저자 덕분에 파도바 대학의 특허 사무소, TeSAF학과 Vitzani 허용 자신의 재정 및 기술 지원을위한 SRL 그 종류 협력과 언어 개정, 폰테의 시정촌의 악기, 박사 조나단 코킹 (UK)의 개발 산 니콜로 비디오 촬영 중 종류의 환대 PD, 그들의 목적, 상세한 제안에 대한 익명의 검토.

<ol><li> 나무 endotherapy 17 일반 규칙에 따라, 화창하고 시원한 일, 바람직하게는 새싹 휴식과 늦은 여름 사이에 치료를 수행합니다. </li><li> 현행 규정에 따라 장갑, 보호 안경 및 기타 안전 장치를 착용하십시오. </li><li> 그것을 분해 및 재 조립, 악기에 익숙해 져야 할 필요가있다. 그것의 주요 구성 요소는 그림 2에 나타내었다. </li><li> 다음 단계에서 비디오 및 2에 기재된 방법에 대해 잘보세요. 부드러운 나무 껍질, 완전히 개발 캐노피 매우 넓은 잎 (즉, 버즘 나무과 종., 신 종.)와 유엔 정리 된 나무에 물을 사용하여 주입 기술을 연습을 시작합니다. </li><li> 해당 지역 또는 국가의 규정에 따라 나무 주사에 대한 권한 및 생산자 정보에 따라 희석 만 독성 액체 (살충제, 살균제, 건조제 등)를 사용하여 (라벨 참조). </li><li> B의 나무의 주위 (CRF = DIAM X 3.14)를 측정reast 높이와 액체의 제조자에 의해 제공된 데이터 정보에 따라 용액의 양을 계산한다 (CFR은 190cm이며, 투여 량은 0.7 밀리리터 / ㎝ 인 경우에, 즉이 희석 액 133 ㎖가 총계가 주입 될 것이다.) </li><li> 1 port/25-30 cm의 CRF를 envisaging 다음과 같은 단위 (즉, 190cm의 CRF = 6.3 = 7에 그 결과를 반올림, 가슴 높이의 직경 (DIAM) 또는 원주 (CRF)에 따라 할 수있는 포트의 수를 계산 포트). </li><li> 포트의 마지막 수에 따라 포트 사이의 거리를 재 계산 (즉 190cm / 7 포트 = 27cm) </li><li> 액체 / 포트의 최종 부피를 계산한다 (즉, 전체 / 7 포트에서 133 CC는 19 ㎖ / 포트 =). </li><li> 사전 충전 된 캡슐을 사용하는 경우, 제조자의 지시에 따라 포트의 수를 계산한다. </li><li> 가볍게 볼록, smoo를 선호 등거리 삽입 사이트 (IE 7) 지상에서 첫 번째 150cm의 원주를 따라를 선택루트 플레어 위 일 위치. </li><li> 삽입 부위 (즉, 매듭, 나무 감퇴, 가지 치기 인하) 위 또는 아래에, 수액 역학을 방해 할 수 이상을 가진 어떤 부분을 피하십시오. </li><li> 필요한 경우, 표면적으로 외부 가스켓은 껍질 완벽한 밀봉을 할 수 있도록 칼로 껍질을 부드럽게. 사이트가 너무 거칠거나 너무 곡선 인 경우, 한쪽으로 몇 cm를 이동합니다. </li><li> 나무 껍질의 두께와 나무 직경 모두와 호환 길이의 블레이드를 선택하고 몸에 나사. 넓은 잎에서 최소 2 cm의 나무가 우거진 조직을 입력해야합니다 침엽수와 손바닥, 더 이상 블레이드 수지 혈관을 극복하는 것이 바람직하거나 때문에 monocotyledonae 해부학, 각각. </li><li> (즉, 20 ML의 주사기) 깊은 적어도 3cm에있는 플런저를 유지, 단일 삽입 (즉, 17.14 ㎖)에 필요한 솔루션과 적당한 볼륨의 일회용 제약 주사기 (가장 저렴하고 가장 효과적인 솔루션을)를 입력합니다. </li><li> ALTER로주사기 네이티브, 원추형 구멍 (여성 피하 주사 바늘 표준) 또는 도구의 팔에있는 1 / 8 &quot;나사 피팅 나무 주사 (즉, 드립 백, 다시 채울 수있는 주사기, 프리 필드 캡슐, 외부 연료 탱크)에 대한 컨테이너를 사용 . </li><li> 트리의 중심에 칼날을 연출, 손으로 단단히 몸을 잡습니다. 칼날은 섬유 (즉, 수직)에 평행하게 감독해야합니다. </li><li> 외부 라텍스 개스킷 완전히 압착 될 때까지 다른 한편으로 바디에 슬라이딩 해머 타격. </li><li> 원뿔형 구멍에 주사기를 삽입하고 부드럽게 플런저를 끌어 : 타악기 동안 악기를 입력 공기는 액체를 통해 흐를 것이다. 플런저의 저항은 블레이드의 완벽한 삽입을 나타냅니다. 참고 : 다른 커플 링 공기 인출 할 수없고 치료가 느려집니다으로. </li><li> 총 흡수 기다립니다. </li><li> 주입 decrea에 (즉, 10 ㎖ / 1 분) 빠른 경우SE는 포트의 총 수는 비어 전에 용기를 리필하고 포트 수를 계산. 참고 : 적어도 하나의 포트 / 원주를 따라 40cm가 제안되고, 캐노피에 액체의 양호한 분배를 보장한다. </li><li> 주입이 너무 오래 걸리면 (이상 1 ㎖ / 분, 즉 흐린 날이나 침엽수와 손바닥) 플런저를 다시 삽입하고 엄지 손가락으로 낮은 압력을가하거나 압력에 도구를 연결하는 빛 주입 모드로 설정 탱크 (약 1.5 바,도 3a 및 b). </li><li> 주입이 발생하지 않는 경우에 적합 생리 및 기후 조건이 우선 될 때까지 치료를 연기. </li><li> 컨테이너가 비어있을 때 남아있는 액체가, 블레이드 (8-10 초) 종료 주사기를 제거하고 반대 방향으로 망치를 쳐서 잎을 추출하기 위해 기다립니다. </li><li> 다음 포트로 이동합니다. </li><li> 상처의 보호는 바람직하거나 강제적 인 경우에 불활성 왁스 나 껌을 사용합니다. 아니테 : 살충제가 포함 된 잇몸을 잘라내거나 이식하면 상처 폐쇄를 늦추고, 형성층에 대한 식물 독성이 될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 투과성 질환에 의해 영향을 식물의 경우에는, 처리 후의 블레이드 본체 모두 소독. , 알코올이나 과산화수소를 로컬로 허용 사용할 경우. 열 소독의 경우에는, 외부와 두 개의 내부 고무 가스켓을 모두 제거하고 개별적으로 치료하거나 대체합니다. </li></ol>

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기술 장비의 특허 참조 PD2011A000245, EP2012/063680, WIPO WO/2013/010909 있습니다.

나무 endotherapy의 인정 환경의 장점에도 불구하고, 지금이 방법의 폭 넓은 확산을 제한하는 주요 요인 (즉, 지연 상처 봉합, 기생충 감염을 통해 기존의 압력 방법에 사용되는 드릴 구멍의 부작용에 관한 한 최대 구멍, 비활성 변색 목재 생산). 다른 방법과는 대조적으로, 기술 하나는 치료 성공을위한 작은 중요성으로 배달 속도를 고려하여, 호스트 생리학을 준수 작업?...

최근에는 트렁크 endotherapy 점차적으로 나무가 우거진 식물 1-6 기존 에어 스프레이 방법을 대체했다, 그러나 이것은 최근의 생각이 아니다. 15 세기의 레오나르도 다빈치는 그가 송곳 7로 만든 깊은 구멍을 통해 사과 나무의 트렁크에 비소 용액을 주입하여 사과를 취하게 할 수있었습니다 방법에 대해 자세히 설명했다. 조금 그 이후로 변경되었습니다 자연에서 쉽게 사용할 수 화학 물질이 점차적으로보다 효율적으로 합성 활성 성분 (살충제, 살균제, 살균제, 비료, 식물 성장 조절제 및 방습제)로 대체되었습니다. 높은 압력으로 발전 대기압 주사, 손으로 구동 송곳 현대 전지 훈련 8-10로 대체되었습니다. 불행하게도, 심지어 날카로운 드릴 눈물 비트 및 구멍 폐쇄에 대한 책임 cambial 조직을 과열. 결과적으로, 상처 폐쇄가 지연 인접 우디 조직의 큰 부분은 재미를 잃게된다ctionality (11)의 상하 몇개의 발에 주사 부위에서 ( &quot;변색 된 목재&quot;). 또한, 분리 구멍은 쉽게 출혈 수액에 매료되어 나무의 강도와 안정성 (12, 13)의 결과적 손실, 장기 내부 붕괴로 이어지는 박테리아와 곰팡이에 의해 식민지가 될 수있다. 실현 그 1) 종 섬유의 그룹은 렌티큘러 양면이 볼록한 형상 (그림 1a)에 따라 분리, 2) 혈관으로 수액 움직임은 유체 역학 베르누이의 원리를 실현, 2011 년 파도바 대학은 새로운 14 드릴 무료 endotherapic 설계 그 섬유를 분리하는 나무를 입력 필수 렌즈 모양, 볼록 및 중공 블레이드와 악기. 이러한 방식으로, 내부 xylematic 혈관 최소 마찰 (도 1B)으로 도달하고, 그 부분의 일시적인 감소는 외부 액체의 자연 흡수를 촉진, 수액 속도를 증가(그림 1C, 비디오 1) (15, 16).

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

나무가 우거진 식물, 목부 수액 인해 단풍의 지하수에서 물 잠재력의 감소 기울기에 혈관을 통해 위쪽으로 이동합니다. 이러한 요인과 그 역학에 따르면, SAP 호환 액체 (즉 살충제)의 소량이 내부에서 그들의 타겟에 도달 목질부 시스템으로 주입 될 수있다. &quot;트렁크 주사&quot;또는 &quot;트렁크 주입&quot;(사용자가 외부 압력을 공급 여부에 따라) 호출이 endotherapic 방법은, 이에 도시 상황이 특히 유용하게, 단지 목표 나무 내에 적용된 화학 물질을 한정한다. 전통적인 드릴링 방법의 넓은 사용을 제한하는 주요 요소는 아래 껍질 통 용기에 액세스하기 위해 몸통 둘레 뚫어야한다 구멍의 부작용과 관련된다. 파도바 대학 (이탈리아)는 최근 당에 작은 수동 드릴이없는 기기를 개발최소한의 마찰과 나무가 우거진 섬유를 분리하여 트렁크를 입력 forated 블레이드. 또한, 렌티큘러 모양의 잎은 혈관 &#39;단면, 수액 속도를 증가 및 증산 속도가 충실 잎에 외부 액체 최대의 자연 흡수를, 수를 줄일 수 있습니다. 곧 인해 자연 탄력과 turgidity 식물 조직, 그리고 cambial 활동이 몇 주 동안 치료 과정을 완료하는 블레이드의 제거 후 부분적으로 가까운 항구.

그것의 작은 차원과 독특한 모양으로, 렌티큘러 블레이드 cambial를 제거하고 조직을 우디, 그리고 기존의 드릴 구멍과 비교했을 때, 상처 (그림 4a) 눈에 띄게 작다하지 않습니다. 보통, 구멍의 가장자리가 서서히 종종 있기 때문에 드릴링 동안 과열, cambial 조직 (그림 4B1)에 의해 구획 된 있습니다. 반대로, 렌즈 모양의 칼날 같은 나무를 치료 한 후, 목질 섬유는 이전의 형태...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

전통적인 구멍 기반 방법에 비해, 그 중 대부분은 렌즈 모양의 블레이드와 도구 endotherapy 상처의 폐쇄를 완화하고, 솔루션의 자연 흡수를 허용하는 기본 변환, 나무가 드릴 수 있어야합니다.

벤 투리 효과는 우리의 나무를 치료 도울 수

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.7K 조회수.  Unversity of Padova.  전통적인 구멍 기반 방법에 비해, 그 중 대부분은 렌즈 모양의 블레이드와 도구 endotherapy 상처의 폐쇄를 완화하고, 솔루션의 자연 흡수를 허용하는 기본 변환, 나무가 드릴 수 있어야합니다. 

비디오: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

물리, 화학에 대한 생산 식스 Biochars의 생물학적 특성 오염 된 사이트의 재조정

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

연구

환경과학

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

우라늄에서 구리 산화물 나노 입자에 의한 미량 원소의 제거<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 복구 블리드 물과 세포 생존에 미치는 영향

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

수생 미생물 Metaproteomics 워크 플로우 : 탠덤 질량 분석 기반 분석에 적합 트립신 펩티드로 세포

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

온실면에 두 점박이 진드기 피해의 원격 탐사 평가

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

결합 문학, 지구 화학 및 미생물 조사를위한 토양 모형 매립 발굴

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

수분 (受粉) 생태학의 필드 실험 :의 케이스<em&gt; 상사화 sanguinea</em&gt; VAR.<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

식민지 수준에 개인에서 꿀 꿀벌 개발에 대한 환경 화학 물질의 효과를 평가

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

간단한 다시 설정 나무에 대 한 기술을 설치 하 여 자주 침수 발생

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

고기 건조 하는 동안 미생물 부하에 백 리 향 에센셜 오일의 응용 프로그램의 효과

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

나무에서 줄기 물 콘텐츠를 모니터링 하는 교정 및 정전 용량 센서의 사용

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...