Yazar teşekkür Padova Üniversitesi Patent Ofisi, TeSAF Bakanlığı ve Vitzani izin mali ve teknik destek için srl onun tür işbirliği ve dilsel revizyon, Ponte Belediyesi için enstrüman, Dr Jonathan Cocking (İngiltere) geliştirilmesi San Nicolo video çekimi sırasında tür misafirperverliği için PD, ve bunların maksatlı, ayrıntılı öneriler için anonim yorumcular.

<ol><li> Ağaç endoterapiye 17 genel kurallara göre, güneşli ve havadar günlerde, tercihen tomurcuk tatili ve yaz sonu arasındaki tedavileri gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Yürürlükteki düzenlemelere göre eldiven, koruyucu gözlük ve diğer güvenlik cihazı giyin. </li><li> Sökülmesi ve yeniden monte, aracı tanıyın. Başlıca bileşenler Şekil 2&#39;de raporlanmaktadır. </li><li> Aşağıdaki adımlarda ve video 2&#39;de tarif edilen yönteme, tanıyın. Pürüzsüz kabuğu, tam gelişmiş gölgelik ve çok geniş yaprakları (yani Platanus spp., Quercus spp.) Ile bir un-budanmış ağaç su kullanarak infüzyon tekniği uygulayarak başlayın. </li><li> Yerel veya ulusal kurallara göre ağaç enjeksiyon için yetkili ve yapımcı bilgilere göre seyreltilmiş sadece zehirli sıvıları (böcek, mantar ilaçları, kurutucular, vb) kullanın (etikete bakınız). </li><li> B ağacın çevresini (CRF = çap x 3.14) ölçünreast yüksekliği ve sıvının üretici tarafından sağlanan teknik bilgilere göre çözeltinin miktarını hesaplamak (CFR 190 cm ve dozaj 0.7 ml / cm ise, örneğin, seyreltilmiş sıvı 133 ml lik bir toplam miktarda enjekte edilecektir.) </li><li> 1 port/25-30 cm CRF öngören ve aşağıdaki birimine (yani 190 cm crf = 6.3 = 7 sonucu yuvarlama, göğüs yüksekliğindeki çap (çap) veya çevresi (CRF) göre yapılacak limanların sayısını hesaplayın port). </li><li> Limanların son sayısına göre limanları arasındaki mesafeyi yeniden hesaplamak (yani 190 cm / 7 port = 27 cm) </li><li> Sıvı / port son hacmi hesaplayın (yani toplam 7 / limanlarda 133 cc 19 ml / port =). </li><li> Önceden doldurulmuş kapsüllerin kullanırken, üreticinin talimatlarına göre bağlantı noktası sayısını hesaplar. </li><li> Hafifçe konveks, smoo tercih eşit ekleme bölgelerini (yani 7) zemine ilk 150 cm &#39;de çevre boyunca seçinKök fişekleri Yukarıdaki inci yerleri. </li><li> Insersiyosunun (yani knot, ahşap çürüme, budama kesim) üstünde veya altında, sap dinamikleri ile müdahale etmek mümkün anomaliler ile herhangi bir bölümünü kaçının. </li><li> Gerekirse, yüzeysel dış conta kabuğu ile mükemmel bir mühür yapmak için izin vermek için bir bıçak ile kabuğu pürüzsüz. Site çok sert veya çok kavisli ise, bir tarafta birkaç cm hareket ettirin. </li><li> Kabuk kalınlığı ve ağaç çapı ile uyumlu bir uzunlukta bir bıçak seçin ve vücut için vida. Ibreli, en az 2 cm odunsu dokulara girmelidirler; kozalaklı ve avuç içinde, uzun bıçaklar reçine damarları aşmak için tercih edilir ya da çünkü monocotyledonae anatomisi, sırasıyla. </li><li> (Örneğin, bir 20 ml şırınganın) derin en az 3 cm kadar içerisinde pistonu tutarak, tek bir ekleme (örneğin, 17.14 mi) çözeltisi ile gerekli olan uygun hacimde bir tek farmasötik bir şırınga (en ucuz ve en etkili bir çözüm) doldurun. </li><li> Bir alter olarakşırıngaya yerli, konik delik (kadın derialtı iğne standardı) veya aracın kolunun üzerinde bulunan 1/8 &quot;dişli ile uydurma ağaç enjeksiyonlar (yani damlama çanta, doldurulabilir şırıngalar, önceden doldurulmuş kapsüller, harici tanklar) için herhangi bir kap kullanabilirsiniz . </li><li> Ağacın merkezine bıçak yönlendiren, bir elinizle sıkıca vücut tutun. Kanadın kenarı lifler (yani dikey) paralel yönelik olmalıdır. </li><li> Dış lateks conta tamamen sıkılmış kadar diğer elinizle vücuda kayar çekiç grev. </li><li> Konik açılış şırınga takın ve pistonu hafifçe dışarı çekmek: perküsyon sırasında aleti girilen hava sıvı dışarı akacaktır. Pistonun direnci kanadın mükemmel sokulmasını gösterir. Not: Farklı kaplinler hava süzgün edilemez ve tedavi yavaş olacaktır ile. </li><li> Toplam alım için bekleyin. </li><li> Infüzyon azaltarak üzerine için, (yani 10 ml / 1 dak) hızlı isese limanların toplam sayısı önce boş konteyner dolum ve daha sonra bağlantı noktası sayısını yeniden hesaplaması. Not: En az bir bağlantı noktası / çevresi boyunca 40 cm önerilmektedir, siperliğin sıvının iyi bir dağılımını sağlamak için. </li><li> Infüzyon çok uzun sürerse (fazla 1 ml / dk, yani bulutlu günlerde veya iğne yapraklılar ve avuç içinde) pistonu yeniden sokulması ve başparmak ile düşük basınç uygulayarak, veya basınçlı için aracı bağlayarak, hafif enjeksiyon moduna çevirmek Tank (yaklaşık 1.5 bar; Şekil 3a ve b). </li><li> Enjeksiyon olmaz ise uygun fizyolojik ve iklim koşulları hüküm kadar, tedaviyi ertelemek. </li><li> Kap boş olduğunda, geri kalan sıvı, bıçak (8-10 sn) çıkış şırınga kaldırmak ve ters yönde çekiç çarpıcı ile bıçak çıkarmak için, bekleyin. </li><li> Sonraki noktasına taşıyın. </li><li> Yaranın korunması arzu edilen ya da zorunlu ise, nötr bir mum ya da bir sakız kullanın. Hayırte: pestisitleri içeren sakızlar budama veya aşılama yara kapanmasını yavaşlatan, kambiyum pitotoksik olabilir. </li><li> Bulaşıcı hastalıklar etkilenen bitkilerin durumunda, tedavi sonrası bıçak ve vücut hem de dezenfekte edin. , Alkol veya hidrojen peroksit lokal olarak kabul edilebilir kullanımı nerede. Isı dezenfeksiyon durumunda, dış ve iki iç lastik conta hem kaldırmak ve bunları ayrı ayrı tedavi, ya da onların yerine. </li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. 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Açıklanan cihazın patent referansları PD2011A000245, EP2012/063680, WIPO WO/2013/010909 bulunmaktadır.

Ağaç endoterapiye of kabul çevresel avantajları olmasına rağmen, şimdi, bu yöntemin daha geniş bir yayılma sınırlayıcı ana faktör (örneğin, gecikmiş yara kapanması, parazitik enfeksiyonların yoluyla geleneksel baskı yöntemlerinde kullanılan sondaj deliklerinin olumsuz yan etkileri ile ilişkili olduğuna kadar delik, inaktif renksiz ahşap üretimi). Diğer yöntemlerle aksine, tarif edilen bir tedavi başarısı için önemsiz olarak besleme oranı dikkate al...

Son zamanlarda, gövde endoterapi giderek odunsu bitkilerde 1-6 geleneksel hava püskürtme yöntemleri yerini aldı, ama bu yeni bir fikir değildir. 15. yüzyılda Leonardo Da Vinci bir gimlet 7 ile yapılan derin deliklerden bir elma ağacının gövde içine arsenik solüsyon enjekte elma zehirleyecek başardı nasıl ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Biraz o zamandan beri değişti: Doğada kolayca kullanılabilir kimyasallar yavaş yavaş daha etkili sentetik aktif maddeler (böcek, mantar, bakteri, gübre, bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri ve desikantlar) ile değiştirilmiştir. Yüksek basınç haline atmosferik basınç enjeksiyonlar, ve el-odaklı balta, keser, modern akü matkaplar 8-10 yerini almış. Ne yazık ki, hatta keskin matkap gözyaşları bit ve delik kapatılması için sorumlu kambiyal doku hararet. Sonuç olarak, yara kapama gecikmeli ve komşu odunsu dokuların büyük bir bölümü onların eğlenceli kaybedecekctionality 11 üstünde ve altında birkaç feet enjeksiyon bölgesinden (&quot;rengi odun&quot;). Ayrıca, takılı delikler kolayca kanama sap çekti ve ahşap güç ve istikrar 12,13 bir netice kaybı, uzun vadeli iç çürümesine yol bakteri ve mantarlar tarafından kolonize olabilir. Fark bu 1) uzunlamasına liflerin bir grup bir merceksi bikonveks geometri (Şekil 1a) göre ayırır, ve 2) damarların içine sap hareketleri akışkan dinamiği üzerinde Bernoulli ilkesini yerine, 2011 yılında Padova Üniversitesi, yeni bir 14 matkap-serbest endotherapic tasarlanmış lifleri ayıran ahşap girer temel bir mercek, iki yanı dışbükeydir ve içi boş bir bıçak ile alet. Bu şekilde, iç xylematic gemi asgari sürtünme (Şekil 1b) ile ulaşılır, ve bölümün geçici bir azalma harici bir sıvının doğal alımını hızlandırıcı, sap hız artar(Şekil 1c, Video 1) 15,16.

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

Odunsu bitkilerde, ksilem özsuyu nedeniyle yapraklara yeraltı su potansiyelinin azalan Degradeye damarları yoluyla yukarıya doğru hareket eder. Bu faktörler ve dinamikleri göre, sap-uyumlu sıvı (örneğin, böcek), az miktarda içindeki hedefe ulaşmasını, ksilem sistemi içine enjekte edilebilir. &quot;Gövde enjeksiyon&quot; veya &quot;gövde infüzyon&quot; (kullanıcı, bir dış baskı malzemeleri ya da bağlı olarak) olarak adlandırılan bu endotherapic yöntemi, böylece kentsel durumlarda özellikle faydalıdır yapmak, sadece hedef ağaç içinde uygulanan kimyasallar hapseder. Geleneksel delme yöntemlerin geniş bir kullanımını sınırlayan temel faktörler kabuğu altında odunsu doku damarları erişim kazanmak amacıyla, gövde çevresi etrafında delinmelidir deliklerin olumsuz yan etkileri ile ilişkilidir. Padova Üniversitesi (İtalya) son zamanlarda başına, küçük bir el matkap ücretsiz enstrüman geliştirdiminimum sürtünme ile odunsu lifleri ayırarak gövde girer forated bıçak. Ayrıca, lentiküler şekilli bıçak gemilerin kesiti, sap hızının arttırılmasıyla ve terleme oranı önemli olan yapraklara bir dış sıvı kadar doğal alımını sağlayan azaltır. Yakında nedeniyle doğal esnekliği ve şişkinlik, bitki dokularının ve kambiyal aktivite birkaç hafta içinde iyileşme sürecini tamamlar kanadın çıkarılmasından sonra kısmen kapatmak portlar.

Nedeniyle, küçük boyut ve eşsiz şekil, lentiküler bıçak kambiyal kaldırmak ve dokuları odunsu ve geleneksel matkap delikleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, yara (Şekil 4a) gözle görülür bir şekilde daha küçük değildir. Genellikle, deliğin kenarları yavaş sık sık delme işlemi sırasında aşırı ısınma, kambiyal dokularda (Şekil 4B1) ile bölümlere edilir. Tersine, bir lentiküler bıçak ile aynı ağaç tedavi sonra, lifler, odunsu önceki şekline ger...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Daha geleneksel delik bazlı yöntemler ile karşılaştırıldığında, burada en lentiküler kanatları olan araçlar endoterapi yaranın kapatılması kolaylaştırılması ve çözümlerin doğal alımını sağlayan temellerini dönüşümü, ağaç delinecek gerektirir.

Bir Venturi Etkisi Bizim Ağaçlar Cure Yardımcı Olabilirsiniz

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

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Environment

17.7K Görüntüleme.  Unversity of Padova.  Daha geleneksel delik bazlı yöntemler ile karşılaştırıldığında, burada en lentiküler kanatları olan araçlar endoterapi yaranın kapatılması kolaylaştırılması ve çözümlerin doğal alımını sağlayan temellerini dönüşümü, ağaç delinecek gerektirir. 

Video: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve için üretilen Altı Biochars Biyolojik Karakterizasyonu Kontamine Siteleri İyileştirilmesi

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

Çevre

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

Uranyum dan Bakır Oksit Nanopartiküller tarafından İz Elementlerin çıkarılması<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Kurtarma Bleed Su ve Hücre Canlılığı Üzerine Etkisi

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

Bir Aquatic Mikrobiyal Metaproteomics İş Akışı: Tandem Kütle Spektrometre tabanlı analiz için uygun Triptik Peptitler için Hücreleri itibaren

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

Sera Pamuk İki benekli Örümcek akarı Hasarın Uzaktan Algılama Değerlendirilmesi

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Coupled Hidrolojik, jeokimyasal ve Mikrobiyolojik Araştırmalar Toprak Lizimetre Kazı

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

Tozlaşma Ekoloji Saha Deneyleri: Örneği<em&gt; Lycoris sanguinea</em&gt; Var.<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

Koloni Düzeyde Bireysel olan Bal Arısı Kalkınma Çevre Kimyasalların Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Bir basit tekniği sık su baskını/taşkın oluştuğu için yeniden kurulması ağaç dikme

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

Kekik esans uygulama etkisi et kurutma sırasında mikrobiyal yükü

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

Kalibrasyon ve kapasite sensörler kullanımı ağaçlarda kök su içeriği izlemek için

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...