Yazarlar UL1TR000071 (NCATS), P30DK079638 (NIDDK), P30DA028821 (NIDA) ve T32DA07287 (NIDA) fon kabul etmek istiyoruz.

Tüm deneysel prosedürleri Laboratuar Hayvanlarının Bakımı ve Kullanımı (Laboratuar Hayvan Kaynakları Enstitüsü (ABD), 1996) için Kılavuzu&#39;na uygun ve Texas Medical Branch Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu onayı ile vardır. 1.. Konular <ol><li> 21 ° C&#39;de, 225-250 g ağırlığında tek ev erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçanları ve 12 saat ışık-karanlık döngüsü ile% 30-50 bağıl nem (06:00-6 yanar: 12:00). </li><li> Düşük yağlı yiyecek (enerji ile% 10 yağ) üzerine sıçan koruyun. Deneye başlamadan önce en az 7 gün boyunca yemek ve koloni oda fareleri alıştırmak. Hayvan çalışmaları başlamadan önce üç gün boyunca, aracın kullanım ve dozlamadan alışmış edilir. Habitüasyon sonra ilk gün deneysel Gün 1 olduğunu. </li></ol> 2.. Baseline Tercihi <ol><li> Gün 1, her bir kafes için% 10 yağ gıda ile, iki temiz gıda siloları, B ile bir A ve diğer işaretli birini doldurun. W(gıda ile) gıda siloları Ha ve kafes koyun, fare sağlanması hem de erişimi vardır. </li><li> 2. Gün, yaklaşık aynı zamanda gıda siloları gün önce kafese yerleştirildi, gıda Hopper ağırlıkları kaydedebilir ve bu pozisyon önyargı azaltır hazne A ve hazne B pozisyonları geçiş. Her zaman hazneden kaldırıldı herhangi bir gıda için ev kafes incelemek tartmak ve bunun için hesap. Gıda alımı gün arasında hazne ağırlık değişikliği ile ölçülür. </li><li> 3. Gün, daha önce olduğu gibi gıda Hopper ağırlıkları kaydedebilirsiniz. Her gıda Hopper pozisyon ve gıda Hopper tanımlama (A ve B) tüketilen gıda miktarını inceleyin. Bu veriler pozisyon önyargı ve belirli hazne tercihi temel bir anlayış verir ve hiçbir tercih gösteren yaklaşık% 50 bir tercih puan olması gerekir. Kalan gıda atmak. </li></ol> 3.. Yağ Tercihi <ol><li> 3. Gün, her kafes için iki temiz yiyecek haznelerini edinin. Bu temiz gıda siloları kullanmak önemlidirönceki deneylerden karıştırıcı kokular önlemek için farklı gıdalar arasında geçiş ne zaman. % 15 yağlı yiyecek (Tablo 1) ile% 12.5 yağlı yiyecek ve hazne B ile hunisi A doldurun. Her bir haznenin başlangıç ​​ağırlıkları kaydedilir ve kafeste iki yerleştirin. </li><li> 4. Gün, kafes onları geri yerleştirerek üzerine hazne A ve hazne B pozisyonlarını değiştirme, her haznenin ağırlıkları kaydedin. </li><li> Gün 5, her bir haznenin ağırlıkları kaydedilir. Iki gün tüketilen her bir gıda gram saptanmasından sonra, sıçan gıda tercih belirlenebilir. </li><li> Tekrar artan yağ içeriği (ilk 15,% 17.5,% yanında, daha sonra% 20, ve son olarak% 45 yağ) ile gıdalar ile karşılaştırıldığında% 12.5 yağlı yiyecek kullanarak aynı hayvanlar ile 3,1 ile 3,3 birden çok kez adımları. </li></ol> 4. Veri Hesaplamalar ve Analizi <ol><li> Gıda başlangıç ​​kütlesinden gıda + haznenin nihai kütle çıkarılarak her bir hayvan için günlük gıda alımı hesaplama+ Hazne. Her bir gıda 2 gün boyunca ölçüldüğü için, 2 günlük toplam her biri% yağ içeriğinden birlikte ilave edilebilir. </li><li> Her iki günlük bir süre boyunca tüketilen toplam gıda daha yüksek yağ gıda alımını bölünmesiyle yağ tercih puanı hesaplanır. Örneğin, bir fare% 12.5 yağlı diyet ve 2 gün boyunca% 17.5 diyetin 27.5 g 8.9 g yedi. Bu nedenle bireysel hayvan için tercih skoru (27,5 36,4 bölü)% 76 olduğunu. </li><li> Ortalama her diyet (% 15,% 17,5,% 20, ve% 45 yağ) (Şekil 3) için grafik tercihi skor. Toplam gıda alımının da bilgilendirici ve kolayca (Şekil 4) gram olarak çizilebilir. </li><li> Tablo 1 &#39;de enerji yoğunluğu ile, toplam enerji alımı (kilokalori) bir fonksiyonu olarak tercih skoru (Şekil 5A) ve toplam gıda alımı (Şekil 5B) ifade eder. </li><li> Hayvan birden fazla grup ile ise, iki yönlü bir tekrar gerçekleştirmeked ANOVA Bonferroni post-testi ile takip ölçer. Güç analiz grup başına n = 8 hayvanlar, tedavi grupları arasında% 7 arasında bir fark tespit edilmesi için uygun olduğunu gösterir. </li></ol>

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Nutr. 67, 505-512 (1998).</li><li>Sclafani, A., Ackroff, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+gut+nutrient+sensing+in+stimulating+appetite+and+conditioning+food+preferences.">Role of gut nutrient sensing in stimulating appetite and conditioning food preferences.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 302 (10), (2012).</li><li>Velloso, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+is+the+conductor:+diet-induced+inflammation+overlapping+physiological+control+of+body+mass+and+metabolism.">The brain is the conductor: diet-induced inflammation overlapping physiological control of body mass and metabolism.</a> Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. 53 (2), 151-158 (2009).</li><li>Vanzela, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pregnancy+restores+insulin+secretion+from+pancreatic+islets+in+cafeteria+diet-induced+obese+rats.">Pregnancy restores insulin secretion from pancreatic islets in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298 (2), (2010).</li><li>Johnson, S. L., McPhee, L., Birch, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+preferences:+young+children+prefer+flavors+associated+with+high+dietary+fat.">Conditioned preferences: young children prefer flavors associated with high dietary fat.</a> Physiol. Behav. 50 (6), 1245-1251 (1991).</li><li>Bolanos, C. A., Barrot, M., Berton, O., Wallace-Black, D., Nestler, E. 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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Yağ Tercihi modeli beslenme davranışı bir bilgilendirici ve kolay gerçekleştirmek için bir testtir. Bu deney, sinirsel ve obezite araştırma önemli bir henüz ilgili yeterli alan gıda tercihi, altında yatan moleküler mekanizmaları tanımlamak için bir fırsat sunuyor. Genetik farklılıklar ya da farmakolojik manipülasyonlar yağ tercih değişiklikler tercihi eğrisi (Şekil 3B) sağa veya sola vardiya olarak görüntülenmiştir olabilir. Bu tercih eğrisi herhangi değişimleri görsel...

Obezite Amerikalı yetişkinlerin fazla üçte obez olduğunu tahmin Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri ile, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri&#39;nde 1 yaygın bir sorundur. Obezite aynı zamanda tip 2 şeker hastalığı, yüksek tansiyon ve yüksek kolesterol 2 de dahil olmak üzere pek çok sağlık sorunları için bir risk faktörü olarak tanımlanmıştır. Birçok faktör obezite oranlarındaki artışın etkilediği gösterilmiş olmasına rağmen, makro besin obezite 3,4 oynadıkları rolü devam eden ilgi ve tartışma var. Obezite için bir faktör yüksek diyet yağ alımı 5&#39;tir. Artan diyetsel yağ artan insan enerji tüketimi 6 ve vücut yağ içeriği 7,8 belirgin artışlar ile ilişkilidir. Ayrıca, diyetsel yağ sırasında ve tüketim 7,9 sonrasında ödül değeri vardır. Bu nedenle, yüksek yağlı gıdalar için etkisi tercihi ne faktörleri belirleyici olabilir kılavuzu farmakoterapötik desi hemgn ve obeziteye yol açabilir, altta yatan diyet seçenekler anlaşılmasını sağlamak. Burada anlatılan Yağ Tercihi modeli farelerin yağ içeriği birbirinden farklı gıdalar arasında tercih, ancak benzer besin değeri için sınar. Özellikle, bu model aynı zamanda, böylece daha yüksek yağlı yiyecek ayetler düşük yağlı yiyecek tüketilen gram dayalı tercih miktarının sağlayan iki farklı gıdaların seçimi ile sıçan sunuyor. Farmakolojik ve genetik etkiler daha yüksek yağ içeriğine sahip gıda için tercih bir değişiklik olarak ölçülebilir. Yağ Tercihi modeli yaygın olarak kullanılan lezzetli gıda alımı modellerini 10 ülkesinde hizmet veren değil, aynı zamanda çeşitli avantajlar sunuyor. Bu model özellikle deneyci iki yemek seçenekleri mevcut olduğu kontrollü bir ortamda beslenme davranışlarını değerlendirmek için izin verir. Geleneksel yüksek yağ besleme modeller yalnızca gıda seçim çalışma kapasitesini ortadan kaldıran bir gıda gibi önemli bir teklifİnsan gıda alımının pect. Bazı deneyler, birden fazla türde gıda sundukları ve genellikle &quot;kafeterya&quot; tipi besleme çalışmaları 11 olarak adlandırılır. Insan gıda genellikle Deneyde kullanılan ve iyi nedeniyle değişkenlik besin için laboratuar ortamına uygun değildir, çünkü bu çalışmalar, yeniden üretilebilirlik muzdarip. Biz bireysel saflaştırılmış maddeler böylece büyük ölçüde bu tür diyet yağ olarak makrobesin içeriğini değiştirmek için tekrarlanabilirlik ve esnekliğinin artırılması içeren tanımlı diyetler kullanmak. İnsanlarda 5 ve daha yüksek yağlı gıdalar 12, yüksek yağlı gıdaların obezite hakkında değerli bilgiler sağlayabilir için sıçan tercihini değiştirebilir tedavileri için doğal insan tercih obezite ile ilişkili yüksek diyetsel yağ alımı ile.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 10 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12450B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 12.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040501</td>
			<td>12.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 15 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040502</td>
			<td>15 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 17.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040503</td>
			<td>17.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 20 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040504</td>
			<td>20 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 45 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12451</td>
			<td>45 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">Rat feeders (3.75&#34;W x 2.875&#34;D x 5.25&#34;H)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Labex of MA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2528</td>
			<td>Food hoppers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fat preference: a novel model of eating behavior in rats

Obezite obez olarak sınıflandırıldı nüfusun üçte birinden fazla olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri&#39;nde giderek büyüyen bir sorundur. Bu çok faktörlü bir hastalık katkıda bulunan bir faktör, bir yüksek yağlı diyet, kalori alımı ve vücut yağ içeriği hem de geliştirmek için gösterilen bir davranış tüketimidir. Ancak, diğer gıdalar üzerinde yüksek yağlı yiyecek için tercih düzenleyen unsurlar understudied kalır. Bu açığı gidermek için, hızlı ve kolay bir diyet yağ için tercih değişiklikleri test etmek için bir model geliştirilmiştir. Yağ Tercihi modeli yağ içeriği farklı olan gıdalar arasında seçimler bir dizi ile sıçan sunuyor. Insanlar gibi, sıçanlar öteleme çalışmaları için sıçan modeli idealdir, yüksek yağlı yiyecek tüketen doğru doğal bir önyargı var. Tercih değişiklikler genetik farklılıklar ya da farmakolojik girişimlerin ya etkisine atfedilen olabilir. Bu model yağ tercihi ve scre determinates keşif için izin verirfarmakoterapötik maddeleri Verilen Sıkma obezitenin etkisi edinimi.

Sıçanlar yağ içeriği (Tablo 1) farklı olan mevcut gıda seçimler için tercih göstermek için aynı anda hem gıda haznede (Şekil 1) fiziksel erişimi vardı. Sıçan gıda günlük tartıldı ve herhangi bir gıda dökülme kolayca bulundu ve (Şekil 2) sorumluydu. Iyi gıda parçacıkları Sıvı minimum olduğu ve büyük ölçüde verileri etkilemez bulunmuştur. Yağ Tercihi modeli kullanılarak,% 12.5 yağ ve yüksek yağ içeren gıdalar arasında net bi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats at JoVE.com

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Diyet yağ içeriği etkiler, enerji alımı ve memelilerde vücut yağ kompozisyonu hem de. Seçim bir dizi deneyler yüksek yağlı yiyecek için sıçanların tercih incelenerek, yüksek yağlı yiyecek için kendi tercihinize genetik farklılıkları ve farmakolojik müdahaleleri test etmek mümkündür.

Yağ Tercihi: Yeme Davranışının Bir Roman Model Sıçanlar

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

fat-preference-a-novel-model-of-eating-behavior-in-rats

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Texas Medical Branch.  Diyet yağ içeriği etkiler, enerji alımı ve memelilerde vücut yağ kompozisyonu hem de. Seçim bir dizi deneyler yüksek yağlı yiyecek için sıçanların tercih incelenerek, yüksek yağlı yiyecek için kendi tercihinize genetik farklılıkları ve farmakolojik müdahaleleri test etmek mümkündür. 

Video: Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

Cre Recombinase Kokain Klima yeri tercihi Hedef Genlerin Rolü Eğitim için ifade Viral Vektörler stereotaksik Mikroenjeksiyon

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

Davranış

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Eroin kanaatkâr Sıçanlarda Aradığınız üzerinde uzun süreli Gıda Kısıtlanması Etkisi Eğitim Bir Prosedürü

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming: BTBR A Novel Motor Stereotipi<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; Tf</sup</emOtizm&gt; / J Fare Modeli

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

Laboratuar Farelerinde tat yoğunluğu arttırıcı madde Güçlendirme Properties değerlendirilmesi için yeni bir yöntem: Edimsel İntraoral Self-yönetim

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Usulü Sıçanlar Pavlovyan klimalı Alkol arayan Davranış Bağlam kaynaklı Yenileme İnceleyecek

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

Kemirgen Psikomotor teyakkuz Testi (rPVT): Sıçan ve Farelerde Nörodavranışsal Performans değerlendirilmesi için bir yöntem

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

Travmatik beyin hasarı sonra Sıçanlarda algılama davranış açıkları

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Uyuşturucu arayan farelerde şartına yer tercih paradigması kullanarak iade

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

Yeme davranışı bir roman geribildirim sistemi kullanarak denetim

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...