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本文内容

  • 摘要
  • 摘要
  • 引言
  • 研究方案
  • 结果
  • 讨论
  • 披露声明
  • 致谢
  • 材料
  • 参考文献
  • 转载和许可

摘要

内镜超声引导下胆道引流 (EUS-BD) 是恶性胆道梗阻的胆道减压的替代方法。在这里,我们描述了EUS引导下肝胃造瘘术(EUS-HGS)在不可切除的恶性肺门胆道梗阻病例中的技术。

摘要

不可切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者通常需要胆道引流来减压胆道系统。内镜逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP) 是尽可能的主要胆道引流方法。经皮经肝胆道引流 (PTBD) 在 ERCP 失败时用作挽救方法。内镜超声引导下胆道引流 (EUS-BD) 提供了一种可行的替代胆道引流方法,其中一种方法是 EUS 引导的肝胃造瘘术 (EUS-HGS)。在这里,我们描述了EUS-HGS技术在不可切除的恶性肺门胆道梗阻的情况下实现胆道引流。

这里展示的是一名 71 岁女性的病例,伴有无痛性黄疸,体重减轻 2 周。计算机断层扫描(CT)成像显示4 x 5 cm肺门肿瘤伴淋巴结肿大和肝转移。病变的EUS细针活检(FNB)与胆管癌一致。就诊时胆红素水平为212 μmol/L(<15)。

线性超声内窥镜用于定位肝脏左侧扩张的肝内导管(IHD)。使用19 G针头鉴定并刺穿了第3段扩张的IHD。在荧光镜引导下使用造影剂对IHD进行混浊。IHD使用0.025英寸导丝进行封堵。随后使用6 Fr电烙术扩张器和4mm胆囊扩张器扩张瘘管扩张。在荧光镜引导下部署了长度为10cm的部分覆盖的金属支架。远端部分在IHD中打开,近端部分被部署在随后释放到胃中的超声镜的工作通道内。患者在手术后三天出院。在第二周和第四周进行的随访显示,胆红素水平分别为30μmol/L和14μmol/L。这表明EUS-HGS是不可切除的恶性胆道梗阻中胆道引流的安全方法。

引言

恶性胆道梗阻患者在就诊时通常不可切除和进展12。因此,在治疗这些病例时,通常需要姑息性内镜胆道减压术345。根据目前的建议,内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)是胆道引流的主要方法,只要有可能,如果失败或有禁忌,经皮经肝胆道引流(PTBD)被用作挽救方法678。然而,PTBD存在某些并发症,包括败血症,胆管炎,出血,电解质丢失,泄漏,伤口感染,局部不适;据报道,这些并发症高达53.2%9。内镜超声引导下胆道引流 (EUS-BD) 的出现为解决这一差距提供了一种可行的替代胆道引流方法。EUS-BD的主要技术涉及使用内森成像来引导 通过 胃肠道进入胆道系统,以提供阻塞性胆道系统的治疗性减压。

EUS-BD 于 2001 年首次实施,从那时起,这种胆道引流方法多年来不断发展10。EUS-BD的方法通常是EUS引导的胆总管十二指肠造口术(EUS-CDS),EUS引导的肝胃造瘘术(EUS-HGS),EUS引导的顺行支架置入术(EUS-AS)和EUS引导的会合(EUS-RV)1112。迄今为止, EUS - BD 的适应证包括 ERCP 失败的患者,十二指肠梗阻无法进入的患者以及手术解剖结构改变的患者 131415

EUS-HGS 涉及将左侧肝内导管经壁引流至胃部。主要优点是它提供内部引流,与PTBD相比,它更具生理性,最重要的是,它提供了更好的患者舒适度1216。该方法对肺门和远端恶性胆道梗阻均可行。在这里,我们将EUS-HGS的技术描述为EUS-BD在不可切除的恶性肺门肿瘤病例中的方法之一。

1名71岁女性出现无痛性黄疸,体重减轻4 kg,持续2周。经检查发现她患有巩膜黄疸。腹部检查不明显。计算机断层扫描(CT)成像显示4 x 5cm肺门肿瘤,涉及右肝管分叉,肝导管和肝外导管汇合,引起明显的肝内导管扩张伴淋巴结肿大和肝转移(图1A)。对病变进行EUS细针活检(FNB),结果显示腺癌呈CK7和CA19-9阳性,与肺门胆管癌的诊断一致(图1B)。就诊时胆红素水平为212 μmol/L(<15),CA19-9水平为305 U/mL。进行EUS-HGS以缓解胆道梗阻。

研究方案

该协议是按照马来亚大学医学中心的道德准则执行的。获得书面同意,并向患者提供了详细的程序解释。还获准为教育目的制作该程序的视频。

1. 定位和镇静

  1. 将患者置于俯卧姿势。使用静脉输注丙泊酚提供中度镇静剂。确保麻醉师滴定输液。

2. 确定合适的目标扩张的左肝内导管

  1. 推进线性超声内窥镜,确保其通过胃食管连接处。
  2. 将超声内窥镜的尖端放在胃腔的较小曲率处,然后继续识别扩张的左肝内导管(IHD)。
  3. 进行透视成像以确定超声内窥镜的位置。如前所述,超声内窥镜的尖端必须放置在胃腔的较小曲率处。始终保持超声镜位置,并在整个过程中使用荧光镜成像进行定期检查以稳定。
  4. 识别扩张的段 3 IHD。稍微向上倾斜超声内窥镜尖端的角度,以利于针刺的下一步。
    注:该过程的后续步骤包括在整个过程中 通过 回声内窥镜的工作通道插入和更换附件。

3. 针头进入目标扩张的左肝内导管

  1. 执行多普勒超声检查,以确保目标IHD周围没有干预血管。
  2. 使用19 G针刺穿3段IHD(图2A)。使用预装有7 mL造影剂溶液的10 mL注射器,轻轻抽吸胆汁溶液,以确认胆道通路的成功。
  3. 之后,进行造影剂注射以遮蔽左侧IHD和胆道系统的其余部分。

4. 导丝操作

  1. 使用 0.025 英寸导丝在透视引导下导航到左侧 IHD。
  2. 将导丝穿过右侧肝内导管(图2B)。
    注意:理想情况下,导丝应深入胆总管;然而,由于阻塞性肺门肿瘤,在这种情况下是不可能的。

5. 瘘管扩张

  1. 除使用4 mm胆囊扩张器外,还使用6 Fr电烙术扩张器扩张瘘管(图2C)。
    注意:需要瘘管扩张,以方便以后插入胆道支架。
  2. 执行气球充气约 5 秒。
    注意:在执行此操作时,使用超声和透视图像监视所监视的附件的位置,确保导线可见并保持回声内窥镜位置。这样做是为了确保在更换配件期间平稳过渡,这非常重要。

6. 支架插入和部署

  1. 在透视引导下部署一个10毫米大小的部分覆盖的胆道支架(长度为10厘米)(图3A)。
    注意:支架有一个3厘米的未覆盖的远端部分和一个7厘米覆盖的近端部分。未覆盖的部分必须在肝内导管内(图3C)。支架覆盖部分的约3厘米留在胃腔中,以防止支架向内移动(图3B)。
  2. 确保支架的远端在IHD中打开。将近端部署在超声内窥镜的工作通道内,随后释放到胃中,看到胆汁在支架内流动。

结果

该过程在大约30分钟内完成。手术后没有并发症,患者能够在第二天恢复口服摄入。胆红素水平降至92μmol/L,手术后三天出院。重复进行CT成像,显示支架就位,胆道梗阻消退。术后2周后随访的胆红素水平为30 μmol/L,术后4周时为14 μmol/L(表1)。

2020年6月至2021年6月期间,共有15例不可切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者在我院接受了EUS-HGS治疗。平均年龄为65.5岁(±10.1岁)?...

讨论

与ERCP和PTBD等现有方法相比,上述病例描述说明了在治疗胆道恶性肿瘤时使用EUS-HGS作为替代胆道引流方法的可能性。在上述步骤中,识别和访问正确的肝内导管,导丝操作和支架部署是确保手术可以成功安全地进行的三个主要关键步骤。

在选择理想的胆道通道肝脏段时,可以靶向第2段和第3节IHD,但第3节通常优于第217节。这是因为在第2部分中,所使用的装?...

披露声明

作者没有什么可透露的。

致谢

作者没有致谢。

材料

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
10mm in size, 10cm in length Partially Covered Metallic StentM.I TechBPD10100-E180
Curved Linear EchoendoscopyFujifilmEG-580UT
Electrocautary Dilator, 6FrG-FlexCYSTO06U
Endoscopic Ultrasound System ProcessorFujifilmSU-1
Expect 19-guage FNA NeedleBoston ScientificM00555500
Hurricane Biliary Balloon Dilator, 4mmBoston ScientificM00545900
Visiglide 0.025-inch Guidewire, 4500mm in lengthOlympusG-240-2545S

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