著者は、UL1TR000071（NCATS）、P30DK079638（NIDDK）、P30DA028821（NIDA）とT32DA07287（NIDA）から資金提供を承認したいと思います。

すべての実験手順は実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針（実験動物資源研究所（米国）、1996年）に従い、テキサスメディカルブランチ大学の機関動物実験委員会の承認を得ている。 1。対象<ol><li>単一の家のオスのSDラットは、12時間の明暗サイクル（午前6:00-6のライト：00 PM）で225〜250 21℃におけるG 30〜50％の相対湿度を計量。 </li><li>低脂肪食（エネルギーで10％の脂肪）にラットを維持する。実験前少なくとも7日間、食品やコロニー部屋にラットを慣らす。動物は、研究を開始する前に3日間、車両の取扱い及び投与に慣らす。馴化後の最初の日は、実験日1です。 </li></ol> 2。ベースラインセクシャル<ol><li> 1日目は、各ケージ10％脂肪食品で、2清潔な食品ホッパー、AとB、その他でマーク1を埋める。 Weigh（フード付）食料ホッパーとラットの両方にアクセスすることが確実に、ケージに配置します。 </li><li> 2日目、ほぼ同時にフードホッパーが前日ケージに入れ、食物ホッパーの重量を記録し、この位置の偏りを軽減するホッパーと、ホッパーA Bの位置を切り替える。常に、ホッパーから取り外した食べ物をホームケージを調べて、それを比較検討し、それを占めている。食物摂取量を日の間、ホッパーの重量の変化によって測定される。 </li><li> 3日目は、以前のように食品ホッパーの重みを記録します。各食品ホッパー位置や食品ホッパー識別（AとB）で消費された食物の量を調べます。このデータは、位置の偏りや、特定のホッパー好みのベースラインの理解を与え、指定しないことを示し、約50％のプリファレンススコアを持っている必要があります。残りの食べ物を捨てる。 </li></ol> 3。脂肪セクシャル<ol><li> 3日目は、各ケージには2つのクリーンな食品のホッパーを得る。それは、きれいな食品ホッパーを使用することが重要です以前の実験から交絡香りを防止するために、さまざまな食品を切り替えるたびに呼び出されます。 15％の脂肪食品（ 表1）で12.5％の脂肪食品とホッパーBとホッパーAに記入してください。各ホッパーの開始重量を記録して、両方のケージに配置します。 </li><li> 4日目、ケージに戻ってそれらを置く際に、ホッパーAとBのホッパーの位置を切り替え、各ホッパーの重量を記録します。 </li><li> 5日目は、各ホッパーの重量を記録します。両方の日に消費された各食品のグラム数を決定した後、ラットの食物嗜好を決定することができる。 </li><li>繰り返しが増え、脂肪含有量（ 例えば最初の15％、次の17.5％、次いで20％、そして最後に45％脂肪）との食品に比べて12.5％の脂肪食品を使用して、同じ動物で3.1 3.3を使用して複数回繰り返します。 </li></ol> 4。データ計算および分析<ol><li>食物の塊から出発食物+ホッパーの最終質量を差し引くことにより、各動物についての1日の食物摂取量を計算する+ホッパー。各食品の2日間にわたって計測しているため、2日間の合計は、各％の脂肪含有量のために一緒に添加することができる。 </li><li>各2日間にわたって消費される総食物からより高い脂肪食品の摂取量を分割して脂肪嗜好度を算出する。例えば、1のラットは12.5％脂肪食と2日間の17.5％ダイエットの27.5グラムを8.9グラムを食べた。そのため、個々の動物に対する嗜好スコアは76％（27.5は36.4で割る）である。 </li><li>各飼料に対する嗜好スコア（15％、17.5％、20％、および45％脂肪）（ 図3）普通グラフ。総食物摂取量もまた有益であり、容易グラム（ 図4）としてプロットすることができる。 </li><li> 表1のエネルギー密度を用いて、総エネルギー摂取（キロカロリー）の関数として、嗜好スコア（ 図5A）および総食物摂取量（ 図5B）を発現する。 </li><li>動物の複数のグループを使用する場合は、双方向の反復を実行するEDは、ANOVAをボンフェローニポストテストに続いて測定します。電力解析は、群当たりn = 8匹の動物は、治療群間で7％の差を検出するのに適切であることを示します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+dietary+fat+in+calorie+intake+and+weight+gain.">Role of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 16 (4), 585-596 (1992).</li><li>Kendall, A., Levitsky, D. A., Strupp, B. J., Lissner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weight+loss+on+a+low-fat+diet:+consequence+of+the+imprecision+of+the+control+of+food+intake+in+humans.">Weight loss on a low-fat diet: consequence of the imprecision of the control of food intake in humans.</a> Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53 (5), 1124-1129 (1991).</li><li>Ackroff, K., Sclafani, A., Montmayeur, J. 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Nutr. 67, 505-512 (1998).</li><li>Sclafani, A., Ackroff, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+gut+nutrient+sensing+in+stimulating+appetite+and+conditioning+food+preferences.">Role of gut nutrient sensing in stimulating appetite and conditioning food preferences.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 302 (10), (2012).</li><li>Velloso, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+is+the+conductor:+diet-induced+inflammation+overlapping+physiological+control+of+body+mass+and+metabolism.">The brain is the conductor: diet-induced inflammation overlapping physiological control of body mass and metabolism.</a> Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. 53 (2), 151-158 (2009).</li><li>Vanzela, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pregnancy+restores+insulin+secretion+from+pancreatic+islets+in+cafeteria+diet-induced+obese+rats.">Pregnancy restores insulin secretion from pancreatic islets in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298 (2), (2010).</li><li>Johnson, S. L., McPhee, L., Birch, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+preferences:+young+children+prefer+flavors+associated+with+high+dietary+fat.">Conditioned preferences: young children prefer flavors associated with high dietary fat.</a> Physiol. Behav. 50 (6), 1245-1251 (1991).</li><li>Bolanos, C. A., Barrot, M., Berton, O., Wallace-Black, D., Nestler, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylphenidate+treatment+during+pre-+and+periadolescence+alters+behavioral+responses+to+emotional+stimuli+at+adulthood.">Methylphenidate treatment during pre- and periadolescence alters behavioral responses to emotional stimuli at adulthood.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 54, 1317-1329 (2003).</li><li>Ignar, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+Ingestive+Behaviors+in+the+Rat+by+GSK1521498,+a+Novel+{micro}-Opioid+Receptor-Selective+Inverse+Agonist.">Regulation of Ingestive Behaviors in the Rat by GSK1521498, a Novel {micro}-Opioid Receptor-Selective Inverse Agonist.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 339, 24-34 (2011).</li><li>Benzon, C. R., Johnson, S. B., McCue, D. L., Li, D., Green, T. A., Hommel, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromedin+U+receptor+2+knockdown+in+the+paraventricular+nucleus+modifies+behavioral+responses+to+obesogenic+high-fat+food+and+leads+to+increased+body+weight.">Neuromedin U receptor 2 knockdown in the paraventricular nucleus modifies behavioral responses to obesogenic high-fat food and leads to increased body weight.</a> Neuroscience. , (2013).</li><li>Lucas, F., Ackroff, K., Sclafani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+fat-induced+hyperphagia+in+rats+as+a+function+of+fat+type+and+physical+form.">Dietary fat-induced hyperphagia in rats as a function of fat type and physical form.</a> Physiol Behav. 45 (5), 937-946 (1989).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

ファット·プリファレンス·モデルは、有益で摂食行動のアッセイを行うことが容易である。このアッセイは、神経および肥満研究の重要なまだ代役エリアでの食品の好みを、根底にある分子メカニズムを識別するための機会を提供しています。遺伝的差異または薬理学的操作からの脂肪の好みの変化が選好曲線（ 図3B）で左右に移動するように可視化することができた。なお、?...

肥満は疾病管理予防センターは、アメリカの成人の上に第3が肥満であると推定すると、米国の1で流行して問題となっている。また、肥満は、2型糖尿病、高血圧、高コレステロールおよび2を含む多数の健康上の懸念のための危険因子として同定されている。多くの要因が肥満率の増加に影響を与えることが示されているが、主要栄養素、肥満3,4で果たす役割の継続的な関心と論争がある。 肥満に対する一つの要因は、高脂肪食の摂取量5である。増加した食事性脂肪を増大ヒトエネルギー消費6および体脂肪含有量の有意な増加7,8と相関している。さらに、食物脂肪中および消費7,9後の両方の報酬値を有している。そのため、高脂肪食品の影響の優先順位をどのような要因を決定することができ、ガイド薬物療法デジ両方GNや肥満につながることが基本となる栄養の選択肢の理解を促進する。ここで説明する脂肪選好モデルは、ラットの脂肪含有量の異なる食品の間に好みますが、同じような栄養価のためにテストします。具体的には、このモデルでは、同時により高い脂肪食品の詩低脂肪食品の消費されたグラムに基づいて好みの定量化を可能にする二つの異なる食品の選択とラットを提示します。薬理学的および遺伝的影響は、より高い脂肪含量を有する食品に対する嗜好の変化として測定することができる。 ファット·プリファレンス·モデルが広く使用されて味の良い食物摂取モデル10を補完するのに役立つだけでなく、いくつかの利点を提供する。このモデルは、実験者は、具体的に2食のオプションが利用可能である、制御された環境で摂食行動を評価することができます。伝統的な高脂肪摂食モデルは、食品の選択肢を研究する能力がなくなり1食品、などの重要なを提供します人間の食物摂取のPECT。いくつかのアッセイは、複数の食品の種類を提供していますか、多くの場合、「カフェテリア」タイプの給餌試験11と呼ばれている。ヒトの食品は、しばしば、アッセイで使用され、ウェルによる栄養変動性実験室環境に適していないので、これらの研究は再現性に悩まされる。そこで我々は、大幅な食事性脂肪などの主要栄養素の内容を変更するには、再現性と柔軟性を向上させること、個々の精製された成分を含んでいて定義された食事療法を使用しています。人間5の肥満に関連した高い食事性脂肪摂取と高脂肪食品12のための自然な人間の好みで、高脂肪食品のラットの好みを変えるの治療は、肥満に貴重な洞察を提供することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 10 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12450B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 12.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040501</td>
			<td>12.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 15 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040502</td>
			<td>15 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 17.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040503</td>
			<td>17.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 20 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040504</td>
			<td>20 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 45 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12451</td>
			<td>45 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">Rat feeders (3.75&#34;W x 2.875&#34;D x 5.25&#34;H)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Labex of MA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2528</td>
			<td>Food hoppers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fat preference: a novel model of eating behavior in rats

肥満は、肥満と分類された人口の3分の1以上との米国の成長する問題です。この多因子疾患に寄与する一つの因子は、高脂肪食の摂取、カロリー摂取量および体脂肪含有量の両方を増加させることが示された動作である。しかし、他の食品の上に高脂肪食に対する好みを規制する要素が代役のまま。 この赤字を克服するために、迅速かつ簡単に食事脂肪に対する嗜好の変化を試験するためのモデルが開発されました。ファット選好モデルは、脂肪含有量が異なる食品の間の選択肢の一連のラットを提示します。人間のように、ラットは、翻訳研究のためのラットモデルに最適です、高脂肪食を摂取に向けて自然なバイアスを持っている。好みの変化は遺伝子の違いや薬理学的介入のどちらかの効果に帰することができます。このモデルは、脂肪好みやSCREの決定基の探査が可能に薬物療法の薬剤をeningその肥満の影響が買収。

ラットは、脂肪含有量（ 表1）異なるで利用可能な食品の選択肢のプリファレンスを示すために、同時に食物ホッパー（ 図1）への物理的アクセスを有していた。ラットの食べ物は毎日秤量し、任意の食品のこぼれを簡単に発見されたとします（ 図2）を占めた。細かい食物粒子のこぼれを最小限であることが分かったと、実質的に、データには影響しま?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats at JoVE.com

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

哺乳動物における食事脂肪含量の影響の両方のエネルギー摂取量および体脂肪組成物。選択一連の実験において、高脂肪食のためのラットの好みを調べることにより、高脂肪食品のための彼らの好みに遺伝的差異および薬理学的介入を試験することが可能である。

脂肪嗜好：摂食行動の新規モデルラットにおける

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

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Behavior

13.0K ビュー.  University of Texas Medical Branch. 哺乳動物における食事脂肪含量の影響の両方のエネルギー摂取量および体脂肪組成物。選択一連の実験において、高脂肪食のためのラットの好みを調べることにより、高脂肪食品のための彼らの好みに遺伝的差異および薬理学的介入を試験することが可能である。 

ビデオ: Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

コカイン条件付け場所嗜好における標的遺伝子の役割を研究するためにCreリコンビナーゼを発現するウイルスベクターの定位マイクロインジェクション

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

行動学

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming：BTBRにおける新規モーター常<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自閉症の&gt; / Jマウスモデル

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

実験用ラットにおける味物質の強化特性を評価するための新しい方法：オペラント口腔内自己投与

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

げっ歯類精神運動警戒試験（rPVT）：ラットとマウスの神経行動のパフォーマンスを評価するための方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Automated Analysis of a Nematode Population-based Chemosensory Preference Assay

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' compact nervous system of only 302 neurons underlies a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To facilitate the dissection of the neural circuits underlying these behaviors, the development of robust and reproducible behavioral assays is necessary. Previous C. elegans behavioral studies have used variations of a "drop test", a "chemotaxis assay", and a "retention assay" to investigate the response of C. elegans to soluble compounds. The method described in this article seeks to combine the complementary strengths of the three aforementioned assays. Briefly, a small circle in the middle of each assay plate is divided into four quadrants with the control and experimental solutions alternately placed. After the addition of the worms, the assay plates are loaded into a behavior chamber where microscope cameras record the worms' encounters with the treated regions. Automated video analysis is then performed and a preference index (PI) value for each video is generated. The video acquisition and automated analysis features of this method minimizes the experimenter's involvement and any associated errors. Furthermore, minute amounts of the experimental compound are used per assay and the behavior chamber's multi-camera setup increases experimental throughput. This method is particularly useful for conducting behavioral screens of genetic mutants and novel chemical compounds. However, this method is not appropriate for studying stimulus gradient navigation due to the close proximity of the control and experimental solution regions. It should also not be used when only a small population of worms is available. While suitable for assaying responses only to soluble compounds in its current form, this method can be easily modified to accommodate multimodal sensory interaction and optogenetic studies. This method can also be adapted to assay the chemosensory responses of other nematode species.

We present a behavior recording setup and protocol that enables automated analysis of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' preference for soluble compounds in a population-based assay. This article describes the construction of a behavior chamber, the behavioral assay protocol, and video analysis software usage.

線虫集団ベースの化学感覚嗜好アッセイの自動解析

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans' compact nervous system of only 302 neurons underlies a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To facilitate the dissection ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

エアコンの場所の好みのパラダイムを使用してマウスの薬物探索の復権

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

ラットにおけるうつ病のような動作を誘導する新しい方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

新しいフィードバック システムを使用して食生活のコントロール

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...