI reproduz Tbis com características vistas em Tbis humano 12. No entanto, não existe um modelo único animal que é totalmente bem-sucedido em reproduzir o espectro completo de patológico changes observadas após o TCE. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para revelar plenamente as alterações agudas e crônicas que ocorrem após o TCE. Dois tipos de lesões ocorrem após um TCE: lesões primárias e secundárias. A lesão primária ocorre no momento do impacto, e não é sensível a tratamentos terapêuticos; No entanto, as lesões secundárias que persistem após a lesão inicial, estão sujeitos a tratamentos de 13. O modelo de impacto cortical controlado produz a lesão primária, permitindo assim que os pesquisadores a investigar os efeitos da TBI e potenciais tratamentos terapêuticos para os efeitos potencialmente duradouros de lesões secundárias. Áreas de pesquisa potencial utilizando o modelo de CCI incluem morte neuronal, edema cerebral, a neurogênese, efeitos vasculares, alterações histopathalogical e déficits de memória e mais 3,13-16.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Povidone-iodine 7.5%</td><td>Purdue product L.P.</td><td></td><td>Surgical scrub</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tipped applicators</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>100-6015</td><td>Remove blood and debris</td></tr><tr><td>Scissor</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14084-08</td><td>Surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Forcept</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11293-00</td><td>Surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostat</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>13021-12</td><td>Surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Rechargeable Cordless Micro Drill</td><td>Stoelting</td><td>58610</td><td>Combine with Burrs for generating the bone window</td></tr><tr><td>Burrs for Micro Drill</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>19007-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suture monofilament</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>G697</td><td>Suture</td></tr><tr><td>tert-Amyl alcohol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>152463-250ML</td><td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td></tr><tr><td>2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T48402-25G</td><td>Making 2.5% Avertin</td></tr></tbody></table>

controlled cortical impact model for traumatic brain injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

O modelo de impacto cortical controlado produz Tbis que variam em gravidade de leve a grave. Pós-impacto a quantidade de inchaço craniano, hemorragia e distorção cranial no local do impacto irá revelar a gravidade da lesão resultante dos parâmetros de velocidade e profundidade deformação. Tbis leves resultar em inchaço craniano no local do impacto e um leve sangramento, devido à quebra dura limitado. A TCE moderado apresenta inchaço craniano e aumento de sangramento devido à quebra dura em cima de impactaç...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Controlado Modelo Impact Cortical para lesão cerebral traumática

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

controlled-cortical-impact-model-for-traumatic-brain-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

28.5K visualizações.  Indiana University School of Medicine. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Vídeo: Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical insult to secondary injury processes, including apoptosis and inflammation. Animal modeling has been valuable in the search to unravel injury mechanisms and evaluate potential neuroprotective therapies. This protocol describes the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of focal, open-head TBI. Specifically, parameters for producing a mild unilateral cortical injury are described. Behavioral consequences of CCI are analyzed using the adhesive tape removal test of bilateral sensorimotor integration. Regarding experimental therapy for TBI pathology, this protocol also illustrates a process for transplanting cultured cells into the brain. Neural cell cultures derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were chosen for their potential to show superior functional restoration in human TBI patients. Chronic survival of hiPSCs in the host mouse brain tissue is detected using a modified DAB immunohistochemical process.

This protocol demonstrates methodologies for a mouse model of open-skull traumatic brain injury and transplantation of cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells into the injury site. Behavioral and histologic tests of outcomes from these procedures are also described in brief.

Modelo de impacto cortical controlado da lesão cerebral do rato com transplantação terapêutica de células neurais pluripotentes induzidas humanas da pilha de haste

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

A principal modelo lesões repetitivas Concussive em Ratos

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Medicina

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

Um modelo de mouse de lesões cerebrais traumáticas leves simples e repetitivas

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury

The Centers for Disease Control and Injury Prevention estimate that almost 2 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year in the United States. In fact, TBI is a contributing factor to over a third of all injury-related mortality. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of TBI are poorly understood. Thus, preclinical models of TBI capable of replicating the injury mechanisms pertinent to TBI in human patients are a critical research need. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI utilizes a mechanical device to directly impact the exposed cortex. While no model can full recapitulate the disparate injury patterns and heterogeneous nature of TBI in human patients, CCI is capable of inducing a wide range of clinically applicable TBI. Furthermore, CCI is easily standardized allowing investigators to compare results across experiments as well as across investigative groups. The following protocol is a detailed description of applying a severe CCI with a commercially available impacting device in a murine model of TBI.

Here we describe a protocol for the induction of murine traumatic brain injury via an open-head controlled cortical impact.

Modelo murino de impacto cortical controlado para a indução de traumatismo cranioencefálico

The Centers for Disease Control and Injury Prevention estimate that almost 2 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year in the ...

Neurociência

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of medical visits in the United States. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments available for TBI. The increased incidence of military-related, blast-induced TBI further accentuates the urgent need for effective TBI treatments. Therefore, new preclinical TBI animal models that recapitulate aspects of human blast-related TBI will greatly advance the research efforts into the neurobiological and pathophysiological processes underlying mild to moderate TBI as well as the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
Here we present a reliable, reproducible model for the investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral effects of mild to moderate blast-induced TBI. We describe a step-by-step protocol for closed-head, blast-induced mild TBI in rodents using a bench-top setup consisting of a gas-driven shock tube equipped with piezoelectric pressure sensors to ensure consistent test conditions. The benefits of the setup that we have established are its relative low-cost, ease of installation, ease of use and high-throughput capacity. Further advantages of this non-invasive TBI model include the scalability of the blast peak overpressure and the generation of controlled reproducible outcomes. The reproducibility and relevance of this TBI model has been evaluated in a number of downstream applications, including neurobiological, neuropathological, neurophysiological and behavioral analyses, supporting the use of this model for the characterization of processes underlying the etiology of mild to moderate TBI.

We present here a protocol of a blast wave model for rodents to investigate neurobiological and pathophysiological effects of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. We established a gas-driven, bench-top setup equipped with pressure sensors allowing for reliable and reproducible generation of blast-induced mild to moderate traumatic brain injury.

Modelo de onda de explosão de baixa intensidade para avaliação pré-clínica de lesão cerebral traumática leve de cabeça fechada em roedores

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of ...

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation

Cerebral contusion is a severe medical problem affecting millions of people worldwide each year. There is an urgent need to understand the pathophysiological mechanism and to develop effective therapeutic strategy for this devastating neurological disorder. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and post-traumatic inflammatory response induced by initial physical impact can aggravate microglia/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation which subsequently worsen brain pathology. We provide here a controlled cortical impact (CCI) protocol that can reproduce experimental cortical contusion in mice by using a pneumatic impactor system to deliver mechanical force with controllable magnitude and velocity onto the dural surface. This preclinical model allows researchers to induce moderately severe focal cerebral contusion in mice and to investigate a wide range of post-traumatic pathological progressions including hemorrhage contusion, microglia/macrophage activation, iron toxicity, axonal injury, as well as short-term and long-term neurobehavioral deficits. The present protocol can be useful for exploring the long-term effects of and potential interventions for cerebral contusion.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Um modelo pré-clínico de impacto cortical controlado para hemorragia traumática, contusão e neuroinflamação

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and neuroinflammation accompanied by cerebral contusion can trigger severe secondary brain injury. This protocol details a mouse controlled cortical impact (CCI) model allowing researchers to study hemorrhage contusion and post-traumatic immune responses and explore potential therapeutics.

Um modelo pré-clínico de impacto cortical controlado para hemorragia traumática, contusão e neuroinflamação

Cerebral contusion is a severe medical problem affecting millions of people worldwide each year. There is an urgent need to understand the ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

Modelo de Lesão Cerebral Traumática Leve em Camundongos com Controle Eletromagnético

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

Avaliação das Alterações na Plasticidade Sináptica Utilizando um Modelo de Traumatismo Cranioencefálico Leve

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...

Indução de rmTBI em camundongos por meio de um método de lesão de cabeça fechada

Modified Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Incorporating Thinned-Skull Window and Fluid Percussion

Mild traumatic brain injury is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder. Highly reproducible traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models with well-defined pathologies are urgently needed for studying the mechanisms of neuropathology after mild TBI and testing therapeutics. Replicating the entire sequelae of TBI in animal models has proven to be a challenge. Therefore, the availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to account for the diverse aspects and severities seen in TBI patients. CHI is one of the most common methods for fabricating rodent models of rmTBI. However, this method is susceptible to many factors, including the impact method used, the thickness and shape of the skull bone, animal apnea, and the type of head support and immobilization utilized. The aim of this protocol is to demonstrate a combination of the thinned-skull window and fluid percussion injury (FPI) methods to produce a precise mouse model of CHI-associated rmTBI. The primary objective of this protocol is to minimize factors that could impact the accuracy and consistency of CHI and FPI modeling, including skull bone thickness, shape, and head support. By utilizing a thinned-skull window method, potential inflammation due to craniotomy and FPI is minimized, resulting in an improved mouse model that replicates the clinical features observed in patients with mild TBI. Results from behavior and histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining suggest that rmTBI can lead to a cumulative injury that produces changes in both behavior and gross morphology of the brain. Overall, the modified CHI-associated rmTBI presents a useful tool for researchers to explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to focal and diffuse pathophysiological changes in rmTBI.

Autor em destaque: Otimizando modelos de roedores para investigar os mecanismos e reabilitação em lesões cerebrais traumáticas leves repetidas

This protocol presents a modified mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) induced via a closed-head injury (CHI) method. The approach features a thinned-skull window and fluid percussion to reduce the inflammation commonly caused by meninges exposure, along with improved reproducibility and accuracy in modeling rmTBI in rodents.

Modelo de camundongo modificado de lesão cerebral traumática leve repetitiva incorporando janela de crânio afinado e percussão fluida

Mild traumatic brain injury is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder. Highly reproducible traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models ...

Controlado Modelo Impact Cortical para lesão cerebral traumática

Resumo

Explore mais vídeos

Capítulos neste vídeo

Modelo de impacto cortical controlado da lesão cerebral do rato com transplantação terapêutica de células neurais pluripotentes induzidas humanas da pilha de haste

A principal modelo lesões repetitivas Concussive em Ratos

Um modelo de mouse de lesões cerebrais traumáticas leves simples e repetitivas

Modelo murino de impacto cortical controlado para a indução de traumatismo cranioencefálico

Modelo de onda de explosão de baixa intensidade para avaliação pré-clínica de lesão cerebral traumática leve de cabeça fechada em roedores

Um modelo pré-clínico de impacto cortical controlado para hemorragia traumática, contusão e neuroinflamação

Um modelo pré-clínico de impacto cortical controlado para hemorragia traumática, contusão e neuroinflamação

Modelo de Lesão Cerebral Traumática Leve em Camundongos com Controle Eletromagnético

Avaliação das Alterações na Plasticidade Sináptica Utilizando um Modelo de Traumatismo Cranioencefálico Leve

Modelo de camundongo modificado de lesão cerebral traumática leve repetitiva incorporando janela de crânio afinado e percussão fluida