El autor agradece a la Oficina de Patentes de la Universidad de Padova, el Departamento TeSAF y Vitzani srl por su apoyo financiero y técnico que permitió el desarrollo del instrumento, el Dr. Jonathan Cocking (Reino Unido) por su amable cooperación y la revisión lingüística, el municipio de Ponte San Nicolò PD de amable hospitalidad durante la grabación de vídeo, y los revisores anónimos por sus sugerencias, detalladas con propósito.

<ol><li> Lleve a cabo los tratamientos de preferencia entre la brotación y finales del verano, en días soleados y ventosos, de acuerdo con las reglas generales de la endoterapia árbol 17. </li><li> Use guantes, gafas de protección y cualquier otro dispositivo de seguridad de acuerdo a la normativa vigente. </li><li> Familiarizarse con el instrumento, el montaje y desmontaje ella. Sus principales componentes son reportados en la Figura 2. </li><li> Familiarizarse con el método, que se describe en los siguientes pasos, y en Video 2. Empieza a practicar la técnica de infusión de uso de agua en un árbol podado sin con corteza lisa, canopy plenamente desarrollado y hojas muy grandes (es decir, Platanus spp., Quercus spp.). </li><li> Utilice sólo líquidos tóxicos (insecticidas, fungicidas, desecantes, etc) autorizados para inyección árbol de acuerdo a las normas locales o nacionales, y diluido según la información productor (vea la etiqueta). </li><li> Mida la circunferencia (crf = diámetro x 3,14) del árbol en b(si cfr es 190 cm y la dosis es de 0,7 ml / cm, se inyectará una cantidad total de 133 ml de líquido diluido es decir) Altura reast y calcular la cantidad de disolución de acuerdo con la información técnica facilitada por el productor del líquido. </li><li> Calcular el número de puertos que hacerse de acuerdo con el diámetro (Ø) o la circunferencia (crf) a la altura del pecho, previendo 1 port/25-30 cm crf y redondeando el resultado a la unidad siguiente (es decir, 190 cm crf = 6,3 = 7 puertos). </li><li> Volver a calcular la distancia entre los puertos de acuerdo con el número final de los puertos (es decir 190 cm / 7 puertos = 27 cm) </li><li> Calcular el volumen final de líquido / puerto (es decir, 133 cc en total de puertos / 7 = 19 ml / puerto). </li><li> Al utilizar cápsulas precargadas, calcule el número de puertos de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante. </li><li> Seleccionar los sitios de inserción equidistantes (es decir, 7) a lo largo de la circunferencia en los primeros 150 cm del suelo, prefiriendo ligeramente convexa, smoolugares th anteriores bengalas raíz. </li><li> Evite cualquier parte con anomalías que puedan interferir con la dinámica de la savia, por encima o por debajo del punto de inserción (es decir, nudos, descomposición de la madera, los cortes de poda). </li><li> Si es necesario, superficialmente suavizar la corteza con un cuchillo para permitir que la junta externa para hacer un sellado perfecto con la corteza. Si el sitio es demasiado duro o demasiado curva, mueva unos pocos centímetros a un lado. </li><li> Elija una cuchilla con una longitud compatible tanto con grosor de la corteza y el diámetro de los árboles y el tornillo al cuerpo. En las frondosas, por lo menos 2 cm deben entrar en los tejidos leñosos; en coníferas y palmáceas, hojas más largas son preferibles a superar las embarcaciones de resina o debido a la anatomía Monocotyledonae, respectivamente. </li><li> Llene una jeringa desechable farmacéutica (la solución más barata y más eficaz) de volumen adecuado con la solución requerida para una sola inserción (es decir, 17,14 ml), manteniendo el émbolo en por lo menos 3 cm de profundidad (es decir, una jeringa de 20 ml). </li><li> Como alternativa a la jeringa, use un contenedor para las inyecciones de árbol (es decir, bolsas de goteo, jeringas reutilizables, cápsulas precargadas, tanques externos) encajan con el orificio cónico (estándar aguja hipodérmica hembra) o el hilo de 1/8 &quot;que se encuentra en el brazo de la herramienta . </li><li> Mantenga el cuerpo firmemente con una mano, la dirección de la cuchilla al centro del árbol. Borde de la cuchilla debe estar dirigida paralela a las fibras (es decir, verticalmente). </li><li> Con la otra mano golpear el martillo deslizante en el cuerpo hasta que la junta de látex externa está completamente exprimido. </li><li> Inserte la jeringa en la abertura cónica y suavemente extraer el émbolo: aire que entró en el instrumento durante la percusión fluirá a través del líquido. La resistencia del émbolo indica la inserción perfecta de la cuchilla. Nota: con diferentes acoplamientos de aire no se puede dibujar y el tratamiento será más lenta. </li><li> Espere a que la absorción total. </li><li> Si la infusión es rápida (es decir, 10 ml / 1 min), a dismiSE el número total de puertos de rellenar el recipiente antes de que sea vacío y luego volver a calcular el número de puertos. Nota: para asegurar una buena distribución del líquido a la cubierta, se sugiere al menos un puerto / 40 cm a lo largo de la circunferencia. </li><li> Si la infusión tarda demasiado tiempo (más de 1 ml / min, es decir, en los días nublados o en coníferas y palmáceas) cambia al modo de inyección de la luz, volviendo a colocar el émbolo y la aplicación de una baja presión con el pulgar, o conectar la herramienta a una presión tanque (ca. 1,5 bar; las figuras 3a y b). </li><li> Si la inyección no sucede, posponer el tratamiento hasta que las condiciones fisiológicas y climáticas adecuadas prevalecen. </li><li> Cuando el recipiente está vacío, esperar a que el líquido restante para salir de la cuchilla (8-10 segundos), retire la jeringa y extraer la cuchilla al golpear el martillo en la dirección opuesta. </li><li> Mover al siguiente puerto. </li><li> Utilice una cera inerte o goma si es deseable o no consentido protección de la herida. Note: la poda o el injerto de las encías que contienen plaguicidas puede ser fitotóxico para el cambium, lo que frena el cierre de la herida. </li><li> En el caso de las plantas afectadas por enfermedades transmisibles, desinfectar tanto la cuchilla y el cuerpo después del tratamiento. Dónde aceptables a nivel local, utilice alcohol o agua oxigenada. En el caso de la desinfección térmica, eliminar tanto el externo y dos juntas de goma internos y tratarlos por separado, o sustituirlos. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kielbaso, J. J., Ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proc. of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1978).</li><li>Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1991).</li><li>Chen, R. F., Wang, H. H., Wang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+and+metabolism+of+injected+glyphosate+in+lead+tree+(Leucaena+leucocephala).">Translocation and metabolism of injected glyphosate in lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala).</a> Weed Science. 57, 229-234 (2009).</li><li>Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Tamietti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+potassium+phosphyte+in+the+control+of+Chestnut+ink+disease.">Effectiveness of potassium phosphyte in the control of Chestnut ink disease.</a> Acta Hort. 866, 417-424 (2010).</li><li>Poltronieri, Y., Martinez, H. E. P., Cecon, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. Agric. 30, 4-5 (1976).</li><li>Perry, T. O., Santamour, F. S., Stipes, R. J., Shear, T., Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+alternatives+to+tree+injection.">Exploring alternatives to tree injection.</a> J. Arb. 17, 217-226 (1991).</li><li>Shigo, A. L., Campana, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discolored+and+decayed+wood+associated+with+injection+wounds+in+American+elm.">Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in American elm.</a> J. Arb. 3, 230-235 (1977).</li><li>Neely, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+closure+rates+on+trees.">Wound closure rates on trees.</a> J. Arb. 14, 250-254 (1988).</li><li>Shang, Q., Liao, K., Liu, H., Zhao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+Structure+of+Needle+Head+and+Seal+Mechanism+of+Tree+Trunk+Injection.">Study on Structure of Needle Head and Seal Mechanism of Tree Trunk Injection.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Montecchio, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE:+a+low+impact+tool+for+xylematic+injections.">BITE: a low impact tool for xylematic injections.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Antonini, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE,+un+nuovo+strumento+per+i+trattamenti+endoterapici+agli+alberi.">BITE, un nuovo strumento per i trattamenti endoterapici agli alberi.</a> Giardini e ambiente. 3, 70-73 (2013).</li><li>Chaney, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+related+to+chemical+movement+in+trees.">Anatomy and physiology related to chemical movement in trees.</a> J. Arb. 12, 85-91 (1988).</li><li>Cocking, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+on+the+22nd+AGM+of+the+European+Arboricultural+Council.">Report on the 22nd AGM of the European Arboricultural Council.</a> The ARB Magazine. 158, 27 (2012).</li><li>Strazzabosco, L., Klaudatos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separa+non+buca.">Separa non buca.</a> Acer. 2, 33-37 (2013).</li><li>Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern Arboriculture. , (1991).</li></ol>

Las referencias de patentes del instrumento descrito son PD2011A000245, EP2012/063680, la OMPI WO/2013/010909.

A pesar de las ventajas ambientales reconocidos de endoterapia árbol, hasta ahora el principal factor que limita un margen más amplio de este método se ha relacionado con los efectos secundarios negativos de los agujeros de perforación utilizados en los métodos de presión tradicionales (es decir, retraso en el cierre de heridas, infecciones parasitarias a través el agujero, la producción de madera descolorida inactivo). A diferencia de otros métodos, el que se describe se c...

En los últimos tiempos, endoterapia tronco ha reemplazado progresivamente métodos tradicionales de pulverización con aire en plantas leñosas 1-6, pero esto no es una idea reciente. En el siglo 15 th Leonardo Da Vinci se describe en detalle la forma en que fue capaz de intoxicar a las manzanas mediante la inyección de una solución de arsénico en el tronco de un manzano a través de agujeros profundos hechos con una barrena 7. Poco ha cambiado desde entonces: los productos químicos fácilmente disponibles en la naturaleza han sido reemplazados gradualmente con ingredientes activos sintéticos más eficientes (insecticidas, fungicidas, bactericidas, fertilizantes, reguladores del crecimiento de las plantas y los desecantes). Inyecciones presión atmosférica evolucionado en alta presión y barrenas impulsada mano han sido sustituidos por los taladros de batería modernos 8-10. Por desgracia, incluso el taladro mordió aguda lágrimas y se recalienta el tejido cambial responsable del cierre del agujero. En consecuencia, el cierre de la herida se retrasa y grandes secciones de los tejidos leñosos adyacentes pierden su diversiónctionality (&quot;madera descolorida&quot;) del sitio de la inyección a varios metros por encima y por debajo de 11. Además, los agujeros unplugged fácilmente pueden ser colonizados por bacterias y hongos, atraídos por la savia sangrado y que conducen a la decadencia interna a largo plazo, con la consiguiente pérdida de resistencia de la madera y la estabilidad 12,13. Al darse cuenta de que: 1) un grupo de fibras longitudinales separa según una geometría lenticular lenticular (Figura 1a), y 2) los movimientos de savia en los vasos cumplir el principio de Bernoulli en la dinámica de fluidos, en 2011 la Universidad de Padova diseñado un nuevo 14-drill libre endotherapic instrumento con una hoja lenticular esencial, biconvexos y hueco que penetra en la madera que separa sus fibras. De esta manera, los vasos xilemático interiores se alcanzan con una fricción mínima (Figura 1b), y la reducción temporal de su sección aumenta la velocidad de SAP, la aceleración de la absorción natural de un líquido externo(Figura 1c, Video 1) 15,16.

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

En las plantas leñosas, la savia del xilema se mueve hacia arriba a través de los vasos debido a un gradiente decreciente de potencial hídrico de las aguas subterráneas en el follaje. De acuerdo con estos factores y su dinámica, pequeñas cantidades de líquidos compatibles con SAP (es decir, pesticidas) pueden ser inyectados en el sistema de xilema, de llegar a su objetivo desde el interior. Este método endotherapic, llamado &quot;inyección en el tronco&quot; o &quot;infusión tronco&quot; (dependiendo de si el usuario proporciona una presión externa o no), limita los productos químicos aplicados sólo dentro del árbol de destino, haciendo por ello particularmente útil en situaciones urbanas. Los principales factores que limitan el uso más amplio de los métodos de perforación tradicionales están relacionados con efectos secundarios negativos de los agujeros que deben ser perforados alrededor de la circunferencia del tronco con el fin de obtener acceso a los vasos del xilema debajo de la corteza. La Universidad de Padova (Italia) ha desarrollado recientemente un instrumento sin taladro manual con una pequeña, porla cuchilla perforada que entra en el tronco mediante la separación de las fibras leñosas con una fricción mínima. Además, la hoja con forma lenticular reduce la sección transversal de los buques, lo que aumenta la velocidad de la savia y permitiendo la captación natural de un líquido externo hasta las hojas, cuando la tasa de transpiración es sustancial. Puertos parcialmente cerrar pronto después de la eliminación de la hoja debido a la elasticidad natural y turgencia de los tejidos de la planta, y la actividad cambial completa el proceso de curación en pocas semanas.

Debido a su pequeña dimensión y forma única, la hoja lenticular no elimina cambial y Woody tejidos, y en comparación con los agujeros de perforación tradicionales, la herida es visiblemente más pequeño (Figura 4a). Por lo general, los bordes del agujero están compartimentados lentamente por los tejidos del cambium (Figura 4b1), a menudo debido a un sobrecalentamiento durante la perforación. Por el contrario, después de tratar el mismo árbol con una hoja lenticular, las fibras...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

En comparación con los métodos basados ​​en los agujeros más tradicionales, la mayoría de los cuales requieren el árbol a ser perforado, herramientas con cuchillas lenticulares transforman los conceptos básicos de endoterapia facilitar el cierre de la herida y permitir la absorción natural de las soluciones.

Un Efecto Venturi puede ayudar a curar nuestros árboles

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.7K vistas.  Unversity of Padova.  En comparación con los métodos basados ​​en los agujeros más tradicionales, la mayoría de los cuales requieren el árbol a ser perforado, herramientas con cuchillas lenticulares transforman los conceptos básicos de endoterapia facilitar el cierre de la herida y permitir la absorción natural de las soluciones. 

Video: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

Física, química y caracterización biológica de seis biochars Producido para la Remediación de Sitios Contaminados

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

La eliminación de oligoelementos por cúprico Óxido nanopartículas de uranio<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Recuperación de purga de agua y su efecto sobre la viabilidad celular

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

Un Aquatic Microbial metaproteomics Flujo de trabajo: a partir de células a tríptico péptidos adecuados para el análisis basado en la espectrometría de masas en tándem

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

Evaluación a distancia de detección de manchas de dos daños araña roja de algodón de efecto invernadero

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Lisímetro suelo de excavación para acoplados hidrológicos, geoquímicos, e investigaciones microbiológicas

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

Los experimentos de campo de Ecología de la Polinización: el caso de<em&gt; Sanguinea Lycoris</em&gt; Var.<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

Evaluar el efecto de sustancias químicas ambientales en la miel de abeja Desarrollo de la colonia individual a nivel

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Una sencilla técnica de plantación para restablecer los árboles donde se produce la inundación frecuente

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

El efecto de la aplicación de aceite esencial de tomillo en la carga microbiana durante el secado de la carne

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

La calibración y uso de sensores de capacitancia para monitorear el contenido de agua del tallo en árboles

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...