O autor agradece o Escritório de Patentes da Universidade de Pádua, o Departamento TeSAF e Vitzani srl por seu apoio técnico e financeiro que permitiu o desenvolvimento do instrumento, Dr. Jonathan Cocking (Reino Unido), por sua cooperação amável e revisão linguística, o Município de Ponte San Nicolò PD para generosa hospitalidade durante a gravação de vídeo, e os revisores anônimos por suas sugestões detalhadas, proposital.

<ol><li> Realizar tratamento de preferencia entre brotação e final do verão, em dias ensolarados e arejados, de acordo com regras gerais em árvore endoterapia 17. </li><li> Use luvas, óculos de proteção e qualquer outro dispositivo de segurança de acordo com a regulamentação em vigor. </li><li> Familiarize-se com o instrumento, desmontar e remontar ele. Os seus componentes principais são apresentados na Figura 2. </li><li> Familiarize-se com o método, descrito nas etapas a seguir e em Video 2. Comece a praticar a técnica de infusão com água em uma árvore não-podadas com casca lisa, copa totalmente desenvolvido e folhas muito grandes (ou seja, Platanus spp., Quercus spp.). </li><li> Utilize apenas líquidos tóxicos (inseticidas, fungicidas, herbicidas dessecantes, etc) autorizadas para injeção de árvore de acordo com as regras locais ou nacionais, e diluído de acordo com as informações do produtor (ver rótulo). </li><li> Meça a circunferência (IRC = diam x 3,14) da árvore em breast altura e calcular a quantidade de solução de acordo com a informação técnica fornecida pelo produtor do líquido (ou seja, se é cfr 190 centímetros ea dosagem é de 0,7 ml / cm, uma quantidade total de 133 ml de líquido diluído será injetado). </li><li> Calcule o número de portas a ser feita de acordo com o diâmetro (diam) ou circunferência (IRC) à altura do peito, que prevê um port/25-30 cm crf e arredondando o resultado para a unidade seguinte (ou seja, 190 centímetros crf = 6,3 = 7 portos). </li><li> Recalcular a distância entre as portas de acordo com o número final de portas (ou seja, 190 cm / 7 portas = 27 cm) </li><li> Calcule o volume final de líquido / porta (ou seja, 133 cc no total / 7 Portas = 19 ml / porta). </li><li> Ao utilizar cápsulas pré-cheias, calcular o número de portas de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. </li><li> Escolha locais de inserção eqüidistantes (ou seja, 7) ao longo da circunferência nos primeiros 150 cm do solo, preferindo levemente convexa, smooª locais acima flares raiz. </li><li> Evite qualquer parte com anomalias capazes de interferir com a dinâmica de seiva, acima ou abaixo do local de inserção (ou seja, nós, deterioração da madeira, cortes de poda). </li><li> Se necessário, superficialmente suavizar a casca com uma faca para permitir que a junta externa para fazer uma vedação perfeita com a casca. Se o site é muito áspero ou muito curvo, mover alguns centímetros para o lado. </li><li> Escolha uma lâmina com um comprimento compatível com espessura de casca e diâmetro da árvore e aperte-o para o corpo. Em folhosas, pelo menos, 2 cm devem entrar nos tecidos lenhosos, em coníferas, palmeiras, pás mais longas são preferíveis para superar os vasos de resina ou por causa da anatomia monocotyledonae, respectivamente. </li><li> Encher uma seringa descartável farmacêutica (solução mais barato e mais eficaz) de um volume adequado com a solução necessária para uma única inserção (isto é, 17,14 ml), mantendo-se o êmbolo para, pelo menos, 3 cm de profundidade (isto é, uma seringa de 20 ml). </li><li> Como um alternativas da seringa, usar qualquer recipiente para injectáveis ​​de árvores (ou seja, sacos de gotejamento, seringas reutilizáveis, cápsulas pré-cheias, tanques externos) Montagem com o furo cônico (fêmea padrão agulha hipodérmica) ou o fio de 1/8 &quot;, localizado no braço do instrumento . </li><li> Segure o corpo firmemente com uma mão, direcionando a lâmina para o centro da árvore. O fio da lâmina deve ser dirigido paralelamente às fibras (ou seja, verticalmente). </li><li> Com a outra mão atacar o martelo deslizar sobre o corpo até que a junta de látex externo é completamente espremido. </li><li> Insira a seringa na abertura cônica e suavemente tirar o êmbolo: ar que entrou no instrumento durante a percussão fluirá através do líquido. A resistência do êmbolo indica a inserção perfeita da lâmina. Nota: com diferentes acoplamentos ar não pode ser retirado eo tratamento será mais lento. </li><li> Espere para a absorção total. </li><li> Se é infusão rápida (ou seja, 10 ml / 1 min), a dimise o número total de portas encher o recipiente antes de ele está vazio e, em seguida, recalcular o número de portas. Nota: para assegurar uma boa distribuição do líquido para a copa, pelo menos, uma porta / 40 cm ao longo do perímetro é sugerido. </li><li> Se infusão leva demasiado tempo (mais do que 1 ml / min, ou seja, nos dias nublados ou em coníferas, palmeiras) passará para o modo de injecção de luz, re-inserir o êmbolo e a aplicação de uma pressão de baixo com o polegar, ou ligar a ferramenta para uma pressurizada tanque (cerca de 1,5 bar; Figuras 3a e b). </li><li> Se a injeção não acontecer, adiar o tratamento até que prevalecem as condições fisiológicas e climáticas adequadas. </li><li> Quando o recipiente está vazio, aguardar o líquido remanescente para sair da lâmina (8-10 segundos), remover a seringa e extrair a lâmina pela remoção do martelo na direcção oposta. </li><li> Mover para a próxima porta. </li><li> Use uma cera inerte ou goma se a proteção da ferida é desejável ou obrigatório. Nãote: poda ou enxertia gengivas que contenham pesticidas pode ser fitotóxico para o câmbio, retardando o fechamento da ferida. </li><li> No caso de plantas que sofrem de doenças transmissíveis, desinfectar tanto da lâmina e do corpo após o tratamento. Onde localmente aceitável, use álcool ou peróxido de hidrogênio. Em caso de desinfecção de calor, remover o externo e duas juntas de borracha internos e tratá-los separadamente, ou substituí-los. </li></ol>

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	<li>Kielbaso, J. J., Ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proc. of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1978).</li><li>Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1991).</li><li>Chen, R. F., Wang, H. H., Wang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+and+metabolism+of+injected+glyphosate+in+lead+tree+(Leucaena+leucocephala).">Translocation and metabolism of injected glyphosate in lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala).</a> Weed Science. 57, 229-234 (2009).</li><li>Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Tamietti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+potassium+phosphyte+in+the+control+of+Chestnut+ink+disease.">Effectiveness of potassium phosphyte in the control of Chestnut ink disease.</a> Acta Hort. 866, 417-424 (2010).</li><li>Poltronieri, Y., Martinez, H. E. P., Cecon, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. Agric. 30, 4-5 (1976).</li><li>Perry, T. O., Santamour, F. S., Stipes, R. J., Shear, T., Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+alternatives+to+tree+injection.">Exploring alternatives to tree injection.</a> J. Arb. 17, 217-226 (1991).</li><li>Shigo, A. L., Campana, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discolored+and+decayed+wood+associated+with+injection+wounds+in+American+elm.">Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in American elm.</a> J. Arb. 3, 230-235 (1977).</li><li>Neely, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+closure+rates+on+trees.">Wound closure rates on trees.</a> J. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+related+to+chemical+movement+in+trees.">Anatomy and physiology related to chemical movement in trees.</a> J. Arb. 12, 85-91 (1988).</li><li>Cocking, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+on+the+22nd+AGM+of+the+European+Arboricultural+Council.">Report on the 22nd AGM of the European Arboricultural Council.</a> The ARB Magazine. 158, 27 (2012).</li><li>Strazzabosco, L., Klaudatos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separa+non+buca.">Separa non buca.</a> Acer. 2, 33-37 (2013).</li><li>Shigo, A. 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Referências de patente do aparelho descrito são PD2011A000245, EP2012/063680, a OMPI WO/2013/010909.

Apesar das vantagens ambientais reconhecidos de endoterapia árvore, até agora o principal fator limitante uma maior divulgação deste método tem sido relacionada com os efeitos colaterais negativos dos furos utilizados nos métodos tradicionais de pressão (o fechamento da ferida ou seja, atraso, infecções parasitárias através o furo, a produção de madeira inactivo descolorido). Em contraste com outros métodos, previa a descrita para trabalhar de acordo com a fisiologia d...

Nos últimos tempos, tronco endoterapia substituiu progressivamente os métodos tradicionais de pulverização aérea em plantas lenhosas 1-6, mas esta não é uma idéia recente. No século 15 Leonardo Da Vinci descreveu em detalhes como ele foi capaz de intoxicar maçãs através da injeção de solução de arsênico no tronco de uma árvore de maçã através de buracos profundos feitos com uma verruma 7. Pouco mudou desde então: produtos químicos facilmente disponíveis na natureza têm sido gradualmente substituídos por ingredientes ativos sintéticos mais eficientes (inseticidas, fungicidas, bactericidas, fertilizantes, reguladores de crescimento de plantas e dessecantes). Injeções de pressão atmosférica evoluíram para alta pressão, e gimlets impulsionado mão foram substituídas por modernas baterias brocas 8-10. Infelizmente, mesmo a broca mais afiada mordeu lágrimas e superaquece o tecido cambial responsável pelo fechamento do buraco. Consequentemente, fechamento da ferida é atrasada e grandes seções de tecidos lenhosos adjacentes perder a sua diversãoctionality (&quot;madeira descolorida&quot;) a partir do local da injecção a vários metros acima e abaixo de 11. Além disso, os buracos desconectado pode facilmente ser colonizada por bactérias e fungos atraídos pela seiva sangramento e que levam a decadência interna de longo prazo, com a conseqüente perda de força e estabilidade madeira 12,13. Percebendo que 1) um grupo de fibras longitudinais separa de acordo com uma geometria lenticular lenticular (Figura 1a), e 2) os movimentos da seiva em vasos cumprir o princípio de Bernoulli em dinâmica de fluidos, em 2011, a Universidade de Pádua desenhou um novo 14 sem broca endotherapic instrumento com uma lâmina essencial lenticular, lenticular e oco que entra na madeira que separa suas fibras. Desta maneira, os navios xilemático interiores são atingidos com o mínimo de atrito (Figura 1b), e a redução temporária da sua secção aumenta a velocidade de seiva, acelerar a absorção natural de um líquido externo(Figura 1c, Vídeo 1) 15,16.

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

Em plantas lenhosas, seiva se move para cima através dos vasos devido a um gradiente decrescente de potencial de água do lençol freático para a folhagem. De acordo com esses fatores e suas dinâmicas, pequenas quantidades de líquidos seiva compatível (isto é, pesticidas) pode ser injetada no sistema xilema, atingindo seu alvo de dentro. Este método endotherapic, chamado &quot;injecção tronco&quot;, ou &quot;infusão tronco&quot; (dependendo se o utilizador fornece uma pressão externa ou não), limita as substâncias químicas aplicadas apenas dentro da árvore de destino, tornando-o particularmente útil em situações urbanas. Os principais factores que limitam o uso mais alargado dos métodos tradicionais de perfuração estão relacionados com os efeitos secundários negativos de os buracos que devem ser perfurados em torno da circunferência do tronco, a fim de ter acesso aos vasos do xilema debaixo da casca. A Universidade de Pádua (Itália), desenvolvido recentemente, um instrumento manual livre-broca com um pequeno, porlâmina forated que entra no tronco, separando as fibras lenhosas com o mínimo de atrito. Além disso, a lâmina em forma lenticular reduz seção transversal dos vasos, aumentando a velocidade de seiva e permitindo a absorção natural de um líquido up externo para as folhas, quando a taxa de transpiração é substancial. Portas parcialmente fechar logo após a remoção da lâmina, devido à elasticidade natural e turgescência dos tecidos de plantas, e a actividade cambial completa o processo de cura em poucas semanas.

Devido à sua pequena dimensão e forma original, a lâmina lenticular não remove cambial e Woody tecidos, e quando em comparação com os furos de perfuração tradicional, a ferida é visivelmente menor (Figura 4a). Normalmente, as extremidades do furo são lentamente compartimentado por tecidos cambiais (Figura 4B1), muitas vezes por causa do sobreaquecimento durante a perfuração. Por outro lado, após o tratamento da mesma árvore com uma lâmina lenticular, as fibras lenhosas re...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Em comparação com os métodos baseados em buracos mais tradicionais, a maioria dos que exigem a árvore a ser perfurado, ferramentas com lâminas lenticulares transformar os conceitos básicos de endoterapia facilitando o fechamento da ferida e permitindo a absorção natural das soluções.

Um Efeito Venturi pode ajudar a curar nossas árvores

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.7K visualizações.  Unversity of Padova.  Em comparação com os métodos baseados em buracos mais tradicionais, a maioria dos que exigem a árvore a ser perfurado, ferramentas com lâminas lenticulares transformar os conceitos básicos de endoterapia facilitando o fechamento da ferida e permitindo a absorção natural das soluções. 

Vídeo: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

Física, química e biológica dos Seis biochars produzido para a remediação de áreas contaminadas

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

Ambiente

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

A remoção do Trace Elements por Óxido de Cupric nanopartículas de urânio<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Recuperação sangro água e seu efeito na viabilidade celular

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

Um Aquatic Microbial metaproteômica fluxo de trabalho: a partir de células para Tryptic Peptides adequado para análise baseada em espectrometria de massa em tandem

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

Avaliação de Sensoriamento Remoto do Dois-manchada danos Aranha Mite em Cotton Greenhouse

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Monólito escavação para Coupled Hidrológicos, geoquímicos e microbiológicos Investigações

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

Experimentos de campo de Ecologia da polinização: o caso da<em&gt; Sanguinea de Lycoris</em&gt; Var.<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

Avaliando o efeito de substâncias químicas ambientais em Honey Bee Desenvolvimento do indivíduo para Colony Nível

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Uma simples técnica de plantação para restabelecer as árvores onde ocorre a inundação frequente

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

O efeito da aplicação do óleo essencial de tomilho na carga microbiana durante a secagem da carne

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

A calibração e a utilização de sensores de capacitância de monitorar o conteúdo de água do caule em árvores

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...