The work was supported by Barncancerfonden (PR2013-0104), Swedish Research Council (12187-18-3), &#246;gonfonden, Kronprinsessan Margaretas arbetsn&#228;mnd f&#246;r synskadade, Synfr&#228;mjandets forskningsfond and St Eriks &#246;gonsjukhus forskningsstipendier.

该协议是根据“指南为协会的实验动物的护理和使用的研究视觉与眼科”，在这些建议进行的。 1.鸡蛋处理和眼收集<ol><li>存储白来航鸡蛋在12-14℃下不超过1周。如果可能，请使用冷藏酒柜储存受精卵。 注：更高的存储温度导致胚胎发育异常，而较低温度增加了死亡率。延长贮存时间增加了死亡率和畸形发展。 </li><li>孵育在37.5℃下的鸡蛋和60％湿度的蛋孵化器轻轻摇动以每24小时5次的频率。 </li><li>从卵孵化在期望胚胎年龄除去温育卵。 注意：鸡胚的年龄被确定为孵育的时间和被表示为胚胎天（E）或作为阶段（ST），根据该系列由汉堡包和汉密尔顿12中所述发育阶段。 </li><li>将所选鸡蛋在层流罩。擦拭用70％乙醇的蛋壳以避免胚胎的污染。 注：进行与无菌溶液无菌条件下的所有程序<url> http://www.jove.com/science-education/5030/making-solutions-in-the-laboratory&quot;lutions </url>和仪器。 </li><li>点击蛋这一边抵住硬表面敲​​开鸡蛋。放置在100毫米培养皿中的内容。用一个小勺子的胚胎移植到含预热（37℃）PBS洗涤，防止干燥组织35毫米的培养皿。 </li><li>把这个包含胚胎组织上在层流罩一双目视觉解剖显微镜35毫米的培养皿。由俭用细镊子颈部杀头的胚胎和丢弃的尸体。 </li><li>用细镊子做一个切口日粗糙口，腹的眼睛。起始于切口部位，撕开围绕整个眼组织。夹断视神经并从眼窝中删除完整的眼球。从相同胚胎，以用作对照或处理过的眼睛收集的左和右眼。 </li><li>用一个小勺子的目光转移到含预热（37°C）1X PBS一个新的35mm平皿。 </li></ol> 2.准备工作全视网膜外植体<ol><li>用细镊子清除所有的组织在眼部周围，包括巩膜原基。 注意：所述的组织将分离容易留下玻璃体和晶状体视网膜与色素上皮完整（图1A-B）。 </li><li>用细镊子夹住的小切口插入色素上皮在眼睛的背部，而不会损坏神经视网膜（图1C）。 </li><li>用细镊子轻轻撕开色素上皮starti纳克在切口部位，而使透镜和连接到玻璃体（图1D）的整个视网膜。保持眼睛在温暖（37℃）的1×PBS以利于除去的色素上皮。 注意：色素上皮可能难以除去，尤其是沿瞳孔周围睫状体，在眼睛的前部区域，并沿着脉络膜裂。因此，一些的色素上皮细胞可能会留在神经视网膜（图1E-F）。 </li></ol> 3.治疗全视网膜外植体<ol start="1"><li>全视网膜外植体电穿孔 注：整个视网膜植电穿孔可以直接步骤2之后进行。 <ol><li>制备含有1培养基：1的DMEM：F12营养混合物，10％FBS，10U / ml青霉素链霉素，5微克/毫升胰岛素，和2mM L-谷氨酰胺。 </li><li>切断1.5 ml的一次性塑料比色皿（12.5毫米×12.5毫米×45米米）（或任何小容器能够保持300-400微升溶液）约8毫米从底部用细刃锯。 </li><li>选择在1xDPBS的DNA质粒稀释至0.1微克/微升的最终浓度。 </li><li>打开电穿孔和设置参数到15 V为ST20 - ST25（E3-E4）视网膜以及20V ST26 - ST27（E5）视网膜。设置脉冲重复序列5的脉冲50毫秒脉冲长度为1秒的间隔。使用可以由脚踏地板上被控制作为双手将需要保持电极以代替脉冲发生器。 </li><li>铂电极（图2A）连接两个桨形（4毫米扁平，圆形直径），以在脉冲发生器的输出插座。 注：在本协议中所使用的铂电极，由大学研讨会上提出。将电极0.1毫米的铂金板“rondelles”（：950铂/ 5铜铂金级）制成。该连接0.8毫米无线重复使用的塑料管是绝缘的。 </li><li>小心地从2.3步使用聚乙烯巴斯德吸管切断以获得合适的烙铁头，开口尺寸为视网膜外植体顶端的比色皿（或相当小容器）转让全视网膜外植体。避免使用枪头为视网膜容易附着在塑料和撕裂。 </li><li>使用100微升吸管轻轻地去除整个1X PBS周边视网膜外植体，注意不要接触视网膜，避免撕裂。 </li><li>加入100微升的质粒溶液，以反应杯以覆盖整个视网膜外植体。轻轻下压视网膜外植体用钳子，如果它浮在顶部。使用镊子或电极来定位透镜面对反应杯和视神经的任一侧，以比色皿的底部。 </li><li>放置在正极中的透镜和视网膜（图2A）的后面的负电极的前面，而不接触所述组织。 </li><li>通过按下脚踏施加的电流。检查气泡在电极上表示成功出院。 </li><li>使用100μl的移液管除去从试管所有质粒混合，而不会损坏视网膜。所述质粒组合可以重复使用的三到五倍。 </li><li>填满预温（37℃）的1×PBS的试管。使用镊子从试管的壁轻轻分离视网膜外植体。电穿孔后视网膜有时覆盖有气泡，这使得它粘附在反应杯的壁。 </li><li>使用聚乙烯巴斯德吸管向整个视网膜外植体转移到含有1ml预热（37℃），每孔培养基中的24孔平板。每孵育井一视网膜外植体。 </li><li>孵育视网膜外植体在37℃下在旋转器上摇动，用50rpm的恒定速度，细胞培养箱，用5％ 的 CO 2 24小时内。旋转是，以确保最大暴露于介质和preve视网膜至24孔板的底部nt的粘合性。 </li><li>继续执行步骤4。 </li></ol></li><li>全视网膜外植体的化学试剂处理 注：化学处理的整个视网膜植可以直接步骤2之后进行。 <ol><li>制备含有1培养基：1的DMEM：F12营养混合物，10％FBS，10U / ml青霉素链霉素，5微克/毫升胰岛素，和2mM L-谷氨酰胺。 </li><li>用小勺子从步骤2.3传输视网膜植于24孔板含有1ml每孔预温（37℃）的培养基。每孵育井一视网膜外植体。 </li><li>加入化学试剂或媒介物之前孵育整个视网膜外植体60分钟，在37℃在旋转器上摇动，用50rpm的恒定速度，细胞培养箱，用5％的CO 2的内部。 </li><li>制备的化学溶液，例如CDK1 / 2抑制剂III，M相进展13的抑制剂，在最终为30μm的DMSO浓度。 </li><li>除去24孔板，包含整个视网膜外植体，从细胞培养箱。直接添加10μl的化学试剂或载体（DMSO）给视网膜介质，导致为300nM CDK1 / 2抑制剂III在0.01％DMSO的最终浓度。手动旋转24孔板以允许均匀分布在溶液中的化学试剂或车辆。 </li><li>孵育视网膜植于37℃在旋转器上摇动，用50rpm的恒定速度，保温箱，用5％的CO 2所需的时间（长达24小时）内。 </li><li>继续执行步骤4。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.固定和全视网膜Eexplants的冻结<ol><li>除去含有从细胞培养箱的处理的全视网膜外植的24孔板中。 </li><li>用一个小勺子视网膜外植体转移到24孔板含1毫升/冰冷的1XPBS 4％多聚甲醛。 Incuba德在冰上15分钟。 </li><li>用一个小勺子整个视网膜外植体转移到一个24孔平板含有1ml /孔冰冷1XPBS洗涤视网膜。冰上孵育10分钟。 </li><li>用小勺子给整个视网膜外植体转移到24孔板含1毫升/在1XPBS以及冰冷的30％的蔗糖。在冰上孵育1-3小时取决于视网膜的胚胎天。对于ST20 - ST25（E3）视网膜，孵育1小时后，较旧的视网膜需要在蔗糖更长的温育时间。 </li><li>用小勺子给整个视网膜外植体转移到含有约500微升冻结的低温恒温器安装介质的石蜡膜。通过使用小勺子轻轻移动视网膜外植体在冷冻介质删除尽可能多的蔗糖越好。 </li><li>视网膜外植体转移到含有冻结介质的嵌入模具。放置眼以方便日后切片。将载有关于博士全视网膜外植体嵌入模具Ÿ冰，直到媒体被冻成冰。储存在-80℃。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

在这项工作中对于夹层，电穿孔或化学处理，并从鸡胚整个视网膜外植培养一个详细的协议，提出。该协议是简单，快捷，可为高的成功率和可重复性 结果。 全视网膜外植体电穿孔产生大面积细胞表达目的基因构建的。这是很容易正确地定位在电极和到视网膜的特定部分暴露到规定DNA质粒浓度。这种方法允许一种可靠的方法，调查与相比卵电穿孔一个通?...

视网膜是中枢神经系统的一部分，它是，与它相对简单和充分表征的细胞结构，一个流行的用于研究的中枢神经系统的发展模式。鸡胚胎的眼睛是相比于胚胎的其余部分比较大。因此， 在卵内进行实验操作，如注射或电方便，而且作为一个优秀的工具来获取知识有关的视网膜细胞和体内发育生物学。尽管有这些主要优势，胚胎的存活率可低时的实验是侵入性的，如与电穿孔，重复注射，或结合实验操作。 电穿孔DNA质粒的进入蛋内的鸡胚是一个重要的和成熟的技术1。它允许神经元的标签，在中央NERV跟踪细胞命运以及神经脊髓束的OU系统和它允许异位基因表达来分析蛋白质的功能在体内 。该技术已用于神经管2的研究，后脑3和视网膜4。胚胎视网膜卵内电穿孔具有的相关的体内情况的一些实验困难。眼睛的位置，由于胚胎的颅折叠，相对靠近心脏。这样的接近会增加心脏骤停的下列电穿孔的风险，并与胚胎的年龄的风险增加。此外，访问眼，有必要打开胚胎膜，从而增加出血，畸形和随后的存活率下降的风险。当测试和经常优化新的DNA的质粒没有已知的表型的结果，这些限制可能会降低该方法的有效性和功率甚至对于有经验的实验者。作为呈现在这个协议中，的瓦特的培养孔视网膜外植体，其定义为整个神经视网膜与色素上皮除去，是在卵内的方法补充了一种有效的方法。 化学试剂眼内注射是比较容易的卵内进行。然而，神经视网膜内注射试剂的有效和确切浓度可能难以完全控制。所注入的体积可能由于渗漏和注射的确切位点可以影响眼睛内的试剂的两个分布并通过玻璃体的扩散。变异将对时即一种酶抑制剂的剂量反应曲线被确定的结果的解释主要影响;特别是如果效果小及效果的时间窗口很窄。而且，只有一个单一的眼睛可以从每个胚卵实验执行时使用，由于通过血液流潜在的全身效应到对侧眼。研究开发与处理和控制的胚胎可能会导致额外的实验变异之间的个体差异时，年龄匹配是非常重要的。 由于这些原因， 卵内的方法的当然基于来自鸡胚视网膜植被开发，其中，所述视网膜神经可暴露于均匀的和体外控制的实验条件下。本协议是根据以前的协议5-9开发。来自阶段视网膜外植体（ST）20（胚胎天[E] 3）〜ST31（E7）鸡胚进行解剖，培养和电穿孔以限定的DNA质粒浓度或暴露于包含一个限定的化学试剂的浓度的介质。这里介绍的协议已经成功地实施了最近的出版物，使用几种不同的化学试剂，包括DNA损伤通路的调节，如KU55933，SB 218078和NSC 109555 DITOsylate，和细胞周期，如CDK1 / 2抑制剂III 10,11。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="859">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1xPBS (tablet)</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>18912-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10xDPBS</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14080-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>734-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#956;L pipette tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>613-0798</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL disposable plastic cuvette</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>8495V01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D7039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>391-1998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Solveco</td>
			<td>1054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cdk1/2 inhibitor III</td>
			<td>217714</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>300nM in 0.01% DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Forma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41966-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Platina, custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro square porator ECM 830</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12 Nutrient mix</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31331-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16140-071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>AgnThos</td>
			<td>0108-5-PS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing medium NEG50</td>
			<td>Cellab, Sweden</td>
			<td>6502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP expressing DNA plasmid (pZGs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidified incubator</td>
			<td>Grumbach Brutgeraete GmbH, Asslar, Germany</td>
			<td>8204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9278-5ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium ProLong Gold with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin film</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>291-1214P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>16005-1KG-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peel-A-Way embedding mold&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E6032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosphoHistone 3 (PH3)&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>06-570</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum electrodes (custom made from &#34;rondelles&#34;)</td>
			<td>Sargenta</td>
			<td>390-R (rondeller)</td>
			<td>Dia: 4mm, 0.1 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platimun electrodes&#160;</td>
			<td>Sonidel</td>
			<td>CUY700P4L</td>
			<td>Dia: 4 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-2853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotator shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>444-2900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small spoon</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>231-2151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>443815S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Leghorn eggs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wine cooler</td>
			<td>WineMaster 24, Caso, Berlin Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole retinal explants from chicken embryos for electroporation and chemical reagent treatments

视网膜是显影中枢神经系统的良好模型。眼睛的大尺寸和最重要的是可访问的实验操作卵/体内使鸡胚胎视网膜一种多用途和非常有效的实验模型。虽然鸡视网膜容易靶向卵内通过眼内注射或电穿孔，视网膜内的试剂的有效和确切浓度可能难以完全控制。这可能是由于精确注射部位，泄漏从眼睛或物质的不均匀扩散的变体。此外，畸形和死亡率的侵入性操作，如电穿孔后的频率是相当高的。 这个协议描述一个前卵技术培养来自鸡胚整个视网膜植并提供对视网膜试剂的受控曝光的方法。该原COL介绍如何解剖，实验操作，并从鸡胚培养全视网膜植。外植体可以培养约24小时，并可以以不同的操作，例如电穿孔。的主要优点是，该实验是不依赖于胚胎的生存，并且所引入的试剂的浓度可以变化，并为了确定和优化的有效浓度来控制。此外，该技术具有快速，价格便宜，再加上其高实验的成功率，它保证可重复 结果。应当强调的是，它作为一个很好的补充卵内进行的实验。

这个协议描述了从鸡胚整个视网膜植制备（图1A-F）和培养。此协议已被成功地用于整个视网膜植从ST20（E3）的胚胎ST31（E7）。 DNA质粒成整体视网膜外植体电穿孔允许视网膜祖细胞的标记和追踪或过度表达的不同基因产物。对于电的实验中，色素上皮细胞进行了仔细的从ST25（E4½）胚胎的去核眼中除去。整个视网膜外植体，然后放置在含有该DNA的质粒...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments at JoVE.com

Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

本协议描述的方法来剖析，实验操作和鸡胚培养全视网膜植。当高的成功率，有效性和再现性都需要测试质粒电穿孔和/或试剂的物质， 即，酶抑制剂的效应的外植体培养是有用的。

鸡胚全视网膜外植体电穿孔和化学试剂处理

The retina is a good model for the developing central nervous system. The large size of the eye and most importantly the accessibility for experimental ...

whole-retinal-explants-from-chicken-embryos-for-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.4K 次观看.  Uppsala University. 本协议描述的方法来剖析，实验操作和鸡胚培养全视网膜植。当高的成功率，有效性和再现性都需要测试质粒电穿孔和/或试剂的物质， 即，酶抑制剂的效应的外植体培养是有用的。 

视频: Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

小鼠胚胎植耳蜗的文化和基因转移通过电穿孔

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

科研

发育生物学

Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels Within Chicken Embryos Using ChickGFP Neural Tube Grafting and Carbocyanine Dye DiI Injection

All developing organs need to be connected to both the nervous system (for sensory and motor control) as well as the vascular system (for gas exchange, fluid and nutrient supply). Consequently both the nervous and vascular systems develop alongside each other and share striking similarities in their branching architecture. Here we report embryonic manipulations that allow us to study the simultaneous development of neural crest-derived nervous tissue (in this case the enteric nervous system), and the vascular system. This is achieved by generating chicken chimeras via transplantation of discrete segments of the neural tube, and associated neural crest, combined with vascular DiI injection in the same embryo. Our method uses transgenic chickGFP embryos for intraspecies grafting, making the transplant technique more powerful than the classical quail-chick interspecies grafting protocol used with great effect since the 1970s. ChickGFP-chick intraspecies grafting facilitates imaging of transplanted cells and their projections in intact tissues, and eliminates any potential bias in cell development linked to species differences. This method takes full advantage of the ease of access of the avian embryo (compared with other vertebrate embryos) to study the co-development of the enteric nervous system and the vascular system.

Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels Within Chicken Embryos Using ChickGFP Neural Tube Grafting and Carbocyanine Dye DiI Injection

Here we report dual labeling of neural crest cells and blood vessels using chickGFP neural tube intraspecies grafting combined with intra-vascular DiI injection. This experimental technique allows us to simultaneously visualize and study development of the NCC-derived (enteric) nervous system and the vascular system, during organogenesis.

使用小鸡GFP 神经管移植和碳水化合物染料 DiI 注射，在鸡胚胎内对神经囊细胞和血管进行双重标记

All developing organs need to be connected to both the nervous system (for sensory and motor control) as well as the vascular system (for gas exchange, ...

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr&#160;after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

基因转移到鸡听觉器官通过<em&gt;在卵</em&gt;微电

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

Culture of Adult Transgenic Zebrafish Retinal Explants for Live-cell Imaging by Multiphoton Microscopy

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The M&#252;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle and produce neuronal progenitor cells that undergo subsequent rounds of cell divisions and differentiate into the lost neuronal cell types. Both M&#252;ller glia and neuronal progenitor cell nuclei replicate their DNA and undergo mitosis in distinct locations of the retina, i.e. they migrate between the basal Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), respectively, in a process described as Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM). INM has predominantly been studied in the developing retina. To examine the dynamics of INM in the adult regenerating zebrafish retina in detail, live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled M&#252;ller glia/neuronal progenitor cells is required. Here, we provide the conditions to isolate and culture dorsal retinas from Tg[gfap:nGFP]mi2004 zebrafish that were exposed to constant intense light for 35 h. We also show that these retinal cultures are viable to perform live-cell imaging experiments, continuously acquiring z-stack images throughout the thickness of the retinal explant for up to 8 h using multiphoton microscopy to monitor the migratory behavior of gfap:nGFP-positive cells. In addition, we describe the details to perform post-imaging analysis to determine the velocity of apical and basal INM. To summarize, we established conditions to study the dynamics of INM in an adult model of neuronal regeneration. This will advance our understanding of this crucial cellular process and allow us to determine the mechanisms that control INM.

Zebrafish retinal regeneration has mostly been studied using fixed retinas. However, dynamic processes such as interkinetic nuclear migration occur during the regenerative response and require live-cell imaging to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe culture and imaging conditions to monitor Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM) in real-time using multiphoton microscopy.

成年转基因斑马鱼视网膜外植体培养由多光子显微镜活细胞成像

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The ...

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that the chicken embryo is an effective research model for studying basic biological functions of auditory system development. More recently, the chicken embryo has become particularly valuable in studying gene expression, regulation and function associated with hearing. In ovo electroporation can be used to target auditory brainstem regions responsible for highly specialized auditory functions. These regions include the chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL). NM and NL neurons arise from distinct precursors of rhombomeres 5 and 6 (R5/R6). Here, we present in ovo electroporation of plasmid-encoded genes to study gene-related properties in these regions. We show a method for spatial and temporal control of gene expression that promote either gain or loss of functional phenotypes. By targeting auditory neural progenitor regions associated with R5/R6, we show plasmid transfection in NM and NL. Temporal regulation of gene expression can be achieved by adopting a tet-on vector system. This is a drug inducible procedure that expresses the genes of interest in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). The in ovo electroporation technique &#8211; together with either biochemical, pharmacological, and or in vivo functional assays &#8211; provides an innovative approach to study auditory neuron development and associated pathophysiological phenomena.

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Auditory brainstem neurons of avians and mammals are specialized for fast neural encoding, a fundamental process for normal hearing functions. These neurons arise from distinct precursors of embryonic hindbrain. We present techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes in the hindbrain of chicken embryos to study gene function during auditory development.

在奥运电击鸡听觉脑干中

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

用扫描电镜和全贴免疫荧光技术可视化小鼠胚胎中的节点和外型板

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation

We report that mRNA electroporation permits fluorescent proteins to label cells in living quail embryos more quickly and broadly than DNA electroporation. The high transfection efficiency permits at least 4 distinct mRNAs to be co-transfected with ~87% efficiency. Most of the electroporated mRNAs are degraded during the first 2 h post-electroporation, permitting time-sensitive experiments to be carried out in the developing embryo. Finally, we describe how to dynamically image live embryos electroporated with mRNAs that encode various subcellular targeted fluorescent proteins.

We report messenger RNA (mRNA) electroporation as a method that permits fast and efficient expression of multiple proteins in the quail embryo model system. This method can be used to fluorescently label cells and record their in vivo movements by time-lapse microscopy shortly after electroporation.

使用mRNA电穿孔快速有效地表达Avian胚胎中的多种蛋白质

We report that mRNA electroporation permits fluorescent proteins to label cells in living quail embryos more quickly and broadly than DNA electroporation. ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary Myoblasts from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Explants

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to differentiate into later stages of muscle development. The protocol provided here describes a robust method for the isolation and culture of a highly proliferative population of myoblast cells from young adult mouse skeletal muscle explants. These cells are useful for the study of the metabolic properties of skeletal muscle of different mouse models, as well as in other downstream applications such as transfection with exogenous DNA or transduction with viral expression vectors. The level of differentiation and metabolic profile of these cells depends on the length of exposure, and composition of the media used to induce myoblast differentiation. These methods provide a robust system for the study of mouse muscle cell metabolism ex vivo. Importantly, unlike in vivo models, the methods described here provide a cell population that can be expanded and studied with high levels of reproducibility.

Myoblasts are proliferating precursor cells that differentiate to form polynucleated myotubes and eventually skeletal muscle myofibers. Here, we present a protocol for efficient isolation and culture of primary myoblasts from young adult mouse skeletal muscles. The method enables molecular, genetic, and metabolic studies of muscle cells in culture.

小鼠骨骼肌肉外泄原发性肌基器的分离和分化

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to ...

A Layered Mounting Method for Extended Time-Lapse Confocal Microscopy of Whole Zebrafish Embryos

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues or cells. A difficulty with imaging whole embryo development is that zebrafish embryos grow substantially in length. When mounted as regularly done in 0.3-1% low melt agarose, the agarose imposes growth restriction, leading to distortions in the soft embryo body. Yet, to perform confocal time-lapse microscopy, the embryo must be immobilized. This article describes a layered mounting method for zebrafish embryos that restrict the motility of the embryos while allowing for the unrestricted growth. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations. To demonstrate the usability of this method, whole embryo vascular, neuronal and muscle development was imaged in transgenic fish for 55 consecutive hours. This mounting method can be used for easy, low-cost imaging of whole zebrafish embryos using inverted microscopes without requirements of molds or special equipment.

This article describes a method to mount fragile zebrafish embryos for extended time-lapse confocal microscopy. This low-cost method is easy to perform using regular glass-bottom microscopy dishes for imaging on any inverted microscope. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations.

全斑马鱼胚胎的延长时移共聚焦显微镜的分层安装方法

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues ...

Whole Mount Immunohistochemistry in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. Although many immunohistochemistry protocols have been optimized for mammalian tissue and tissue sections, these protocols often require modification and optimization for non-mammalian model organisms. Zebrafish are increasingly used as a model system in basic, biomedical, and translational research to investigate the molecular, genetic, and cell biological mechanisms of developmental processes. Zebrafish offer many advantages as a model system but also require modified techniques for optimal protein detection. Here, we provide our protocol for whole-mount fluorescence immunohistochemistry in zebrafish embryos and larvae. This protocol additionally describes several different mounting strategies that can be employed and an overview of the advantages and disadvantages each strategy provides. We also describe modifications to this protocol to allow detection of chromogenic substrates in whole mount tissue and fluorescence detection in sectioned larval tissue. This protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many developmental stages and embryonic structures.

Here, we present a protocol for fluorescent antibody-mediated detection of proteins in whole preparations of zebrafish embryos and larvae.

斑马鱼胚胎和幼虫的整个山免疫性化学

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. ...