作者感谢帕多瓦大学的专利局，TeSAF部和Vitzani srl公司提供的财政和技术支持，允许仪器，乔纳森·科金医生（英国）的盛情合作和语言版本，蓬市政府发展圣尼科洛PD为在视频拍摄的盛情款待，和审稿人有目的，有详细的建议。

<ol><li>最好在花蕾休息和夏末进行治疗，在阳光和微风天，根据树endotherapy 17的一般规则。 </li><li>根据现行规定，应戴上手套，防护眼镜和其他安全装置。 </li><li>熟悉仪器，拆卸和重新组装。其主要成分列于图2。 </li><li>熟悉该方法，在下面的步骤，并在视频2中描述。开始使用的水在未修剪树树皮光滑，充分开发和树冠非常宽大的叶子（ 即悬铃木属， 栎属）练习输液技术。 </li><li>只使用经过许可的树注射根据当地或国家的规定，并依法向生产者，信息稀释有毒液体（杀虫剂，杀真菌剂，干燥剂等 ）（见标签）。 </li><li>测量树在B点的圆周（CRF =直径×3.14）reast高度并计算出溶液中根据由所述液体的生产者提供的技术信息的数量（ 即 ，如果CFR为190厘米，剂量为0.7毫升/厘米，133毫升稀释液的总量将被注入）。 </li><li>计算端口的根据的直径（直径）或周围（CRF）胸径制成，设想1 port/25-30厘米CRF和舍入的结果，以下面的单元（ 即 190厘米CRF = 6.3 = 7的数端口）。 </li><li>根据端口的最终数量重新计算端口之间的距离（ 即 190厘米/ 7端口= 27公分） </li><li>计算液体/端口的最终体积（ 即 133毫升的总/ 7端口= 19毫升/端口）。 </li><li>当使用预填充胶囊，根据制造商的指示计算端口的数目。 </li><li>选择等距插入位点（ 即 7）沿前150厘米的地面周长，宁愿轻轻凸，smoo个位置上的根耀斑。 </li><li>避免任何一部分异常情况能够干扰汁液动态，上方或下方插入位点（ 即结，木材腐朽，修剪切口）。 </li><li>如果有必要，表面光滑的树皮用刀允许外部密封垫做一个完美的密封带树皮。如果该网站是太粗糙或太弯曲，移动几厘米到一边。 </li><li>选择一个长度与两个树皮厚度和树的直径相适应的叶片和它拧到主体。在阔叶树，至少2cm必须输入木本组织;在针叶树和手掌，更长的叶片是因为单子叶植物解剖学优选克服树脂容器或分别。 </li><li>填的合适体积与所需的单个插入（ 即 17.14毫升）溶液一次性药物注射器（最便宜和最有效的解决方案），保持柱塞在至少3厘米深（ 即 20毫升注射器）。 </li><li>作为ALTER原产于注射器，可使用任何容器，树注射（ 即点滴袋，可再填充的注射器，预填充胶囊，外部贮箱）与锥形孔（阴皮下注射针头标准）或1/8“螺纹位于该工具的臂接头。 </li><li>用一只手紧紧握住机身，指挥刀片树的中心。叶片的边缘必须被定向平行于纤维（ 即垂直方向）。 </li><li>用另一只手打在身上滑动锤，直到外部胶乳垫圈被完全挤压。 </li><li>将注射器中的锥形开口，轻轻抽出柱塞：所输入的仪器打击乐中的空气就会流出来通过液体。柱塞的阻力表示叶片的完美插入。注：不同的接头空气不能抽出并处理速度会变慢。 </li><li>等待总摄取。 </li><li>如果输注快（ 即 10毫升/ 1分钟），到decreaSE端口总数填充容器之前它是空的，然后重新计算端口的数量。注：为确保液体的分配好到树冠，至少有一个端口/ 40厘米沿圆周建议。 </li><li>如果输液时间过长（超过1毫升/分钟， 即在阴天或针叶树和手掌）转向光注入模式，重新插入柱塞和应用低压用拇指或工具连接到加压罐（ 约 1.5巴; 图3a和b）。 </li><li>如果注射不发生，推迟治疗，直到合适的生理和气候条件为准。 </li><li>当容器是空的，等待剩余的液体，退出刃（8-10秒），取下注射器和通过撞击锤在相反的方向中提取刀片。 </li><li>移动到下一个港口。 </li><li>使用惰性蜡和口香糖，如果保护伤口是可取的或强制性的。无TE：修剪或嫁接，含农药的牙龈可药害的形成层，减缓伤口愈合。 </li><li>的情况下受到传染疾病的植物，消毒处理后两个刀片和主体。凡当地的接受，使用酒精或过氧化氢。如果出现发热消毒，去除外部和两个内部的橡胶垫圈和分别对待，或替换它们。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Kielbaso, J. J., Ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proc. of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1978).</li><li>Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1991).</li><li>Chen, R. F., Wang, H. H., Wang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+and+metabolism+of+injected+glyphosate+in+lead+tree+(Leucaena+leucocephala).">Translocation and metabolism of injected glyphosate in lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala).</a> Weed Science. 57, 229-234 (2009).</li><li>Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Tamietti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+potassium+phosphyte+in+the+control+of+Chestnut+ink+disease.">Effectiveness of potassium phosphyte in the control of Chestnut ink disease.</a> Acta Hort. 866, 417-424 (2010).</li><li>Poltronieri, Y., Martinez, H. E. P., Cecon, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+related+to+chemical+movement+in+trees.">Anatomy and physiology related to chemical movement in trees.</a> J. Arb. 12, 85-91 (1988).</li><li>Cocking, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+on+the+22nd+AGM+of+the+European+Arboricultural+Council.">Report on the 22nd AGM of the European Arboricultural Council.</a> The ARB Magazine. 158, 27 (2012).</li><li>Strazzabosco, L., Klaudatos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separa+non+buca.">Separa non buca.</a> Acer. 2, 33-37 (2013).</li><li>Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern Arboriculture. , (1991).</li></ol>

所描述的仪器的专利引用PD2011A000245，EP2012/063680，世界知识产权组织WO/2013/010909。

尽管树endotherapy的承认环境优势，到现在的主要因素限制了该方法的更广泛的传播已涉及到传统压力的方法使用（ 即延迟伤口愈合，寄生虫感染通过钻孔的负面影响孔，生产非活动变色的木材）。 与其他方法相比，该描述的一个设想符合宿主生理工作，考虑到输送速率作为用于治疗成功次要重要性。 从视图的一个专业操作者的角度来看，这是该技...

在近代，躯干endotherapy已逐步取代了木本植物1-6传统的空气喷涂方法，但是这不是最近的想法。在15 世纪的达芬奇详细描述了他是如何能够通过一个手钻7做深洞注入砷溶液成一棵苹果树的树干来 ​​麻醉苹果。自那时以来几乎没有改变：在自然界中容易获得的化学品已逐渐被替换更高效合成的活性成分（杀虫剂，杀菌剂，杀菌剂，化肥，植物生长调节剂和干燥剂）。大气压力注射演变成高压，和手驱动gimlets已被替换成新式电池演习8-10。不幸的是，即使是最锋利的钻头眼泪和过热负责封穴的形成层组织。因此，伤口愈合延迟和相邻的木质组织中很大一部分失去了乐趣ctionality从注射部位（“变色木”）到几英尺以上，并低于11。此外，插电孔很容易被细菌和真菌的伤流液所吸引，并导致长期的内部腐烂，用木材的强度和稳定性12,13的相应损失殖民地。 意识到，1）的一组纵向纤维的根据一个透镜状的双凸形状（ 图1a）中分离，和2）树液运动转换成血管履行对流体动力学的伯努利原理，在2011年帕多瓦大学设计了一个新的14钻免费endotherapic仪器的基本透镜状，双凸和空心叶片的进入分离其纤维的木材。以这种方式，内xylematic船舶达到最小的摩擦（ 图1b），并暂时减少其截面的增大树液速度，加快外部液体的自然摄取（ 图1c，视频1）15,16。

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

在木本植物木质部汁液向上移动通过血管因水势的下降梯度从地下水到树叶。根据这些因素和它们的动力学，少量的树液兼容的液体（ 即杀虫剂）可以被注入到木质部系统，从内到达他们的目标。这endotherapic方法，被称为“主干注射液”或“主干输注”（取决于用户是否提供外部压力或不是），限制所述施加化学物质仅在目标树中，从而使得它在市区的情况下特别有用。限制性的更广泛使用的传统的钻探方法的主要因素都涉及到了必须钻孔周围的躯干周围，以获得对木质部导管树皮下孔的副作用。 帕多瓦大学（意大利）最近开发了一个手册，免钻仪器具有体积小，每forated刀片通过分离木质纤维以最小的摩擦进入主干。此外，柱状形刀片降低了船只的横截面，增加汁液速度，并允许外部液体向上的自然吸收的叶子，当蒸腾速率是巨大的。口由于自然弹性和膨胀度的植物组织，并形成层活动完成愈合过程中的几个星期去除叶片后不久局部关闭。

由于其小尺寸和独特的造型，柱状叶片不会删除形成层和木本组织，并与传统的钻孔相比，伤口是明显较小（ 图4a）。通常情况下，孔的边缘由形成层组织（ 图4B1）正在慢慢条块钻井过程中过热往往是因为，。相反，与一个柱面叶片处理相同的树后，将木质纤维恢复到它们先前的形状，并且形成层开始产生分生组织中几天。主要分布在阔叶，这是分离的树皮（ 图4B...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

相较于较为传统的孔为基础的方法，其中大部分需要被钻树，透镜状刀片工具变换endotherapy缓解伤口的闭合，并允许解决方案的自然吸收的基础知识。

文丘里效应可以帮助治疗我们的树

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.7K 次观看.  Unversity of Padova. 相较于较为传统的孔为基础的方法，其中大部分需要被钻树，透镜状刀片工具变换endotherapy缓解伤口的闭合，并允许解决方案的自然吸收的基础知识。 

视频: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

物理，化学和六Biochars生产的生物表征污染场地修复的

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

科研

环境科学

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

去除微量元素的氧化铜纳米粉体制备铀<em&gt;原位</em&gt;恢复泌水及其对细胞活力的影响

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

水生微生物Metaproteomics工作流程：从细胞对胰蛋白酶肽适合串联质谱为基础的分析

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

温室棉二斑叶螨危害的遥感评价

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

传粉生态学的田间试验：为例<em&gt;血红石蒜</em&gt;变种。<em&gt;荪</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

从个体到群体度评价环境化学物质对蜜蜂发展的影响

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

常淹发生的重构树简易造林技术

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

百里香精油应用于肉类干燥过程中微生物负荷的影响

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

电容式传感器监测林木茎含水量的标定及应用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...