Name: generation of genetically modified mice through the microinjection of oocytes
Uploaded: 2017-06-15T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes at JoVE.com

ويشكر المؤلفون موظفي مرفق الحيوانات (برك) على دعمهم المستمر. وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من قبل المجلس الوطني للصحة والبحوث الطبية ومجلس البحوث الأسترالي.

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يوفر المؤلفون خدمات ترانزجينيسيس الأكاديمية في الفئران عبر جامعة نيو ساوث ويلز مركز مارك وينوريت التحليلية.

خطوات حاسمة داخل البروتوكول ومن المعروف أن توليد الفئران المعدلة وراثيا أن يكون تحديا من الناحية الفنية. ومع ذلك، فإن بروتوكول المقدمة هنا هو الأسلوب الأمثل والمبسط الذي يسمح لإتقان واستكشاف هذه التقنية في وقت قياسي. هناك خطوتان ?...

وكانت النماذج الحيوانية، سواء في الفقاريات واللافقاريات، مفيدة لفحص الفيزيولوجيا المرضية للظروف البشرية مثل مرض الزهايمر 1 ، 2 . وهي أيضا أدوات لا تقدر بثمن للبحث عن معدلات المرض وتطوير استراتيجيات العلاج الجديدة في نهاية المطاف على أمل العلاج. على الرغم من أن كل نموذج له قيود جوهرية، واستخدام الحيوانات والنماذج النظامية بأكملها أمر حيوي للبحوث الطبية الحيوية. وذلك لأن البيئة الفسيولوجية الأيضية والمعقدة لا يمكن محاكاة تماما في زراعة الأنسجة. حتى الآن، لا يزال الفأر أنواع الثدييات الأكثر شيوعا المستخدمة في التلاعب الجيني لأنه يتميز العديد من المزايا. يتم حفظ العمليات الفسيولوجية والجينات المرتبطة بالأمراض بشكل كبير بين الفئران والبشر. كان الفأر أول حيوان ثديي له تسلسله الكامل للجينوم (2002)، قبل سنة واحدة من الجين البشريلي (2003). وبصرف النظر عن هذه الثروة من المعلومات الوراثية، والفأر لديه قدرات تربية جيدة، دورة تنمية سريعة (6 أسابيع من الإخصاب إلى الفطام)، وحجم معقول. كل هذه المزايا، إلى جانب المؤشرات الفسيولوجية، مثل الألوان معطف متميزة (المطلوبة لاستراتيجيات عبور)، وجعل الماوس نموذجا جذابا للتلاعب الجيني. ومن الجدير بالذكر أنه في سن مبكرة جدا من علم الوراثة الحديثة، بدأ جريجور مندل العمل على الفئران قبل الانتقال إلى النباتات 3 . وأسفرت تقنيات نقل الجينات عن توليد الفأرة المعدلة وراثيا الأولى على مدى ثلاثة عقود مضت 4 ، التي تم إنشاؤها في البداية باستخدام الولادة الفيروسية. ومع ذلك، سرعان ما أدرك الباحثون أن واحدة من التحديات الرئيسية للالترانزجينيس الماوس هو عدم القدرة على السيطرة على مصير الحمض النووي خارجي. لأن التسليم الفيروسي من الجينات المحورة في البويضات الماوس أدى إلى نسخ متعددة متكاملة بشكل عشوائي في الجينوم، و بوسيبيليتذ من إنشاء خطوط المعدلة وراثيا اللاحقة كان محدودا. تم التغلب على أحد هذه القيود عندما غوردون وآخرون. ولدت أول خط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا بواسطة ميكروينجكتيون 5 ، 6 . بدأ هذا عصر تكنولوجيا الحمض النووي المؤتلف، والمعلمات التي تؤثر على نتائج جلسة ميكروينجكتيون وقد درست على نطاق واسع 7 . على الرغم من أن ميكروينجكتيون لا يسمح للسيطرة على موقع التكامل من التحوير (الذي يؤدي في نهاية المطاف إلى مستويات التعبير محددة لكل مؤسس الماوس)، والميزة الرئيسية لل ميكروينجكتيون برونوكلار يبقى تشكيل المحاور ( أي صفائف من نسخ متعددة من التحوير، مرتبطة في سلسلة) قبل التكامل الجيني 5 . وقد استخدمت هذه الخاصية على مر السنين لإنشاء الآلاف من خطوط الماوس المعدلة وراثيا التي أوفيركسريس الجين من الفائدة. ومنذ ذلك الحين، ترانسجينيسيس، والتعديل الجيني لجينوم الكائن الحي، وقد استخدم على نطاق واسع لتحديد دور الجينات واحدة في حدوث الأمراض. تم تحقيق إنجاز رئيسي آخر في التلاعب الجينوم الماوس عندما ماريو كابيتشي تعطل بنجاح الجين واحد في الماوس، وفتح عصر الجينات استهداف 8 . ومع ذلك، ظهرت العيوب الرئيسية بسرعة من الخلايا الجذعية المستندة إلى الخلايا الجذعية المستقرة، بما في ذلك تحديات زراعة الخلايا الجذعية السرطانية، ودرجة متغير نوعا ما من الخيمرية، وطول العملية ( أي 12-18 شهرا، والحد الأدنى، للحصول على الماوس) . في الآونة الأخيرة، ظهرت أوجه التقدم في التكنولوجيات الجديدة، مثل إندونوكليسيس المهندسة (على سبيل المثال، نوكليسيس الإصبع الزنك (زفن)، النسخ المنشط مثل نوكليسيس المستجيب (تالين)، وتجمعات منتظمة متداخلة قصيرة متداخلة قصيرة (كريسبر / Cas9)) كطرق بديلة ل وتسريع عملية استهداف الجينات في هيئة التصنيع العسكريe 9 ، 10 . يمكن حقن هذه إندونوكليس بسهولة في البويضات الماوس عن طريق ميكروينجكتيون، مما يسمح لتوليد الفئران المستهدفة الجينات في اقل من 6 أسابيع. منذ التقرير الأول عن استخدام كريسبر لتحرير الجينوم 11 ، هذا الجهاز المناعي التكتيكي الجرثومي قد حل محل زفن و تالين بسبب العديد من المزايا، بما في ذلك سهولة التوليف والقدرة على استهداف موقع متعدد في وقت واحد (المشار إليها باسم &quot;تعدد الإرسال &quot;). تم استخدام كريسبر لأول مرة لاستهداف الجينات في الفئران 12 ومنذ ذلك الحين تم تطبيقها على عدد لا يحصى من الأنواع، من النباتات إلى البشر 13 ، 14 . وحتى الآن، لا يوجد تقرير عن نوع واحد مقاوم لتحرير الجينوم كريسبر. اثنين من الخطوات الرئيسية المحددة لتوليد الفئران المعدلة وراثيا هي حقن البويضات وإعادة زرعمن هذه البويضات في الإناث الحوامل الزائفة. على الرغم من أن هذه التقنية قد وصفها لنا 15 وآخرون 16 ، والتحسينات التقنية الأخيرة في علم الأجنة الماوس وتقنيات نقل الجينات ثورة في عملية توليد الفئران المعدلة وراثيا. وسيتم وصف هذه التحسينات هنا.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Micropipette 0.1-2.5 &amp;mu;L</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>4920000016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette 2 - 20 &amp;mu;L</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>4920000040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette 20 - 200 &amp;mu;L</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>4920000067</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette 100 - 1,000 &amp;mu;L</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>4920000083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular weight marker&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-33025</td><td>HyperLadder 1 kb</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular weight marker&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-33056</td><td>HyperLadder 100 bp</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-41025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA buffer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>93296</td><td>10x - Dilute to 1x</td></tr><tr><td>Ethidium bromide</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15585011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SYBR Safe gel stain</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>S33102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel extraction kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28706</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit (Qiaquick)</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum system (Manifold)</td><td>Promega</td><td>A7231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease-free microinjection buffer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MR-095-10F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrafree-MC microcentrifuge filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore</td><td>UFC30GV00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cas9 mRNA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CAS9MRNA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CRISPR expressing plasmid (px330)</td><td>Addgene</td><td>42230</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease free water</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>W4502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phusion polymerase</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0530L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T7 Quick High Yield RNA kit</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>E2050S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA purification spin columns (NucAway)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>AM10070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ssOligos</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>OLIGO STANDARD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donor plasmid</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>GeneArt</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hyaluronidase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3884</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KSOMaa embryo culture medium</td><td>Zenith Biotech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ZEKS-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil</td><td>Zenith Biotech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ZSCO-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>M2 Medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M7167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytochalasin B</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C6762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouthpiece</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5177</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass microcapillaries</td><td>Sutter Instrument</td><td>BF100-78-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A3830.0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>91150-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iris scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>91460-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel clamp</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>18374-43</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wound clips&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12040-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clips applier&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12018-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro-scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15000-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cauterizer</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>18000-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-absorbable surgical sutures (Ethilon 3-0)</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>1691H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; incubator</td><td>MG Scientific</td><td>Galaxy 14S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Nanodrop 2000c</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocycler</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>6321 000.515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrophoresis set up</td><td>BioRad</td><td>1640300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV Transilluminator</td><td>BioRad</td><td>1708110EDU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocycler</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>6334000069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereoscopic microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2x Micromanipulators</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5188000.012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oocytes manipulator</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5176000.025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microinjector (Femtojet)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5247000.013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mice C57BL/6J strain</td><td>Australian BioResources</td><td>C57BL/6JAusb&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of genetically modified mice through the microinjection of oocytes

وقد ساهم استخدام الفئران المعدلة وراثيا بشكل كبير في الدراسات على كل من الفسيولوجية والمرضية في عمليات الجسم الحي . حقن برونوكلار من التعبير الحمض النووي يبني في البويضات المخصبة لا يزال الأسلوب الأكثر شيوعا لتوليد الفئران المعدلة وراثيا ل أوفيركسريسيون. مع إدخال تكنولوجيا كريسبر لاستهداف الجينات، وقد تم تمديد حقن برونوكلار في البويضات المخصبة لتوليد كل من خروج المغلوب والفئران نوكين. ويصف هذا العمل إعداد الحمض النووي للحقن وتوليد أدلة كريسبر لاستهداف الجينات، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على مراقبة الجودة. إجراءات التنميط الجيني المطلوبة لتحديد المؤسسين المحتملين أمر بالغ الأهمية. وترد في هذا التقرير استراتيجيات مبتكرة للتنميط الجيني تستفيد من قدرات &quot;تعدد الإرسال&quot; في نظام كريسبر. كما يتم تحديد الإجراءات الجراحية. معا، فإن خطوات البروتوكول تسمح لتوليد جينالفئران المعدلة إيكاليا ولإنشاء لاحق من مستعمرات الماوس لمجموعة كبيرة من مجالات البحث، بما في ذلك علم المناعة، علم الأعصاب، والسرطان، وعلم وظائف الأعضاء، والتنمية، وغيرها.

أدناه، يتم وصف سير العمل ل ميكروينجكتيون في حالة التكامل العشوائي و كريسبر بوساطة استهداف الجينات ( الشكل 1 ). <img alt="شكل 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55765/55765fig1v2.jpg" /> الشكل 1: سير ا?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes at JoVE.com

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

يستخدم حقن ميكروينجكتيون من البويضات الماوس لكل من ترانسجينيسيس الكلاسيكية ( أي التكامل العشوائي للجينات المحورة وراثيا) و كريسبر بوساطة استهداف الجينات. هذا البروتوكول يستعرض أحدث التطورات في ميكروينجكتيون، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على مراقبة الجودة واستراتيجيات التنميط الجيني.

جيل من الفئران المعدلة وراثيا من خلال ميكروينجكتيون من البويضات

The use of genetically modified mice has significantly contributed to studies on both physiological and pathological in vivo processes. The pronuclear ...

generation-genetically-modified-mice-through-microinjection

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

20.5K Views.  University of New South Wales.  يستخدم حقن ميكروينجكتيون من البويضات الماوس لكل من ترانسجينيسيس الكلاسيكية ( أي التكامل العشوائي للجينات المحورة وراثيا) و كريسبر بوساطة استهداف الجينات. هذا البروتوكول يستعرض أحدث التطورات في ميكروينجكتيون، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على...

Video: Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.

The goal of this protocol is to describe a loss- and gain-of function method that is applicable to identify neogenin as a stage-specific receptor that leads to trophectoderm and inner cell mass differentiation in preimplantation mouse embryos.

Loss- ونهج كسب من وظيفة إلى التحقيق في خلية المبكر مصير محددات في سابق للانغراس أجنة الفئران

 Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene ...

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively correlated with maternal age, age alone is not always predictive of the risk of generating an aneuploid embryo. Therefore, gene variants might account for incorrect chromosome segregation during oogenesis. Given that access to human oocytes is limited for research purposes, a series of assays were developed to study human gene function during meiosis I using mouse oocytes. First, messenger RNA (mRNA) of the gene and gene variant of interest are microinjected into prophase I-arrested mouse oocytes. After allowing time for expression, oocytes are synchronously released into meiotic maturation to complete meiosis I. By tagging the mRNA with a sequence of a fluorescent reporter, such as green fluorescent protein (Gfp), the localization of the human protein can be assessed in addition to the phenotypic alterations. For example, gain or loss of function can be investigated by establishing experimental conditions that challenge the gene product to fix meiotic errors. Although this system is advantageous in investigating human protein function during oogenesis, adequate interpretation of results should be undertaken given that protein expression is not at endogenous levels and, unless controlled for (i.e. knocked out or down), murine homologs are also present in the system.

As the genetic variants associated with human disease begin to become uncovered, it is becoming increasingly important to develop systems with which to rapidly evaluate the biological significance of those identified variants. This protocol describes methods for evaluating human gene function during female meiosis I using mouse oocytes.

استخدام الماوس بويضات لتقييم وظيفة الجينات البشرية أثناء الانقسام الاختزالي أنا

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively ...

Genetics

Lentiviral Mediated Production of Transgenic Mice: A Simple and Highly Efficient Method for Direct Study of Founders

For almost 40 years, pronuclear DNA injection represents the standard method to generate transgenic mice with random integration of transgenes. Such a routine procedure is widely utilized throughout the world and its main limitation resides in the poor efficacy of transgene integration, resulting in a low yield of founder animals. Only few percent of animals born after implantation of injected fertilized oocytes have integrated the transgene. In contrast, lentiviral vectors are powerful tools for integrative gene transfer and their use to transduce fertilized oocytes allows highly efficient production of founder transgenic mice with an average yield above 70%. Furthermore, any mouse strain can be used to produce transgenic animal and the penetrance of transgene expression is extremely high, above 80% with lentiviral mediated transgenesis compared to DNA microinjection. The size of the DNA fragment that can be cargo by the lentiviral vector is restricted to 10 kb and represents the major limitation of this method. Using a simple and easy to perform injection procedure beneath the zona pellucida of fertilized oocytes, more than 50 founder animals can be produced in a single session of microinjection. Such a method is highly adapted to perform, directly in founder animals, rapid gain and loss of function studies or to screen genomic DNA regions for their ability to control and regulate gene expression in vivo.

Here, we present a protocol to promote transgene integration and production of founder transgenic mice with high efficacy by a simple injection of a lentiviral vector in the perivitelline space of a fertilized oocyte.

لينتيفيرال توسط إنتاج فئران المحورة وراثيا: طريقة بسيطة وذات كفاءة عالية للدراسة مباشرة من مؤسسي

For almost 40 years, pronuclear DNA injection represents the standard method to generate transgenic mice with random integration of transgenes. Such a ...

Use of Freeze-thawed Embryos for High-efficiency Production of Genetically Modified Mice

The use of genetically modified (GM) mice has become crucial for understanding gene function and deciphering the underlying mechanisms of human diseases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows researchers to modify the genome with unprecedented efficiency, fidelity, and simplicity. Harnessing this technology, researchers are seeking a rapid, efficient, and easy protocol for generating GM mice. Here we introduce an improved method for cryopreservation of one-cell embryos that leads to a higher developmental rate of the freeze-thawed embryos. By combining it with optimized electroporation conditions, this protocol allows for the generation of knockout and knock-in mice with high efficiency and low mosaic rates within a short time. Furthermore, we show a step-by-step explanation of our optimized protocol, covering CRISPR reagent preparation, in vitro fertilization, cryopreservation and thawing of one-cell embryos, electroporation of CRISPR reagents, mouse generation, and genotyping of the founders. Using this protocol, researchers should be able to prepare GM mice with unparalleled ease, speed, and efficiency.

Here, we present a modified method for cryopreservation of one-cell embryos as well as a protocol that couples the use of freeze-thawed embryos and electroporation for the efficient generation of genetically modified mice.

استخدام الأجنة المذابة بالتجميد لإنتاج الفئران المعدلة وراثياً بكفاءة عالية

The use of genetically modified (GM) mice has become crucial for understanding gene function and deciphering the underlying mechanisms of human diseases. ...

Somatic Genome-Engineered Mouse Models Using In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation

Germline genetically engineered mouse models (G-GEMMs) have provided valuable insight into in vivo gene function in development, homeostasis, and disease. However, the time and cost associated with colony creation and maintenance are high. Recent advances in CRISPR-mediated genome editing have allowed the generation of somatic GEMMs (S-GEMMs) by directly targeting the cell/tissue/organ of interest.
The oviduct, or fallopian tube in humans, is considered the tissue-of-origin of the most common ovarian cancer, high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSCs). HGSCs initiate in the region of the fallopian tube distal to the uterus, located adjacent to the ovary, but not the proximal fallopian tube. However, traditional mouse models of HGSC target the entire oviduct, and thus do not recapitulate the human condition. We present a method of DNA, RNA, or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) solution microinjection into the oviduct lumen and in vivo electroporation to target mucosal epithelial cells in restricted regions along the oviduct. There are several advantages of this method for cancer modeling, such as 1) high adaptability in targeting the area/tissue/organ and region of electroporation, 2) high flexibility in targeted cell types (cellular pliancy) when used in combination with specific promoters for Cas9 expression, 3) high flexibility in the number of electroporated cells (relatively low frequency), 4) no specific mouse line is required (immunocompetent disease modeling), 5) high flexibility in gene mutation combination, and 6) possibility of tracking electroporated cells when used in combination with a Cre reporter line. Thus, this cost-effective method recapitulates human cancer initiation.

Somatic Genome-Engineered Mouse Models Using In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation

This protocol describes microinjection and in vivo electroporation for regionally restricted CRISPR-mediated genome editing in the mouse oviduct.

نماذج الماوس المهندسة بالجينوم الجسدي باستخدام الحقن المجهري في الجسم الحي والتثقيب الكهربائي

Germline genetically engineered mouse models (G-GEMMs) have provided valuable insight into in vivo gene function in development, homeostasis, and disease. ...

Cancer Research

Zygote Microinjection for Creating Gene Cassette Knock-in and Flox Alleles in Mice

CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled the rapid and effortless generation of genetically modified mice. Specifically, mice and point mutant mice are readily produced by electroporation of CRISPR factors (and single-stranded oligo DNA donors) into the zygote. In contrast, gene cassette (&#62;1 kb) knock-in and floxed mice are mainly generated by microinjection of CRISPR factors and double-stranded DNA donors into zygotes. Genome editing technologies have also increased the flexibility of genetically modified mice production. It is now possible to introduce the intended mutations in the target genomic regions in a number of beneficial inbred mouse strains. Our team has produced over 200 gene cassette knock-in mouse lines, and over 110 floxed mouse lines by zygote microinjection of CRISPR-Cas9 following requests from several countries, including Japan. Some of these genome editing used BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6N inbred strains, however most used C57BL/6J. Unlike the electroporation method, genome editing by zygote microinjection in various inbred strains of mice is not that easy. However, gene cassette knock-in and floxed mice on single inbred genetic backgrounds are as critical as genetic humanized, fluorescent reporter, and conditional knockout mouse models. Therefore, this article presents the protocol for the zygote microinjection of CRISPR factors and double-stranded DNA donors in C57BL/6J mice for generating gene cassette knock-in and floxed mice. This article exclusively focuses on nuclear injection rather than cytoplasmic injection. In addition to zygote microinjection, we outline the timeline for the production process and peripheral techniques such as induction of superovulation and embryo transfer.

The present protocol describes zygote microinjection of CRISPR-Cas9 and donor DNA to efficiently produce gene cassette knock-in and floxed mice.

الحقن المجهري للزيجوت لإنشاء أليلات كاسيت الجينات وأليلات فلوكس في الفئران

CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled the rapid and effortless generation of genetically modified mice. Specifically, mice and point mutant mice are readily ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>إجراء حقن المنوية المستديرة الفئران لدراسة التطور الجنيني

Mouse Round Spermatid Injection

Round spermatids, characterized by their haploid genetic content, represent the precursor cells to mature spermatozoa. Through the innovative technique of round spermatid injection (ROSI), oocytes can be successfully fertilized and developed into viable fetuses. In a groundbreaking milestone achieved in 1995, the first mouse fetus was born through ROSI technology. ROSI has since emerged as a pivotal tool for unraveling the intricate mechanisms governing embryonic development and holds significant potential in various applications, including the acceleration of mouse generation and the production of genetically modified mice. In 1996, a milestone was reached when the first human fetus was born through ROSI technology. However, the clinical applications of this method have shown a fluctuating pattern of success and failure. To date, ROSI technology has not found widespread application in clinical practice, primarily due to its low birth efficiency and insufficient validation of fetal safety. This article provides a comprehensive account of the precise methods of performing ROSI in mice, aiming to shed new light on basic research and its potential clinical applications.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>حقن الفأر المستدير Spermatid

Here, we introduce a method for performing round spermatid injection (ROSI) in mice, a technique with promising clinical applications and utility for investigating the mechanisms underlying embryonic development.

حقن الفأر المستدير Spermatid

Round spermatids, characterized by their haploid genetic content, represent the precursor cells to mature spermatozoa. Through the innovative technique of ...

Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells. In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Haploid gametes form through species-specific developmental programs that are coupled to meiosis. The first meiotic division (MI) is unique to meiosis because sister chromatids remain attached while homologous chromosomes are segregated. For reasons not fully understood, this reductional division is prone to errors and is more commonly the source of aneuploidy than errors in meiosis II (MII) or than errors in male meiosis 1,2. 
In mammals, oocytes arrest at prophase of MI with a large, intact germinal vesicle (GV; nucleus) and only resume meiosis when they receive ovulatory cues. Once meiosis resumes, oocytes complete MI and undergo an asymmetric cell division, arresting again at metaphase of MII. Eggs will not complete MII until they are fertilized by sperm. Oocytes also can undergo meiotic maturation using established in vitro culture conditions 3. Because generation of transgenic and gene-targeted mouse mutants is costly and can take long periods of time, manipulation of female gametes in vitro is a more economical and time-saving strategy. 
Here, we describe methods to isolate prophase-arrested oocytes from mice and for microinjection. Any material of choice may be introduced into the oocyte, but because meiotically-competent oocytes are transcriptionally silent 4,5 cRNA, and not DNA, must be injected for ectopic expression studies. To assess ploidy, we describe our conditions for in vitro maturation of oocytes to MII eggs. Historically, chromosome-spreading techniques are used for counting chromosome number 6. This method is technically challenging and is limited to only identifying hyperploidies. Here, we describe a method to determine hypo-and hyperploidies using intact eggs 7-8. This method uses monastrol, a kinesin-5 inhibitor, that collapses the bipolar spindle into a monopolar spindle 9 thus separating chromosomes such that individual kinetochores can readily be detected and counted by using an anti-CREST autoimmune serum. Because this method is performed in intact eggs, chromosomes are not lost due to operator error.

Oocytes are prone to aneuploidy due to errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic maturation. Aneuploid eggs can cause infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Here, we describe methods to introduce materials of choice into oocytes and methods to study meiotic maturation and assess ploidy.

الماوس Microinjection سيت ، والنضج وتقييم الصيغة الصبغية

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells.  In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to ...

جيل من الفئران المعدلة وراثيا من خلال ميكروينجكتيون من البويضات

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Loss- ونهج كسب من وظيفة إلى التحقيق في خلية المبكر مصير محددات في سابق للانغراس أجنة الفئران

استخدام الماوس بويضات لتقييم وظيفة الجينات البشرية أثناء الانقسام الاختزالي أنا

لينتيفيرال توسط إنتاج فئران المحورة وراثيا: طريقة بسيطة وذات كفاءة عالية للدراسة مباشرة من مؤسسي

استخدام الأجنة المذابة بالتجميد لإنتاج الفئران المعدلة وراثياً بكفاءة عالية

نماذج الماوس المهندسة بالجينوم الجسدي باستخدام الحقن المجهري في الجسم الحي والتثقيب الكهربائي

الحقن المجهري للزيجوت لإنشاء أليلات كاسيت الجينات وأليلات فلوكس في الفئران

حقن الفأر المستدير Spermatid

حقن الفأر المستدير Spermatid

حقن الفأر المستدير Spermatid

الماوس Microinjection سيت ، والنضج وتقييم الصيغة الصبغية