This work was funded, in part, by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the Annis Water Resources Institute. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. This article is Contribution 1867 of the U. S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center.

1，实验室实验<ol><li>得到的猎物鱼在实验过程中，以被馈送到捕食鱼。优选这些捕食鱼应该被捕获在该领域，冷冻，并储存于约-30℃。考虑商业捕鱼作业的猎物鱼的潜在来源。 </li><li>捕食鱼引入到实验室罐被用于实验。高达15捕食鱼已经被引入每一个870-L罐，和多达30个捕食鱼已经被引入到每一个2380-L罐中之前的研究16,18。 </li><li>适应捕食鱼饮食选择猎物的鱼。一旦适应，捕食鱼应该在开始实验前留在这个饮食1-3个月。 </li><li>抛开捕食鱼类样本通过随机选择从一批猎物鱼10〜20个混合样本。捕食鱼类的复合样品的数量范围可以从3到100，这取决于猎物的大小鱼。每个复合物的样品应该是双层包装，冷冻，并储存于约-30℃。 </li><li>通过在每一个容器的牺牲为30〜50％的鱼开始实验。 <ol><li>安乐死的鱼，混合8克Finquel用45升的水在一个大的塑料容器中，然后将鱼在所述容器与Finquel溶液。 </li><li>一旦安乐死，将所有从一箱中牺牲的鱼放入袋中，然后双击袋，并储存在-30°C，直到处理时间。 </li><li>称量每个剩余在每个水箱中的鱼的，并记录重量;麻醉剂可能会需要进行称量。 </li><li>麻醉的鱼，混合4.6克Finquel用在大型塑料容器45升水中，然后将鱼在所述容器与Finquel溶液。 </li><li>等待几分钟，麻醉称量鱼之前生效。 </li></ol></li><li>在实验中的每一天，解冻的适量的捕食鱼，切鱼捕食成片重约1到5g。称取猎物的鱼的数量被放置在每个坦克，然后放下猎物鱼肉片成每罐允许捕食鱼类约1小时进食。然后将所有吃剩的食物，让食物风干约20分钟，然后权衡吃剩的食物对每个坦克。记录食品的放置在箱中的量和食物残渣每天每罐的量。 注：对于代表的实验中，湖鳟鱼喂尽可能多的食物，因为它们会在每18天一次喂奶期间消耗。然而，捕食鱼，也可以放置在固定的口粮16,19。 </li><li>通过牺牲所有剩余的捕食鱼的各罐的终止实验。安乐死的鱼，混合8克Finquel用45升的水在一个大的塑料容器中，然后将鱼在所述容器与Finquel溶液。记录吨他的重量每个牺牲的鱼。对于可靠的结果，实验必须至少130天至少运行100天最好。将所有从罐鱼成一个包，然后双袋，并储存于约-30℃直到处理时间。 </li></ol> 2，鱼同质化<ol><li>选择一组捕食鱼类和/或捕食鱼类复合材料解冻。使复合材料部分地解冻。每个复合物可能需要0.5到1小时，使之均匀。 </li><li>使用适当大小的搅拌机，均匀每一个复合材料。对每个复合材料，放置样品（从50至100克）的匀浆成清洗，丙酮漂洗，并打成jar。然后盖上罐子，并在约-30℃的储存罐，直到处理的时间。 </li><li>洗用均化鱼的所有设备，并然后适当地用蒸馏水​​和甲醇，样品之间的冲洗。 </li></ol> 3，提取<ol><li>称取20.0克解冻均质鱼组织中的200ml烧杯中。 </li><li>加入约40克硫酸钠，并与刮刀拌匀。 </li><li>添加含有同源30，61，161，和166斯派克在那得到的提取物中20毫微克/毫升的最终浓度是代理秒杀的解决方案。 </li><li>使样品干燥在RT混合的同时，每隔20分钟。 </li><li>使样品达到一致性干砂的，在该点的样品准备用于萃取。 </li><li>成立了索氏抽提装置，配备了一枚500毫升瓶中含有特富龙煮芯片，索氏和冷凝器。 </li><li>干鱼的混合物添加到玻璃套管用粗烧结盘底或纸顶针。 </li><li>加入150毫升50％的己烷和50％二氯甲烷的一种用于样品的烧杯中，并搅拌，同时刮烧杯的侧壁用刮铲。 </li><li>通过索氏并在该溶剂中转移到索氏的顶部与附着在烧瓶中，并允许其周期到烧瓶中。 </li><li>再重复第二次150毫升。 </li><li>将索氏所附加的烧瓶上的加热元件和附加冷凝器。 </li><li>开启加热元件上，并把溶剂以温和的沸腾，然后提取了至少16小时确保冷的水被供给到冷凝器。 </li><li>使溶剂冷却后，检查以查看是否有任何试样瓶中含有水。对于那些含有水的烧瓶中，加入硫酸钠和摇动，直至水被硫酸钠吸收。 </li><li>集中使用氮气样品浓缩或Kaderna丹麦（KD）玻璃安装用热水洗澡的样本。 </li><li>允许样品蒸发至小于2毫升的体积，然后通过使用己烷的小洗涤至样品从用于一个5毫升容量瓶中的玻璃器皿传输带至5毫升的最终体积。 </li><li>转移到一个10毫升的小瓶样品的信息标签。 </li></ol><ol><li>通过添加44克浓硫酸至100g活性硅胶制备酸化的硅胶。 </li><li>添加10克酸化硅胶成含有一个小插件的玻璃棉在底部的小层析柱。 </li><li>经过预清洗柱，用10ml己烷中加入1 ml样品提取液上柱。 </li><li>洗脱的柱用20毫升己烷，并收集在锥形20毫升玻璃试管中。 </li><li>放置在氮蒸发器（N-VAP）装置的玻璃管在氮气流中，并浸入热水中。 </li><li>蒸发至小于1毫升但不至干。 </li><li>从N汽雾装置移除并转移到1-mL容量瓶中，用己烷的小洗涤。 </li><li>转移到1.8毫升进样瓶标有样品信息。 </li><li>秒杀4μL内标入瓶中。示例现在准备用于分析。 </li></ol> 5，肛门ysis的气相色谱 - 质谱联用负化学电离<ol><li>使用标准校准仪器：该标准是在混合物组成的良好分离同源组可用。混合1-5包括几乎所有在Arochlors 1016，1221，1232，1242，1248，1254中发现的同系物，和1260混合1被用作多级校正结构，以及系统的线性度由至少准备确认5校准水平介于2和100纳克/毫升的浓度。混合2-5被用作每个同源单点校准。 </li><li>成立色谱 - 质谱系统在负化学电离模式进行氢作为载气（1毫升/分钟）和甲烷作为反应气体。 </li><li>使用熔融石英毛细管柱（60m×0.25毫米内径）涂覆有DB-XLB，在0.25-μm的膜厚度进行分离。程序烘箱温度为60〜212℃，在25℃/分钟，然后以260℃下以1℃/分钟，然后至280℃，在4℃/分钟，用4分钟的最后保持时间。喷射器和传输线的温度应设定在280℃。注入1〜2微升使用不分流进样模式的样本。 </li><li>分析所有样品和标准使用13 C标记decachlorobiphenyl内标法。 </li><li>通过运行第二个来源的标准和Aroclors 1242和1260上执行初始校准的检查，然后针对多氯联苯同系物与观察到的款项从这个检查过程比较预测值。 </li><li>一旦最初的校准过程已成功完成，完成所有样品的分析。运行一个校验检查每十个样品，使用任何校准混合物从初始校准。 </li></ol>净营养转移效率6。计算<ol><li>计算净营养的传输效率，γ，每个组合Ø使用以下方程f罐和PCB同类物： <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51496/51496eq1.jpg" />其中[印刷电路板f]的是在水箱在实验结束时，捕食鱼的平均PCB同类物浓度，W f是在罐在实验结束时，捕食鱼的平均重量，[PCB I]是在储罐中的捕食鱼在实验开始时的平均PCB同类物浓度，W i是捕食鱼在实验开始时的平均体重，以及PCB同源物的摄取量指的是重量在实验的过程中，PCB同类物摄取，平均来说，每一个湖鳟鱼中的罐中。 </li><li>由猎物鱼的每捕食鱼在水箱杜尔吃过的平均量（重量）的捕食鱼复合乘以PCB同类物的平均浓度计算上述公式中的分母荷兰国际集团的实验的全过程。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Madenjian, C. P., Carpenter, S. R., Rand, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+are+the+PCB+concentrations+of+salmonine+individuals+from+the+same+lake+so+highly+variable?.">Why are the PCB concentrations of salmonine individuals from the same lake so highly variable?.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 51 (4), 800-807 (1994).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiency+of+PCBs+to+Lake+Michigan+coho+salmon+from+their+prey.">Net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan coho salmon from their prey.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 32 (20), 3063-3067 (1998).</li><li>Thomann, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioaccumulation+model+of+organic+chemical+distribution+in+aquatic+food+chains.">Bioaccumulation model of organic chemical distribution in aquatic food chains.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 23 (6), 699-707 (1989).</li><li>Calabrese, E. J., Baldwin, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Performing ecological risk assessments. , (1993).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+among+21+PCB+congeners.">Variation in net trophic transfer efficiencies among 21 PCB congeners.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 33 (21), 3768-3773 (1999).</li><li>Jackson, L. J., Schindler, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+estimates+of+net+trophic+transfer+of+PCBs+from+prey+fishes+to+Lake+Michigan+salmonids.">Field estimates of net trophic transfer of PCBs from prey fishes to Lake Michigan salmonids.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 30 (6), 1861-1865 (1996).</li><li>Gobas, F. A. P. C., Muir, D. C. G., Mackay, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+dietary+bioaccumulation+and+faecal+elimination+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+in+fish.">Dynamics of dietary bioaccumulation and faecal elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish.</a> Chemosphere. 17 (5), 943-962 (1988).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P., Pothoven, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+to+lake+whitefish+(Coregonus+clupeaformis)+from+their+food.">Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from their food.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 27 (3), 631-636 (2008).</li><li>Isosaarl, P., Kiviranta, H., Lie, &. #. 2. 1. 6. ;., Lundebye, A. K., Ritchie, G., Vartiainen, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+and+distribution+of+polychlorinated+dibenzo-p-dioxin,+dibenzofuran,+and+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+in+Atlantic+salmon+(Salmo+salar).">Accumulation and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23 (7), 1672-1679 (2004).</li><li>Buckman, A. H., Brown, S. B., Hoekstra, P. F., Solomon, K. R., Fisk, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicokinetics+of+three+polychlorinated+biphenyl+technical+mixtures+in+rainbow+trout+(Oncorhynchus+mykiss).">Toxicokinetics of three polychlorinated biphenyl technical mixtures in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23 (7), 1725-1736 (2004).</li><li>Burreau, S., Axelman, J., Broman, D., Jakobsson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+uptake+in+pike+(Esox+lucius)+of+some+polychlorinated+biphenyls,+polychlorinated+naphthalenes+and+polybrominated+diphenyl+ethers+administered+in+natural+diet.">Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucius) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16 (12), 2508-2513 (1997).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., DeSorcie, T. J., Stedman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ontogenic+and+spatial+patterns+in+diet+and+growth+of+lake+trout+in+Lake+Michigan.">Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 127 (2), 236-252 (1998).</li><li>Paterson, G., Whittle, D. M., Drouillard, K. G., Haffner, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Declining+lake+trout+(Salvelinus+namaycush)+energy+density:+are+there+too+many+salmonid+predators+in+the+Great+Lakes?.">Declining lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) energy density: are there too many salmonid predators in the Great Lakes?.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (6), 919-932 (2009).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Nortrup, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+approach+toward+evaluation+of+fish+bioenergetics+models.">A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 57 (5), 1025-1032 (2000).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., Pothoven, S. A., Kao, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reevaluation+of+lake+trout+and+lake+whitefish+bioenergetics+models.">Reevaluation of lake trout and lake whitefish bioenergetics models.</a> Journal of Great Lakes Research. 39 (2), 358-364 (2013).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+lake+whitefish+bioenergetics+model.">Evaluation of a lake whitefish bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 135 (1), 61-75 (2006).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Chernyak, S. M., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+chinook+salmon+(Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha)+bioenergetics+model.">Evaluation of a chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bioenergetics model.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 61 (4), 627-635 (2004).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., David, S. R., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+to+lake+trout+(Salvelinus+namaycush)+from+its+prey.">Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from its prey.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 31 (12), 2821-2827 (2012).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O'Connor, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+evaluation+of+a+lake+trout+bioenergetics+model.">Laboratory evaluation of a lake trout bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 128 (5), 802-814 (1999).</li><li>Ballschmiter, K., Bacher, R., Mennel, A., Fischer, R., Riehle, U., Swerev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+determination+of+chlorinated+biphenyls,+chlorinated+dibenzodioxins,+and+chlorinated+dibenzofurans+by+GC-MS.">The determination of chlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and chlorinated dibenzofurans by GC-MS.</a> HRC Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. 15 (4), 260-270 (1992).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., David, S. R., Pothoven, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+activity+and+energy+budget+balancing+algorithm+on+laboratory+performance+of+a+fish+bioenergetics+model.">Effects of activity and energy budget balancing algorithm on laboratory performance of a fish bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 141 (5), 1328-1337 (2012).</li><li>Lieb, A. J., Bills, D. D., Sinnhuber, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+dietary+polychlorinated+biphenyls+(Aroclor+1254)+by+rainbow+trout.">Accumulation of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) by rainbow trout.</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 22 (4), 638-642 (1974).</li><li>Niimi, A. J., Oliver, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+half-lives+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+(PCB)+congeners+in+whole+fish+and+muscle+of+rainbow+trout+(Salmo+gairdneri).">Biological half-lives of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in whole fish and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40 (9), 1388-1394 (1983).</li><li>Gobas, F. A. P. C., Wilcockson, J. B., Russell, R. W., Haffner, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+biomagnification+in+fish+under+laboratory+and+field+conditions.">Mechanism of biomagnification in fish under laboratory and field conditions.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 33 (1), 133-141 (1999).</li><li>Dmitrovic, J., Chan, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+in+human+milk+by+gas+chromatography+&#8211;+negative+chemical+ionization+mass+spectrometry+after+sample+clean-up+by+solid-phase+extraction.">Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in human milk by gas chromatography &#8211; negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry after sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction.</a> Journal of Chromatography B. 778 (1-2), 147-155 (2002).</li><li>Zorn, M. E., Gibbons, R. D., Sonzogni, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weighted+least-squares+approach+to+calculating+limits+of+detection+and+quantification+by+modeling+variability+as+a+function+of+concentration.">Weighted least-squares approach to calculating limits of detection and quantification by modeling variability as a function of concentration.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 69 (15), 3069-3075 (1997).</li></ol>

为γ的最准确的估计，实验者必须能够准确地跟踪食品的两个实验的过程中，放置在每一个容器并在每个罐的食物残渣的量的量。为了实现这一点，实验者必须能够从罐取出所有的食物残渣和准确地确定其重量。除了由捕食鱼实际上吃过的食物的准确的跟踪，γ的精确估计也可能依赖于实验的足够持续时间。鉴于广泛引用的实验室研究专门设计来估计多氯联苯营养转移效率对鱼类从他们的食物从105...

Of all of the factors affecting the rate at which fish accumulate contaminants, the efficiency with which fish retain contaminants from the food that they eat is one of the most important1-3. Risk assessment models have been developed to predict future risks to both people and wildlife eating contaminated fish under various scenarios of environmental contamination, and the reliability of these predictions critically depends on the accuracy of the estimates of the efficiency at which fish retain contaminants from their food4.
The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is transported through the gut wall is known as gross trophic transfer efficiency5. A portion of the quantity of the contaminant transported through the gut wall of the predator may eventually be lost through depuration and/or metabolic transformation. The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is retained by the predator, including any losses due to elimination and metabolic transformation, is known as net trophic transfer efficiency6.
Gross trophic transfer efficiency of organic contaminants to fish from their prey appears to vary with the contaminant&#8217;s chemical properties, including lipid affiliation as measured by the octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow3,7. According to an empirical relationship developed by Thomann3, gross trophic transfer efficiency is relatively high when log Kow is equal to a value between 5 and 6. Gross trophic transfer efficiency declines exponentially at a rate of 50% per unit of log Kow as log Kow increases from 6 to 10, according to the Thomann3 relationship.
Nevertheless, the gross and net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to fish from their prey do not appear to follow the Thomann3 relationship in most cases. Although the trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from its food followed the relationship proposed by Thomann8, trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners were either just weakly related or not related at all to log Kow for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)9, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)10, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)11, and northern pike (Esox lucius)11.
The overall goal of this study was to present a laboratory technique for estimating the net trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to a piscivorous fish from its prey. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was chosen as the piscivorous fish for our experiment because lake trout are relatively easy to maintain in laboratory tanks. Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) was selected as the prey fish to be fed to the lake trout because bloater is eaten by lake trout in its natural setting12. In addition, we determined whether the net trophic transfer efficiencies for lake trout estimated from our laboratory experiment followed the Thomann3 relationship. We also determined whether the degree of activity by the lake trout had a significant effect on net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of the PCB congeners. Activity by lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes is believed to have recently increased because changes in the food webs have caused lake trout to allocate more energy toward searching for food13. Lake trout were forced to exercise in one set of tanks by subjecting these lake trout to relatively high flow rates, whereas the other lake trout were permitted to remain relatively inactive by subjecting them to relatively low flow rates. Finally, the specific details of our laboratory procedure that need to be carefully followed to ensure the highest degree of accuracy in the &#947; estimates and to make the laboratory results applicable to the field are discussed, as well as future directions for research building on our laboratory technique. Net trophic transfer efficiency can be estimated both in the laboratory and in the field, and advantages and disadvantages are associated with both approaches. Accuracy in the estimate of &#947; depends on the accuracy of the estimate of food consumption. The amount of food eaten by fish in the laboratory can be accurately determined when proper protocols are followed, whereas the amount of food eaten by fish in the field is typically estimated via bioenergetics modeling. Use of bioenergetics modeling to derive the amount of food eaten has the potential to introduce a substantial amount of uncertainty into the estimates of food consumption. Fish bioenergetics models have been shown to estimate food consumption with no detectable bias for the case of lake trout14,15, but considerable bias in bioenergetics model estimates of food consumption has been detected for the case of lake whitefish15,16. On the other hand, estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency estimated in the laboratory may not be applicable to the field due to a difference in feeding rates between the laboratory and the field17. Evidence from both the laboratory and the field suggest that feeding rate can influence &#947;14,17.
The methodology used in the present study for estimating &#947; in the laboratory is applicable to situations where the predator fish is fed prey fish, and the amount of prey fish eaten by the predator can be accurately tracked. To accomplish this, the experimenter must weigh all of the food before placement in the tank; and the experimenter must be able to remove all of the uneaten food from the tank, and then weigh the uneaten food. In addition, an adequate suite of mixers and blenders should be available to obtain a sufficient degree of homogenization of the samples of both predator and prey fish. Finally, the gas chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry instrumentation used to determine the PCB congener concentrations must be capable of detecting and quantifying individual PCB congeners at relatively low concentrations.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="632">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">870-L fiberglass tanks</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Frigid Units</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RT-430-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">2,380-L fiberglass tanks</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Frigid Units</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RT-630-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;width:259px;">Tricaine methanesulfonate (Finquel)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-FINQ-UE-100G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Eugenol could also be used as an anesthetic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:259px;">Ashland chef knife</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Chicago Cutlery</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SKU 1106336</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:259px;">Cutting board</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Williams-Sonoma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3863586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:259px;">Hobart verical mixer (40 quart)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Hobart Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:259px;">1.9-L food processor</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Robot Coupe, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RSI 2Y1&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Polyethylene bags (various sizes)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Arcan Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">I-Chem jars</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">I-Chem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">220-0125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Top-load electronic balance</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Mettler PM 6000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Sodium sulfate, anhydrous - granular</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SX0760E-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Glass extraction thimbles (45 mm x 130 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Wilmad-Lab Glass</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LG-7070-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Teflon boiling chips</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Chemware</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">919120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Rapid Vap nitrogen sample concentrator</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7910000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">N-Vap nitrogen concentrator</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Organomation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Soxhlet extraction glassware (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Wilmad-Lab Glass</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;LG-6900-104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Burdick &#38; Jackson&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cat. 211-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Burdick &#38; Jackson&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cat. 300-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Silica gel</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BDH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cat. BDH9004-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Labl Line 5000 mult-unit extraction heater</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Lab Line Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Agilent 5973 GC/MS with chemical ionization</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5973N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:259px;">Internal standard solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EC-1410-1.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">PCB congener calibration standards</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Accustandard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-CSQ-SET</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">DB-XLB column (60m x 0.25mm, 0.25 micron)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Agilent/ J&#38;W</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">122-1262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiencies of pcb congeners to lake trout (salvelinus namaycush) from its prey

一种技术实验室评估中的多氯联苯（PCB）同系物的净营养转换效率（γ），从它们的猎物肉食性鱼类在此说明。在135天的实验室实验中，我们给bloater（ 白鲑hoyi）已被夹在密歇根湖到湖鳟鱼（ 红点鲑namaycush）保持在八个实验室坦克。 Bloater是一种天然猎物的湖鳟。在四个罐的，相对高的流率被用来确保由湖鳟相对高的活性，而较低的流速在其它四个罐使用时，可以实现很低的湖鳟活性。上的槽由槽的基础上，被记录了食物对试验的每一天吃掉湖鳟鱼的数量。每个湖鳟鱼是在实验的开始和结束称重。处死四至九湖鳟从每八个坦克在实验开始时，所有的10湖鳟残留在每一个池中分别euthan美化版在实验结束。我们确定的75​​多氯联苯同系物在湖鳟浓度在实验开始时，在湖鳟鱼在试验结束，并在bloaters在实验过程中提供给湖红点鲑。基于这些测量，γ计算每75 PCB同系物中的每个8罐。意思是γ计算每个75 PCB同系物的激活和未激活湖鳟鱼。因为该试验重复在8缸，对标准误差平均值γ可估计。结果这种类型的实验都是在风险评估模型有助于预测未来的风险，人类和野生动物在环境污染的各种情景食用受污染的鱼类。

湖鳟鱼呈增长的大量实验过程中，作为初始湖鳟意味着重量介于694至907克而最后的湖鳟意味着权重介于853 1566克（ 表1）。食品135天的实验过程中消耗的湖鳟的平均金额介于641至2649克。由实验期间平均的PCB同源物的浓度在湖鳟增加，平均的PCB同源物浓度范围为0.01至7.14纳克/克（湿重）在实验开始时的平均PCB同源物的浓度从0.03范围到29.31结论实验（ 表2）。整个九月，抓bloat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey at JoVE.com

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey

一种技术实验室评估中的多氯联苯（PCB）同系物的净营养转换效率从他们的猎物肉食性鱼类呈现。最大化的实验室结果的适用性领域，食鱼鱼应喂是通常食用的字段猎物鱼。

多氯联苯同系物净营养转移效率湖鳟鱼实验室估计（<em&gt;红点鲑namaycush</em&gt;），从它的猎物

A technique for laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to piscivorous fish from ...

laboratory-estimation-net-trophic-transfer-efficiencies-pcb-congeners

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey

10.9K 次观看.  U. S. Geological Survey. 一种技术实验室评估中的多氯联苯（PCB）同系物的净营养转换效率从他们的猎物肉食性鱼类呈现。最大化的实验室结果的适用性领域，食鱼鱼应喂是通常食用的字段猎物鱼。 