25.16 : 低血糖和胰高血糖素

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels >80 mg/dL due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine system.

However, hypoglycemia can occur due to diabetes treatment, pancreatic tumor producing excess insulin, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals.

In hypoglycemic individuals, plasma glucose drops below 70 mg/dL, resulting in sweating, hunger, confusion, and loss of consciousness.

Hypoglycemia can be detected by home glucose monitoring and treated with glucose orally.

Glucose can also be given intravenously under supervision.

For severe hypoglycemic reactions, recombinant glucagon is used, which interacts with the glucagon GPCR on target cells, activating the signaling pathway.

Glucagon is usually administered subcutaneously or intravenously, with the intramuscular route preferred during emergencies.

After the initial response, patients should consume oral glucose or food to prevent recurrent hypoglycemia.