L&#39;auteur remercie l&#39;Office des brevets de l&#39;Université de Padoue, le ministère TeSAF et Vitzani srl pour leur soutien financier et technique qui a permis le développement de l&#39;instrument, le Dr Jonathan armement (Royaume-Uni) pour son aimable collaboration et de révision linguistique, la municipalité de Ponte San Nicolò PD pour aimable hospitalité pendant le tournage de la vidéo, et les évaluateurs anonymes pour leurs suggestions, motivantes détaillées.

<ol><li> Effectuer des traitements de préférence entre le débourrement et la fin de l&#39;été, dans les jours ensoleillés et venteux, selon les règles générales dans l&#39;arbre endothérapie 17. </li><li> Porter des gants, des lunettes de protection et tout autre dispositif de sécurité conformément à la réglementation en vigueur. </li><li> Familiarisez-vous avec l&#39;instrument, le démontage et le remontage. Ses principaux composants sont reportés sur la figure 2. </li><li> Familiarisez-vous avec la méthode décrite dans les étapes suivantes et en vidéo 2. Commencez à pratiquer la technique de perfusion avec de l&#39;eau dans un arbre non élagué avec écorce lisse, couvert entièrement développé et très larges feuilles (c.-à-Platanus spp., Quercus spp.). </li><li> Utilisez uniquement des liquides toxiques (insecticides, fongicides, desséchants, etc) autorisées pour l&#39;injection d&#39;arbre selon les règles locales ou nationales, et dilué selon les informations du producteur (voir étiquette). </li><li> Mesurez la circonférence (crf = diam x 3,14) de l&#39;arbre à bhauteur reast et calculer la quantité de solution selon les informations techniques fournies par le producteur du liquide (c&#39;est à dire si cfr est de 190 cm et la posologie est de 0,7 ml / cm, un montant total de 133 ml de liquide dilué seront injectés). </li><li> Calculer le nombre de ports à être faite selon le diamètre (diamètre) ou de la circonférence (CRF) à hauteur de poitrine, d&#39;envisager une port/25-30 cm crf et en arrondissant le résultat à l&#39;unité (c. 190 cm crf = 6,3 = 7 suivante ports). </li><li> Recalculer la distance entre les ports en fonction du nombre final de ports (c&#39;est à dire 190 cm / 7 ports = 27 cm) </li><li> Calculer le volume final de liquide / port (c. 133 cc au total ports / 7 = 19 ml / port). </li><li> Lors de l&#39;utilisation de capsules pré-remplis, calculer le nombre de ports selon les instructions du fabricant &quot;. </li><li> Choisir des sites d&#39;insertion équidistants (soit 7) le long de la circonférence dans les 150 premiers cm du sol, préférant légèrement convexe, smooe emplacements ci-dessus fusées profondes. </li><li> Éviter une partie des anomalies susceptibles d&#39;interférer avec la dynamique de la sève, au-dessus ou au-dessous du site d&#39;insertion (c.-à-noeuds, la pourriture du bois, des coupes d&#39;élagage). </li><li> Si nécessaire, lisser superficiellement l&#39;écorce avec un couteau pour permettre le joint externe pour faire une parfaite étanchéité à l&#39;écorce. Si le site est trop rugueux ou trop courbée, déplacer de quelques centimètres de côté. </li><li> Choisissez une lame d&#39;une longueur compatible avec épaisseur de l&#39;écorce et le diamètre de l&#39;arbre et visser sur le corps. En feuillus, au moins 2 cm doivent entrer dans les tissus ligneux; dans les conifères et de palmiers, des lames plus longues sont préférables à surmonter les navires de résine ou en raison de l&#39;anatomie de monocotylédones, respectivement. </li><li> Remplir une seringue jetable pharmaceutique (la solution la moins coûteuse et la plus efficace) de volume approprié de la solution nécessaire pour une insertion unique (à savoir 17,14 ml), en maintenant le piston dans au moins 3 cm en profondeur (à savoir une seringue de 20 ml). </li><li> Comme une alternativeoriginaire de la seringue, utilisez un récipient pour les injections d&#39;arbres (par exemple des sacs de goutte à goutte, des seringues réutilisables, des capsules pré-remplis, les réservoirs externes) ajustés avec le trou conique (standard de l&#39;aiguille hypodermique femelle) ou le fil 1/8 &quot;situé sur le bras de l&#39;outil . </li><li> Maintenir le corps fermement avec une main, diriger la lame vers le centre de l&#39;arbre. Le bord de la lame doit être dirigé parallèlement aux fibres (c.-à la verticale). </li><li> Avec l&#39;autre main frapper le marteau glissant sur le corps jusqu&#39;à ce que le joint de latex externe est complètement serré. </li><li> Insérer la seringue dans l&#39;ouverture conique et tirer doucement sur le piston: l&#39;air qui est entré dans l&#39;appareil lors de la percussion s&#39;écoule à travers le liquide. La résistance du plongeur indique l&#39;insertion parfaite de la lame. Remarque: avec différents raccords air ne peut être tiré et le traitement sera plus lente. </li><li> Attendre l&#39;absorption totale. </li><li> Si la perfusion est rapide (soit 10 ml / 1 min), à dimisoi le nombre total de ports remplir le réservoir avant qu&#39;il ne soit vide et de recalculer le nombre de ports. Remarque: pour assurer une bonne répartition du liquide à l&#39;auvent, au moins un orifice / 40 cm le long de la circonférence est suggéré. </li><li> Si la perfusion est trop long (plus de 1 ml / min, c&#39;est à dire les jours nuageux ou dans des conifères et de palmiers), tourner en mode d&#39;injection de lumière, de réinsérer le piston et l&#39;application d&#39;une faible pression avec le pouce, ou de connecter l&#39;outil à une pression réservoir (env. 1,5 bar; figures 3a et b). </li><li> Si l&#39;injection ne se fait pas, de reporter le traitement jusqu&#39;à ce que les conditions physiologiques et climatiques favorables l&#39;emportent. </li><li> Lorsque le conteneur est vide, attendez que le liquide restant pour sortir la lame (8-10 sec), retirez la seringue et extraire la lame en frappant le marteau dans la direction opposée. </li><li> Déplacer vers le prochain port. </li><li> Utilisez une cire ou de gomme inerte si la protection de la plaie est souhaitable ou obligatoire. Aucunte: l&#39;élagage ou le greffage gommes contenant des pesticides peut être phytotoxique pour le cambium, ce qui ralentit la fermeture de la plaie. </li><li> Dans le cas de plantes atteintes par les maladies transmissibles, à désinfecter la fois la lame et le corps après le traitement. Où acceptable localement, consommer de l&#39;alcool ou le peroxyde d&#39;hydrogène. Dans le cas de la désinfection thermique, supprimer à la fois l&#39;extérieur et deux joints en caoutchouc internes et de les traiter séparément, ou les remplacer. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kielbaso, J. J., Ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proc. of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1978).</li><li>Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1991).</li><li>Chen, R. F., Wang, H. H., Wang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+and+metabolism+of+injected+glyphosate+in+lead+tree+(Leucaena+leucocephala).">Translocation and metabolism of injected glyphosate in lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala).</a> Weed Science. 57, 229-234 (2009).</li><li>Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Tamietti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+potassium+phosphyte+in+the+control+of+Chestnut+ink+disease.">Effectiveness of potassium phosphyte in the control of Chestnut ink disease.</a> Acta Hort. 866, 417-424 (2010).</li><li>Poltronieri, Y., Martinez, H. E. P., Cecon, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. Agric. 30, 4-5 (1976).</li><li>Perry, T. O., Santamour, F. S., Stipes, R. J., Shear, T., Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+alternatives+to+tree+injection.">Exploring alternatives to tree injection.</a> J. Arb. 17, 217-226 (1991).</li><li>Shigo, A. L., Campana, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discolored+and+decayed+wood+associated+with+injection+wounds+in+American+elm.">Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in American elm.</a> J. Arb. 3, 230-235 (1977).</li><li>Neely, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+closure+rates+on+trees.">Wound closure rates on trees.</a> J. Arb. 14, 250-254 (1988).</li><li>Shang, Q., Liao, K., Liu, H., Zhao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+Structure+of+Needle+Head+and+Seal+Mechanism+of+Tree+Trunk+Injection.">Study on Structure of Needle Head and Seal Mechanism of Tree Trunk Injection.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Montecchio, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE:+a+low+impact+tool+for+xylematic+injections.">BITE: a low impact tool for xylematic injections.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Antonini, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE,+un+nuovo+strumento+per+i+trattamenti+endoterapici+agli+alberi.">BITE, un nuovo strumento per i trattamenti endoterapici agli alberi.</a> Giardini e ambiente. 3, 70-73 (2013).</li><li>Chaney, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+related+to+chemical+movement+in+trees.">Anatomy and physiology related to chemical movement in trees.</a> J. Arb. 12, 85-91 (1988).</li><li>Cocking, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+on+the+22nd+AGM+of+the+European+Arboricultural+Council.">Report on the 22nd AGM of the European Arboricultural Council.</a> The ARB Magazine. 158, 27 (2012).</li><li>Strazzabosco, L., Klaudatos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separa+non+buca.">Separa non buca.</a> Acer. 2, 33-37 (2013).</li><li>Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern Arboriculture. , (1991).</li></ol>

références de brevets de l&#39;instrument décrit sont PD2011A000245, EP2012/063680, l&#39;OMPI WO/2013/010909.

En dépit des avantages environnementaux reconnus de l&#39;arbre endothérapie, jusqu&#39;à présent le principal facteur limitant une propagation plus large de cette méthode a été associée à des effets secondaires négatifs des trous de forage utilisés dans les méthodes de pression traditionnels (fermeture de la plaie à savoir retardé, les infections parasitaires par le trou, la production de bois décoloré inactif). Contrairement à d&#39;autres méthodes, celle décrit...

Ces derniers temps, le tronc endothérapie a progressivement remplacé les méthodes de pulvérisation d&#39;air traditionnels dans les plantes ligneuses 1-6, mais ce n&#39;est pas une idée récente. Dans le 15 e siècle Leonardo Da Vinci décrit en détail comment il a réussi à intoxiquer les pommes en injectant une solution de l&#39;arsenic dans le tronc d&#39;un pommier à travers des trous profonds faits avec une vrille 7. Peu de choses ont changé depuis lors: les produits chimiques facilement disponibles dans la nature ont été progressivement remplacés par des ingrédients actifs synthétiques plus efficaces (insecticides, fongicides, bactéricides, engrais, régulateurs et desséchants de croissance végétale). Injections de pression atmosphérique évolué en haute pression, et vrilles entraîné à la main ont été remplacés par des exercices de batterie modernes 8-10. Malheureusement, même la plus forte foret larmes et la surchauffe cambium responsable de la fermeture de trou. Par conséquent, la fermeture des plaies est retardée et grandes sections des tissus ligneux adjacents perdent leur plaisirctionality (le «bois décoloré&quot;) à partir du site d&#39;injection à plusieurs pieds au-dessus et en dessous de 11. En outre, les trous peuvent être facilement débranchés colonisés par des bactéries et des champignons, attirés par la sève de saignement et conduisant à la désintégration interne à long terme, avec une perte conséquente de résistance du bois et de la stabilité 12,13. Réalisant que 1) un groupe de fibres longitudinales sépare selon une géométrie biconvexe lenticulaire (figure 1a), et 2) les mouvements de la sève dans les vaisseaux remplir le principe de Bernoulli sur la dynamique des fluides, en 2011 l&#39;Université de Padoue a conçu un nouveau endotherapic 14 sans perçage instrument avec un lenticulaire, biconvexe et creux lame essentiel qui entre dans le bois séparant ses fibres. De cette manière, les navires xylematic intérieures sont atteints avec un minimum de friction (Figure 1b), et la réduction temporaire de leur section augmente la vitesse de la sève, ce qui accélère l&#39;absorption naturelle d&#39;un liquide externe(Figure 1c, Vidéo 1) 15,16.

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

Dans les plantes ligneuses, sève brute se déplace vers le haut à travers les vaisseaux à cause d&#39;un gradient décroissant de potentiel de l&#39;eau de la nappe phréatique au feuillage. Selon ces facteurs et de leur dynamique, de petites quantités de liquides de sève compatible (par exemple pesticides) peuvent être injectés dans le système de xylème, pour atteindre leur cible à partir de l&#39;intérieur. Cette méthode endotherapic, appelée &quot;injection faisceau&quot; ou &quot;infusion faisceau&quot; (selon que l&#39;utilisateur fournit une pression externe ou pas), confine les produits chimiques appliqués seulement à l&#39;intérieur de l&#39;arbre cible, ce qui le rend particulièrement utile dans des situations urbaines. Les principaux facteurs limitants plus large utilisation des méthodes de forage classiques sont liés à des effets secondaires négatifs des trous qui doivent être percés autour de la circonférence du tronc de manière à obtenir un accès aux vaisseaux du xylème sous l&#39;écorce. L&#39;Université de Padoue (Italie) a récemment développé un instrument manuel, sans perçage avec un petit, parlame perforée qui pénètre dans le tronc en séparant les fibres ligneuses avec un minimum de friction. En outre, la lame en forme lenticulaire permet de réduire la section transversale des récipients, ce qui augmente la vitesse de la sève et de permettre l&#39;absorption d&#39;un liquide naturel jusqu&#39;à l&#39;extérieur de la feuille, lorsque le taux de transpiration est importante. Fermer partiellement les ports de temps après le retrait de la lame en raison de l&#39;élasticité naturelle et la turgescence des tissus de la plante, et l&#39;activité cambiale termine le processus de guérison en quelques semaines.

En raison de sa petite dimension et forme unique, la lame lenticulaire ne supprime pas cambium et boisé tissus, et par rapport aux trous de forage traditionnelles, la plaie est visiblement plus petite (figure 4a). Habituellement, les bords du trou sont lentement compartimentés par les tissus du cambium (figure 4b1), souvent en raison de la surchauffe en cours de forage. À l&#39;inverse, après le traitement de la même arbre avec une lame lenticulaire, les fibres ligneuses reviennent...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Par rapport aux méthodes basées sur des trous plus traditionnelles, dont la plupart nécessitent l&#39;arbre à percer, outils à lames lenticulaires transformer les bases de endothérapie faciliter la fermeture de la plaie et permettant l&#39;absorption naturelle des solutions.

Un effet Venturi peut aider à guérir nos arbres

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.7K vues.  Unversity of Padova.  Par rapport aux méthodes basées sur des trous plus traditionnelles, dont la plupart nécessitent l'arbre à percer, outils à lames lenticulaires transformer les bases de endothérapie faciliter la fermeture de la plaie et permettant l'absorption naturelle des solutions. 

Vidéo: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

Physique, chimique et caractérisation biologique des Six biochars produites pour l&#39;assainissement des sites contaminés

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

Recherche

Environnement

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

Suppression des éléments traces par Cupric nanoparticules d&#39;oxyde de Uranium<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Récupération de l&#39;eau de ressuage et son effet sur la viabilité cellulaire

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

Un microbienne aquatique métaprotéomique Workflow: à partir de cellules à tryptique peptides appropriés pour l&#39;analyse comparative-spectrométrie de masse en tandem

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

L&#39;évaluation de la télédétection de deux points Tétranyque dégâts sur le coton à effet de serre

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Sol Lysimètre Excavation pour Coupled hydrologiques, géochimiques et microbiologiques Enquêtes

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

Les expériences sur le terrain de l&#39;écologie Pollinisation: le cas de<em&gt; Lycoris sanguinea</em&gt; Var.<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

Évaluation de l&#39;incidence des produits chimiques sur l&#39;environnement Miel de développement Abeille de l&#39;individu à la colonie Niveau

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Une Simple Technique de plantation pour rétablir des arbres où les inondations fréquentes se produit

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

L’effet de l’Application d’huile essentielle de thym sur la charge microbienne pendant le séchage de la viande

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

L’étalonnage et l’utilisation de Capacitance capteurs pour surveiller la teneur en eau tige dans les arbres

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...