저자는 UL1TR000071 (NCATS), P30DK079638 (NIDDK), P30DA028821 (NIDA)과 T32DA07287 (NIDA)에서 자금을 인정하고 싶습니다.

모든 실험 절차는 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용 (실험 동물 자원 연구소 (미국), 1996)에 대한 안내에 따라 텍사스 의료 지점의 대학 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회의 승인을합니다. 1. 주제 <ol><li> 21 ° C에서 225-250g 무게 단독 주택 수컷 흰쥐와 12 시간의 명암주기에 30 % ~ 50 % 상대 습도 (오전 6시-6에 점등 : 00시). </li><li> 저지방 음식 (에너지 10 % 지방)에 쥐를 유지한다. 이전의 실험에 최소 7 일 동안 음식과 식민지 방에 쥐를 길들. 동물 연구를 시작하기 전에 사흘 동안 차량의 취급 및 투약에 길들여있다. 습관화 후 첫 날은 실험 1 일입니다. </li></ol> 2. 초기 환경 설정 <ol><li> 1 일 각 케이지에 대한 10 %의 지방 음식으로, 두 음식 청소 호퍼, B와 다른 표시를 입력합니다. W(음식을) 식품 호퍼 eigh 케이지에 배치, 쥐를 보장하는 것은 모두에 액세스 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 2 일, 거의 동시에 음식 호퍼는 전날 케이지에 넣고, 음식 호퍼의 무게를 기록하고이 위치 편견을 완화 호퍼와 호퍼 (B)의 위치를​​ 전환 할 수 있습니다. 항상 호퍼에서 분리 한 모든 음식의 홈 케이지 검사를 무게, 그리고 차지하고있다. 음식 섭취는 일 사이 호퍼 무게 변화를 측정한다. </li><li> 3 일이 이전과 음식 호퍼의 무게를 기록한다. 각 식품 호퍼의 위치와 음식 호퍼 식별 (A와 B)에서 소비되는 음식의 양을 검사합니다. 이 데이터는 위치 바이어스 특정 호퍼 취향의 기본 이해를 제공하고, 선호하는이 없음을 나타내는 약 50 %의 선호도 점수가 있어야합니다. 남은 음식을 던져. </li></ol> 3. 지방의 환경 설정 <ol><li> 3 일 각 케이지 두 깨끗한 음식 호퍼을 구하십시오. 그것은 깨끗한 음식 호퍼를 사용하는 것이 중요합니다이전의 실험에서 혼란 냄새를 방지하기 위해 다른 음식 사이를 전환 할 때마다. 15 % 지방 식품 (표 1)과 12.5 %의 지방 음식과 호퍼 B와 호퍼를 입력합니다. 각 호퍼의 시작 무게를 기록하고 새장에 모두 배치합니다. </li><li> 하루 4, 새장에서 그들을 다시 배치에 호퍼와 호퍼 B의 위치를​​ 전환, 각 호퍼의 무게를 기록한다. </li><li> 5 일 각 호퍼의 무게를 기록한다. 둘 다 일에 소비되는 각 음식의 그램을 결정한 후, 쥐의 음식 취향을 결정할 수있다. </li><li> 반복이 증가하고 지방 함량 (예를 들어, 첫 번째 15 %, 다음 17.5 %, 다음 20 %, 그리고 마지막 45 % 지방)와 음식에 비해 12.5 %의 지방 음식을 사용하여 같은 동물들과 함께 3.1 3.3을 통해 여러 번 반복합니다. </li></ol> 4. 데이터 계산 및 분석 <ol><li> 후드의 출발 질량으로부터 음식 + 호퍼의 최종 질량을 감산하여 각 동물에 대해 하루 음식 섭취량을 계산+ 호퍼. 각각의 음식을 2 일 동안 측정되기 때문에, 2 일 총 각 %의 지방 함량을 위해 함께 추가 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 각 2 일 동안 소비하는 전체 음식에서 높은 지방 음식의 섭취를 분할하여 지방 환경 점수를 계산합니다. 예를 들어, 쥐가 12.5 % 지방 다이어트 2 일 동안 17.5 % 다이어트의 27.5 g 8.9 g을 먹었다. 따라서 개별 동물에 대한 기본 점수 (27.5 36.4로 나눈 값) 76 %입니다. </li><li> 평균 각각의 다이어트 (15 %, 17.5 %, 20 % 및 45 % 지방) (그림 3)에 대한 그래프 선호 점수. 총 식품 섭취량은 유익하고 쉽게 (그림 4) 그램으로 그릴 수 있습니다. </li><li> 표 1의 에너지 밀도를 사용하여 전체 에너지 섭취량 (킬로 칼로리)의 함수로서 선호 점수 (도 5a) 및 전체 식품 섭취량 (도 5b)을 표현한다. </li><li> 동물의 하나 이상의 그룹을 사용하는 경우, 양방향 반복 수행ED는 ANOVA는 Bonferroni 사후 테스트 한 다음 측정한다. 전력 분석은 군당 N = 8 동물 처리 군 7 % 사이의 차이를 검출하기위한 적절한 것을 나타낸다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

지방의 환경 모델은 먹이 행동의 유익한하기 쉬운 분석이다. 이 분석은 신경과 비만 연구의 중요한 아직 understudied 아르 영역입니다 식품 환경 설정을, 기초 분자 메커니즘을 식별 할 수있는 기회를 제공한다. 유전 적 차이 또는 약물 조작에서 지방 환경의 변화는 기본 곡선 (그림 3B)의 우측 또는 좌측으로 이동 된 것과 같이 시각화 될 수있다. 그것은 환경 곡선의 모든 변화를 시각화?...

비만은 미국 성인의 3 이상이 비만인 것으로 추정 질병 통제 예방 센터 (CDC)와 미국 1에서 널리 문제입니다. 비만은 또한 타입 2 당뇨병, 고혈압, 고 콜레스테롤이 등 수많은 건강 문제에 대한 위험 인자로 확인되었다. 많은 요인이 비만 율의 증가에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 다량 영양소가 비만 3,4에서하는 역할에 지속적인 관심과 논쟁이있다. 비만에 대한 하나의 기여 요인은 높은식이 지방 섭취 5입니다. 증가식이 지방은 증가 인간의 에너지 소비 6 체지방 함량 7,8 상당한 증가와 상관 관계가있다. 또한,식이 지방은시와 소비 7,9 후 모두 보상 값이 있습니다. 따라서, 고지방 식품에 영향을 미치는 환경 요인을 어떻게 결정 할 수있는 가이드 pharmacotherapeutic의 desi의 두GN과 비만으로 이어질 수있는 기본이되는 식생활의 이해를 증진. 여기에 설명 된 지방의 환경 모델 쥐 &#39;지방 함량을 다른의 음식과 환경, 비슷하지만 영양 가치를 테스트합니다. 특히,이 모델은 동시에 이렇게 높은 지방 음식 구절 지방이 적은 음식을 섭취 그램을 기준으로 환경의 정량화를 가능하게 두 개의 서로 다른 음식의 선택에 쥐를 선물한다. 약물 및 유전 적 영향이 높은 지방 함량을 가진 음식에 대한 선호의 변화로 측정 할 수있다. 지방의 환경 모델은 널리 사용되는 입에 음식 섭취 모델 (10)을 보완하는 역할을하지만, 또한 몇 가지 장점을 제공합니다. 이 모델은 실험이 구체적으로 두 가지 음식의 옵션을 사용할 수있는 환경에서 먹이의 행동을 평가할 수 있습니다. 전통적인 고지방 먹이 모델은 음식 선택을 연구 할 수있는 능력을 제거 한 음식과 같은 중요한 제공인간의 음식 섭취의 PECT. 일부 분석은 다수의 식품 유형을 제공 할 종종 &quot;식당&quot;형식이 연구 (11)이라고합니다. 인간의 음식은 종종 분석에 사용되는 잘 의한 영양소의 변화에​​ 실험실 환경에 적합하지 않기 때문에 이러한 연구는 재현성 고통. 우리는 각각의 정제 성분 따라서 크게 같은식이 지방과 같은 다량 영양소의 내용을 변경하는 재현성과 유연성 향상을 포함하는 정의 규정 식을 사용합니다. 인간의 5 이상 지방 식품 (12), 고지방 음식은 비만에 귀중한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있습니다에 대한 쥐의 기본 설정을 변경 처리를위한 자연적인 사람의 취향에 비만과 관련된 높은식이 지방의 섭취.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 10 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12450B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 12.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040501</td>
			<td>12.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 15 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040502</td>
			<td>15 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 17.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040503</td>
			<td>17.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 20 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040504</td>
			<td>20 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 45 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12451</td>
			<td>45 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">Rat feeders (3.75&#34;W x 2.875&#34;D x 5.25&#34;H)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Labex of MA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2528</td>
			<td>Food hoppers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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fat preference: a novel model of eating behavior in rats

비만은 비만으로 분류 된 인구의 3 분의 1 이상을 가진 미국에있는 성장하고있는 문제입니다. 이 인성 질환에 기여하는 하나의 요인은 고지방 다이어트, 칼로리 섭취와 신체의 지방 함량이 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났다 행동의 소비입니다. 그러나, 다른 음식에 높은 지방 음식에 대한 기본 설정을 조절 요소는 understudied 아르 남아있다. 이 적자를 극복하기 위해 신속하고 간편하게식이 지방에 대한 선호의 변화를 테스트 할 수있는 모델이 개발되었다. 지방의 환경 모델은 지방 함량을 각기 다른 음식 사이의 일련의 선택을 가진 쥐를 제공합니다. 인간처럼, 쥐 번역 연구에 대한 쥐 모델에 이상적, 높은 지방 음식을 소비하는 방향으로 자연 편견이있다. 환경의 변화는 유전 적 차이 또는 약물 개입 하나의 효과에 기인 할 수있다. 이 모델은 지방 환경 설정 및 SCRE의 determinates의 탐사를 허용pharmacotherapeutic 에이전트를, 체결 비만의 영향을 취득.

쥐 지방 함량 (표 1) 다른 사용할 수 음식 선택에 대한 기본 설정을 설명하기 위해 동시에 식품 호퍼 (그림 1)에 물리적으로 접근했다. 쥐의 음식은 매일 칭량 및 식품 누출을 쉽게 발견되었다 (그림 2)를 차지했다. 훌륭한 음식 입자의 유출을 최소화하고 실질적으로 데이터에 영향을주지 않습니다 발견되었다. 지방의 환경 모델을 사용하여, 12.5 %의 지방과 높은...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats at JoVE.com

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

식이 지방 함량에 영향 에너지 섭취와 포유류의 신체 지방 성분 모두. 선택 일련의 실험에서 고지방 음식에 대한 쥐 &#39;환경 설정을 검사하여, 높은 지방 음식에 대한 자신의 선호에 유전 적 차이와 약물 개입을 테스트 할 수 있습니다.

지방 성향 : 먹는 행동의 소설 모델 쥐에

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

fat-preference-a-novel-model-of-eating-behavior-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.1K 조회수.  University of Texas Medical Branch.  식이 지방 함량에 영향 에너지 섭취와 포유류의 신체 지방 성분 모두. 선택 일련의 실험에서 고지방 음식에 대한 쥐 '환경 설정을 검사하여, 높은 지방 음식에 대한 자신의 선호에 유전 적 차이와 약물 개입을 테스트 할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

크레 재조합이 코카인 컨디셔닝 장소 환경에있는 표적 유전자의 역할을 연구하는 표현 바이러스 성 벡터의 정위 미세 주입

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

연구

행동분석학

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

헤로인은 절제 쥐의 추구에 장시간 음식 제한의 효과를 연구하기위한 절차

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming : BTBR의 소설 모터 상동증 (stereotypy)을<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em자폐증의&gt; / J 마우스 모델

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

실험실 쥐에 Tastants의 강화 속성을 평가하기위한 새로운 방법 : 조작 적 구강 자기 관리

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

절차 흰쥐의 파블로프 에어컨 알코올 추구 행동의 상황에 의한 갱신을 준수합니다

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

수정 된 구멍 보드 - 마우스 및 쥐의 행동,인지 및 사회적 상호 작용을 측정

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

설치류 심리 운동 경계 시험 (rPVT) : 쥐에서 신경 행동 학적 성능을 평가하는 방법

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

외상 성 뇌 손상 후 쥐에서 행동 적자를 감지

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

먹는 소설 피드백 시스템을 사용 하 여 동작의 제어

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...