Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grant R01DA029100 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

该协议在美国犹他州州立大学批准的机构审查委员会。下面列出的步骤应作为规划和实施延迟折扣任务的指南。 1.设置一个延时贴现任务<ol><li>选择延迟其贴现将被评估的范围。 注意:例如，一个典型的方案将使用的延迟，范围从1周25年。所选定延迟应该遵循，按照惯例，为大致呈指数级数（例如，1周，2周，1个月，2个月，6个月，1年，5年，25年） </li><li>选择的货币，将在任务中使用的最大量。例如，资金在任务中使用的一般用量是$ 100 $ 1,000。 </li><li>选择一个必须完成，以确定每个延迟无差异点试验的次数。 注:例如，试验的每个延迟一个典型的数字应为6 8吨里亚尔平衡数据分辨率和参与者的疲劳。 </li></ol> 2.获取知情同意和登录参加<ol><li>有与会者坐在一个孤立的房间里电脑前。请参与者关掉他们的手机和/或任何其他电子设备。 </li><li>提供了知情同意书的参加者审查并签署是否同意参加任务。 </li><li>通过点击计算机上的任务相关联的图标启动该程序。 </li><li>观察对话框，输入将附加到参与者的数据唯一的参加者ID标签。 注:由于任务必须由实验者进行编程，这一步可以通过具有程序自动分配一个参与者标签来自动完成。 </li></ol> 3.提供说明和实践试验<ol><li>得到约他或她在该任务将体验到的参与者的指令。 </li><li> Provid将不被包括在数据分析E实践试验。 注:实践试验的目的是使与会者了解与任务设计，并提供与会者有机会提问，如果他们不明白什么是对他们的期望不会威胁在任务开始收集的数据的完整性。实践试验不应该使用下面列出的调整过程。相反，实践试验应该只是由一系列的直接结果和延迟的结果之间选择。 <ol><li>例如，通过显示在计算机屏幕上的问题，并要求参与者之间立即$ 10个可用和$ 100个可用1个月，选择开始实践试验。观察所取得的屏幕上的选择。 </li><li>问同样的问题在下一个屏幕上，但后续的选择增加了$ 10的增量直接替代每次试验（无论由参与者作出的选择），直到立即直接TE和延迟的替代品等于$ 100。 </li></ol></li><li>进行十项实践试验，以让参与者来适应环境的任务。 </li></ol> 4.评估单个无差别点注:冷漠点作为从延迟贴现任务的主要因变量，表示在这一点，经延迟的替代的现值等于立即替代。 <ol><li>显示的起始金额为延迟的和即时的替代品参与者。对于一审判决，显示的最大金额的数额延迟替代。同时显示即时量半的最高金额的。在试验开始时设置的鼠标光标移动到屏幕（从每个选择方案等距）的中心。 注:侧（右或屏幕的左侧），其上的替代，提出应在​​每个随机确定审判。 </li><li>观察参与者的选择。 </li><li>由最大为基于所述参与者选择第二次试验的四分之一调整的直接替代的量。 <ol><li>减少的直接替代量二审如果参与者选择了在第一次审判的直接替代品。例如，如果立即量是$ 50和它被选在第一试验中，然后在第二个试验显示即时量的如$ 25个。 </li><li>增加的直接替代量二审如果参与者选择了延迟替代的一审判决。例如，如果立即量是$ 50个，但延迟量被选择在第一试验中，然后在第二个试验显示即时量的如$ 75。 </li></ol></li><li>显示的直接替代新量和不断延迟替代的参与者，使他们能够使他们的下一个选择。 </li><li>观察在participant的选择和通过上次调节的半调整的直接替代的量。 <ol><li>减少的直接替代量下试，如果参与者选择的是当前审判的直接替代品。例如，如果眼前的金额是$ 25日二审，它被选中，然后在第三个试验显示即时量$ 12,50。 </li><li>增加的直接替代量下试，如果参与者选择了延迟替代对目前的审判。例如，如果眼前的金额是$ 25日二审，它被选中，然后在第三个试验显示即时量$ 37,50。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤4.4和4.5，直到参与者做出的选择所需要的数 注:选择的数量是最多的实验者的自由裁量权;看到更详细的讨论。 注:为即将到来的审判应该ALWA调整YS等于乘以2 -n，其中n是当前调整试验数的最大量（ 参见图1）。 </li><li>使最终调整到根据参与者的选择的直接量。使用这个新的量无差异点的延迟。 </li></ol> 5.确定冷漠点，每个延迟<ol><li>完全重复步骤4对于每个所选择的延迟，复位的直接结果的量和调整在每个延迟一审的量。 </li></ol> 6.评估延迟的定性不同结局贴现（可选） <ol><li>请参与者提供所选择的结果的一个例子。例如，如果选择的结果是食物，然后要求参与者"什么是你最喜欢的食物是什么？" </li><li>观察参与者的响应，并要求参与者多少结果成本的一个单元（例如，"什么是的首选食品的费用是多少？"）。 注意:如果实验者有兴趣在评估不同商品折扣不同，这一步将平衡商品的价值而言，这样的折扣任何差异不是由于量差异被打折扣。 </li><li>显示即时和延迟起始值的基于报告的参与者的价格的值。设定结果的延迟量设定为等于所述最大值由由参与者提供的，然后将立即替代½的量的每单位价格除以。 注:例如，如果1份的冰淇淋花费$ 5，最高为$ 100随后有20份冰淇淋于$ 100。使用此计算结果作为延迟替代（如，"20份冰淇淋1周"）和1/2的金额作为直接替代（例如，"10份冰淇淋现在"）。 </li><li> REPE在所有的步骤4和5，每个结果的重新计算值。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig1.jpg" /> 在调量任务图1.试用结构 。起始值，用于将延迟的替代，Y应该等于最大值。为眼前的替代，X的初始值，应该等于.5Y。如果选择X则X的值应在下次试验降低。如果选择y时，X的值应增加在下次试验。调整的量.25Y试行1，是对每一个后续试验之前的调整。5。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 7.数据分析<ol><li>导入数据到任何首选数据ANALYSIS程序。隔离冷漠点，每个延迟每个参与者。计算中值无差异点为每个延迟为每个组。 注意:如果一个组设计用于计算中位数冷漠点才是必需的。 </li><li>选择一个曲线回归模型（见代表性成果的例子）。使用曲线回归拟合模型到（中位数）冷漠分。这将产生相关的参数估计所选模型（见下面的参数的解释）。 注:我们提供的代码为统计方案R键帮助读者与第7步进行曲线回归的补充材料。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Friedel, J. E., DeHart, W. B., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+cigarette+smoking:+discounting+of+monetary+and+consumable+outcomes+in+current+and+non-smokers.">Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: discounting of monetary and consumable outcomes in current and non-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 231 (23), 4517-4526 (2014).</li><li>Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+cigarette+smoking:+delay+discounting+in+current,+never,+and+ex-smokers.">Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 146 (4), 447-454 (1999).</li><li>Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., Cross, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subjective+probability+and+delay.">Subjective probability and delay.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 55 (2), 233-244 (1991).</li><li>Addessi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+choice+versus+delay+maintenance:+Different+measures+of+delayed+gratification+in+capuchin+monkeys+(Cebus+apella).">Delay choice versus delay maintenance: Different measures of delayed gratification in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).</a> J Comp Psychol. 127 (4), 392-398 (2013).</li><li>Woolverton, W. L., Myerson, J., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+cocaine+by+rhesus+monkeys.">Delay discounting of cocaine by rhesus monkeys.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 15 (3), 238-244 (2007).</li><li>Evenden, J. L., Ryan, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pharmacology+of+impulsive+behaviour+in+rats:+the+effects+of+drugs+on+response+choice+with+varying+delays+of+reinforcement.">The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats: the effects of drugs on response choice with varying delays of reinforcement.</a> Psychopharm. 128 (2), 161-170 (1996).</li><li>Perry, J. L., Larson, E. B., German, J. P., Madden, G. J., Carroll, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+(delay+discounting)+as+a+predictor+of+acquisition+of+IV+cocaine+self-administration+in+female+rats.">Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats.</a> Psychopharmacology. 178 (2-3), 193-201 (2005).</li><li>Mazur, J. E., Commons, M. L., Mazur, J., Nevin, J. A., Rachlin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+adjusting+procedure+for+studying+delayed+reinforcement.+In:+.">An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In: .</a> Quantitative Analysis of Behavior: Vol. 5 the Effect of Delay and Intervening Events on Reinforcement Value. , 55-73 (1987).</li><li>Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., Gatchalian, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excessive+discounting+of+delayed+reinforcers+as+a+trans-disease+process+contributing+to+addiction+and+other+disease-related+vulnerabilities:+Emerging+evidence.">Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence.</a> Pharmacol Thera. 134 (3), 287-297 (2012).</li><li>Rachlin, H., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commitment,+choice,+and+self-control.">Commitment, choice, and self-control.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 17 (1), 15-22 (1972).</li><li>Ainslie, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulse+control+in+pigeons.">Impulse control in pigeons.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 21 (3), 485-489 (1974).</li><li>Ainslie, G., Herrnstein, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preference+reversal+and+delayed+reinforcement.">Preference reversal and delayed reinforcement.</a> Anim Learn Behav. 9 (4), 476-482 (1981).</li><li>Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting:+I'm+a+k,+you're+a+k.">Delay discounting: I'm a k, you're a k.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 96 (3), 427-439 (2011).</li><li>Reynolds, B., Ortengren, A., Richards, J. B., de Wit, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimensions+of+impulsive+behavior:+Personality+and+behavioral+measures.">Dimensions of impulsive behavior: Personality and behavioral measures.</a> Pers Indiv Differ. 40 (2), 305-315 (2006).</li><li>Petry, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+money+and+alcohol+in+actively+using+alcoholics,+currently+abstinent+alcoholics,+and+controls.">Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls.</a> Psychopharmacology. 154 (3), 243-250 (2001).</li><li>Vuchinich, R. E., Simpson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperbolic+temporal+discounting+in+social+drinkers+and+problem+drinkers.">Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 6 (3), 292-305 (1998).</li><li>Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+cigarette+smoking:+delay+discounting+in+current,+never,+and+ex-smokers.">Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 146 (4), 447-454 (1999).</li><li>Mitchell, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measures+of+impulsivity+in+cigarette+smokers+and+non-smokers.">Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 146 (4), 455-464 (1999).</li><li>Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+rapid+discounting+of+delayed+hypothetical+rewards+in+cocaine-dependent+individuals.">Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 11 (1), 18-25 (2003).</li><li>Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsive+and+self-control+choices+in+opioid-dependent+patients+and+non-drug-using+control+patients:+Drug+and+monetary+rewards.">Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 5 (3), 256-262 (1997).</li><li>Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J., Badger, G. J., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Needle+sharing+in+opioid-dependent+outpatients:+psychological+processes+underlying+risk.">Needle sharing in opioid-dependent outpatients: psychological processes underlying risk.</a> Drug Alcohol Depen. 60 (3), 259-266 (2000).</li><li>Hoffman, W. F., Moore, M., Templin, R., McFarland, B., Hitzemann, R. J., Mitchell, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychological+function+and+delay+discounting+in+methamphetamine-dependent+individuals.">Neuropsychological function and delay discounting in methamphetamine-dependent individuals.</a> Psychopharmacology. 188 (2), 162-170 (2006).</li><li>Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., Jacobs, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+by+pathological+gamblers.">Delay discounting by pathological gamblers.</a> J Appl Behav Anal. 36 (4), 449-458 (2003).</li><li>Weller, R. E., Cook, E. W., Avsar, K. B., Cox, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obese+women+show+greater+delay+discounting+than+healthy-weight+women.">Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women.</a> Appetite. 51 (3), 563-569 (2008).</li><li>Rasmussen, E. B., Lawyer, S. R., Reilly, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percent+body+fat+is+related+to+delay+and+probability+discounting+for+food+in+humans.">Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in humans.</a> Behav Process. 83 (1), 23-30 (2010).</li><li>Daugherty, J. R., Brase, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+time+to+be+healthy:+Predicting+health+behaviors+with+delay+discounting+and+time+perspective.">Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective.</a> Pers Indiv Differ. 48 (2), 202-207 (2010).</li><li>Reynolds, B., Schiffbauer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+state+changes+in+human+delay+discounting:+an+experiential+discounting+task.">Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task.</a> Behav Process. 67 (3), 343-356 (2004).</li><li>Jimura, K., Myerson, J., Hilgard, J., Braver, T. S., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+people+really+more+patient+than+other+animals?+Evidence+from+human+discounting+of+real+liquid+rewards.">Are people really more patient than other animals? Evidence from human discounting of real liquid rewards.</a> Psychon B. Rev. 16 (6), 1071-1075 (2009).</li><li>Odum, A. L., Rainaud, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discounting+of+delayed+hypothetical+money,+alcohol,+and+food.">Discounting of delayed hypothetical money, alcohol, and food.</a> Behav Process. 64 (3), 305-313 (2003).</li><li>Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., Kastern, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+real+and+hypothetical+rewards.">Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 11 (2), 139-145 (2003).</li><li>Beck, R. C., Triplett, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+of+a+group-administered+paper-pencil+measure+of+delay+discounting.">Test-retest reliability of a group-administered paper-pencil measure of delay discounting.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 17 (5), 345-355 (2009).</li><li>Chapman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discounting+and+utility+for+health+and+money.">Temporal discounting and utility for health and money.</a> J EXP Psychol Learn. 22 (3), 771-791 (1996).</li><li>Du, W., Green, L., Myerson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-cultural+comparisons+of+discounting+delayed+and+probabilistic+rewards.">Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards.</a> Psychol Rec. 52 (4), 479-492 (2002).</li><li>Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heroin+addicts+have+higher+discount+rates+for+delayed+rewards+than+non-drug-using+controls.">Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.</a> J Exp.Psychol Gen. 128 (1), 78-87 (1999).</li><li>Myerson, J., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discounting+of+delayed+rewards:+Models+of+individual+choice.">Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 64 (3), 263-276 (1995).</li><li>Rachlin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notes+on+discounting.">Notes on discounting.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 85 (3), 425-435 (2006).</li><li>Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting:+Trait+variable.">Delay discounting: Trait variable.</a> Behav Process. 87 (1), 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Koffarnus, M. N., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changing+delay+discounting+in+the+light+of+the+competing+neurobehavioral+decision+systems+theory:+a+review.">Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: a review.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 99 (1), 32-57 (2013).</li><li>Green, L., Myerson, J., Ostaszewski, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amount+of+reward+has+opposite+effects+on+the+discounting+of+delayed+and+probabilistic+outcomes.">Amount of reward has opposite effects on the discounting of delayed and probabilistic outcomes.</a> J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 25 (2), 418-427 (1999).</li><li>Myerson, J., Green, L., Warusawitharana, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Area+under+the+curve+as+a+measure+of+discounting.">Area under the curve as a measure of discounting.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 76 (2), 235-243 (2001).</li><li>Reynolds, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+delay-discounting+research+with+humans:+relations+to+drug+use+and+gambling.">A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling.</a> Behav Pharmacol. 17 (8), 651-667 (2006).</li><li>Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Grant, J. D., Heath, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritability+of+delay+discounting+in+adolescence:+A+longitudinal+twin+study.">Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: A longitudinal twin study.</a> Behav Gen. 41 (2), 175-183 (2011).</li><li>Morrison, K. L., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L., Friedel, J. E., Twohig, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altering+impulsive+decision+making+with+an+acceptance-based+procedure.">Altering impulsive decision making with an acceptance-based procedure.</a> Behav Ther. 45 (5), 630-639 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

此视频描述，应采取使用调节量任务进行延迟贴现实验的步骤。该调整量任务比较快速进行（10 - 每名参赛者15分钟），并产生可靠的数据。任务的调整性质提供贴现的个体参与者的程度微调的分析。由于该任务是基于计算机的数据采集是自动化的，它在数据收集过程限制了人为误差和影响。典型任务用于评估假定的结果的贴现，但它也被用来评估实际成果28贴现。一个限制到调整量任务是任务不针对参与者错误的鲁棒性。由于任务的滴定性质在延迟块的第一次试验作出的错误（例如，点击$ 50个现在代替$ 100在一周时意味着参加者选择$ 100周）将大大冷漠点这一延迟的直接选项将不会再达到$ 50这个块的影响，由于整个试验的下降调整。一个块内的存货试验作出的错误不会影响无差别点一样多。根据观察在我们的实验室中，我们发现，这样的错误是比较少见的。实验者可以编程任务，以验证与无差异点是准确的参与者，并重复上述过程为延迟，如果事实并非如此。 用校正量任务中的延迟折扣实验三个关键参数均达到实验者自由裁量权，但应与实验的问题一致:1）使用应该是有意义的实验问题的结果量（ 如 $ 10万美元的。食物是无意义的）。 2）在实验中使用，应该与结果感的延迟和量被使用（例如，由于陡峭的贴现$ 5月10日不足以提供有意义的数据，如果一个使用该范围为1周〜25岁）的延迟级数。 3）调整每个延迟块内的数量应兼顾分辨率和时间（与更多的审判更高的分辨率，但参与者需要更多的时间）。在这里，我们概述了其中一个延迟贴现评估可以被实现的一种方法，但延迟贴现任务是健壮变异和上文所述的步骤的稍作修改不可能使在发现一个显著差异。 从延迟贴现实验分析数据包括那些相对容易实现，并产生良好的拟合到数据曲线回归技术。我们已在补充材料，这将在编程延迟贴现的实验和分析，其产品通过延迟收集贴现任务数据帮助几个文件:伪代码，以帮助编程延迟折现任务纽约的语言，在E-总理编程的延迟折扣任务，并在统计程序R运行从非线性回归（带注释）的脚本。 延迟贴现的实验，使用调节量的任务，提供了一条有效的途径受试者内的冲动选择不同的组间和识别。实验已经确定在延迟患有适应不良行为模式和控制参与者41之间贴现的程度的差异。使用延迟贴现任务实验，也可用于鉴定影响受试者内延迟贴现变量和评估这些操作的相对永久性。 虽然以前的研究主要集中于研究延迟不同人群贴现的差异，需要更多的研究，以了解延迟贴现可通过介入治疗受到影响。延迟贴现的实验一直非常事业有成l在确定与适应不良的行为模式控制人口和人民群体之间的差异，并提供了为什么个人赌博，使用毒品，吃得过饱，或很少考虑健康相关行为的理由的研究人员。因为与这些行为相关的负面结果被延迟，这些成果对人与陡峭的贴现函数的行为影响不大。 一些研究还没有集中在底层延迟贴现机制。是什么引起了高度的贴现，这可能导致这些适应不良的行为模式？尽管有证据表明，延迟贴现是至少在某种程度上可遗传42，延迟贴现可能仍然是可延展。重要的是要找出潜在的延迟贴现和变量可以影响这些机制的心理和神经生物学机制是非常重要的。这是可能的延迟贴现的程度可以为r通过治疗干预43得出，但需要更多的研究来了解这些发现的一般性和减少延迟贴现可能会对倾向从事与陡峭的延迟贴现梯度相关联的适应不良的行为模式的影响。

延迟贴现是一种行为现象，影响到很多情况下，人们会遇到延迟贴现是指时间上的近端奖励更高度重视超过时间远端回报的事实。也就是说，奖励价值下降与延迟。这是一个重要的过程，因为很多选择，人们作出涉及直接低质量的成果之间的权衡（例如，一块奶酪蛋糕吃完饭）和延迟高品质的结果 （例如，长期健康）。延迟贴现也已在多种物种中除了人类2,3，包括猴子4,5，大鼠6,7和鸽子8的观察。 在贴现程度的个体差异已被链接到不同的适应不良行为9。奖励的价值下降为延迟根据双曲衰减函数8的功能。随着双曲线衰减，价值下降广泛S采用较短的延迟，但会降低比例没有那么跨越比较长的延迟。马祖尔的结论，即价值双曲会随着延迟的功能是非常重要的，因为双曲线函数能够预测偏好逆转，而其他的理论功能不能没有额外的假设。偏好逆转是一个证据充分的调查10-12的偏爱一个小奖励可以比较快（SSR）在更大的奖励可在未来（LLR）相对远点，如果一个普通的延迟被添加到两个备选方案将扭转。例如，如果，而下班开车回家，饥饿的感觉突然打，一个人可能倾向于而不是等着停在眼前的第一个快餐店相对不健康的零食，直到他们回家换了一块水果或其他一些高品质的小吃。然而，如果在饥饿击中，同时仍然在工作时，当人仍然有步行到他们的车和接近快餐店前，开车在路上，他们更可能决定要等到他们回家的水果。 陡度与奖励下降值作为延迟的函数可以被认为是一个生物体的选择冲动的量度。选择冲动可以被定义为优先选择的SSR超过LLR 13,14- .Higher度脉冲的选择都与使用和滥用各种药物如酒精15,16，香烟17,18，可卡因19，海洛因20,21，和甲基苯丙胺22。更高程度的冲动的选择也与有问题的赌博23，肥胖24,25，和健康状况不佳和人身安全的选择26。 各种任务可以用来评估延迟在人中扣除。例如，参加者可以要求作出的选择和经验，部分或全部的决定与他们的选择（真正的奖励任务27,28），或者他们可能被要求做出假设的替代品之间的决策相关的后果，在这种情况下，他们不会真正遇到与自己选择相关的后果（假设悬赏任务1-3,9 ，15-19,25,29）。类似程度的折扣一般都观察到无论奖励和延迟是否真实或假设的30。管理延迟折扣任务的方式有所不同，不同研究。例如，各种实验室已经给予使用填空题-在空白调查表31，多项选择题问卷32，调整量的过程33的任务，货币的选择问卷34。调整量的任务，最初是由杜，绿色和迈尔森33开发的，并在我们的实验室广泛使用，提供了几个好处。一旦任务被编程的数据收集是自动的，从而限制在整个过程中的人为错误。由于该任务的调节性质，冷漠点达到相对较少的问题，这些问题最小化的参与者都必须在和实验室和限制的无聊的时间。重要的是，该任务提供了详实可靠的数据。调节量的任务将在下面详细说明。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="613">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:165px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Mac or Windows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Programming Software</td>
			<td>Visual Studios</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.visualstudio.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td>The R Foundation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.r-project.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Informed Consent Form</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring delay discounting in humans using an adjusting amount task

延迟贴现指的是在当它被延迟相对于当它是立即可用的奖励的值的下降。延迟扣除任务用于识别冷漠点，这反映相等偏好两个二分奖励替代不同的延迟和幅度。冷漠点的关键是评估延迟贴现渐变的形状，因为它们使我们能够隔离延迟对价值的影响。例如，如果在1周的延迟，最大为$ 1,000，无差异点为$ 700个我们知道，对于参与者，1周延迟对应于在值降低了30％。这个视频概括标识冷漠点比较快速和便宜且易于管理的调整量对延迟折现任务。一旦数据已被采集，非线性回归技术通常用于生成贴现曲线。贴现曲线的陡峭程度反映IMP度ulsive选择一组或个人。这些技术已被用于与各种商品，并已确定种群的相对冲动。例如，人与物质滥用问题的折扣延迟奖励更陡比对照参与者。虽然折现度变化作为商品的检查功能，一种商品的折扣相关与贴现其他商品的，这表明，贴现可以是行为1的永久图案。

延迟贴现结果由拟合曲线回归模型，既从每个结果个别参与者群体和冷漠点中值无差异点一般分析。中位数组无差异点使用，因为冷漠点的样本通常不是正态分布。三个非线性回归模型是常用的:那些由马祖尔（式1）8，迈尔森和格林（式2）35，和瑞克林（式3）36建议。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584eq1.jpg" /> <img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584eq2.jpg" /> <img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584eq3.jpg" />在这些模型中，V是延迟邻的存在（贴现）值utcome（即，实验上确定的无差别点）中，A是未来结果的量，D是延迟到的结果， 并且 k是量化与该延迟结果失去值作为函数的陡度一个自由参数延迟。在等式2和3，s是比例参数是也可以自由地变化。传统的统计分析可能对k的自然对数（LN） ​​由公式进行1.统计分析不太适合从等式2和等式3 LN（k）的，因为k不是贴现的一个独立的措施，因为其与交互s参数 。 在我们的实验室，我们已经表明，要调查的具体结果（例如，食品与金钱）影响贴现（例如，食物被打折更陡比金钱1）。尽管如此，个别partic<html>贴现ipants"程度在不同​​的结果是相关的。我们已经解释这一发现的证据表明，延迟贴现是一种特质般的过程。然而，虽然延迟贴现似乎是一种性状状的过程中，它也受状态变量37,38。 下面的结果，以前发表在杂志精神药理学 1展示典型的延迟扣除通过非线性回归获得的曲线。对于群分析，中位数组无差异点是为每个延迟获得。这些点是配合到非线性回归模型（见的聚乙烯醚代码）。图2显示模型的等式2的适合四个结果:钱，酒精，娱乐，和食物。结果被分为两组:吸烟者和非吸烟者。 负载/ 53584 / 53584fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2.不同物品延迟贴现。贴现为吸烟者和非吸烟者功能的钱，酒类食品，娱乐商品。在所有四个面板，点显示位数的冷漠点和线显示最适合的双曲线状的贴现函数35。插图为醇，娱乐，和食品的商品是与x轴定标，以显示在最短延迟冷漠点相同的数据。在一些情况下，数据点可能重叠。这个数字最初发表于精神药理学 1（在CC-BY许可）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> R 2和赤池信息准则（AIC）:的拟合的质量可以使用两种措施来评估。R 2的计算公式为1 - （残差平方和/总平方的）。 R 2得分非线性回归应该谨慎地解释（和可能避免的），因为广场和误差平方和的模式总和不等于1。然而，我们通常包括R 2的分数，由于公约，从而使价值从我们的研究可以比以前的研究。 AIC计算为2K + N日志（RSS / n），其中k是自由参数的数目（1式1中，和图2为方程2和3），和n是冷漠点（ 见表 1）的数目。个人数据以类似的方法进行了分析。中位数，R 2和AIC值报告证明个人的配合（ 表2）的质量。需要注意的是公式1公式2和公式3的一种特殊情况是很重要的（ 当 s = 1），绝不会产生比这些方程较大，R 2的值。因此，AIC可用于评估如果R 2中的增益为更复杂的模型证明在这些方程中的额外的参数（增加的复杂性）。评估所述更复杂的模型是否是正当的是要确定S是否显著从1 39不同的另一种方法。 可替代地，一个非理论的措施，面积的曲线（AUC）下，可从参与者的冷漠获得点40。 AUC为每组相邻冷漠点之间的梯形面积的总和。 AUC计算为（x 2 - X 1）[（Y 1 + Y 2）/ 2]，其中x 1和x 2分别是连续的延迟和 y 1和y 2都无差异点为那些延迟（见的聚乙烯醚码）。 0和1和下限值之间的AUC范围表示较陡的贴现。参数的统计数据可以用于分析AUC如果特定的样品符合正常的要求。 <img alt="表格1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584table1.jpg" /> 表 1: 模型拟合比较模型的拟合比较的马祖尔8双曲线和迈尔森和格林35双曲面。粗体值表示更适合。为中位数冷漠点，Akaike信息准则（AIC）结果表明，双曲面提供更好的贴合五出于八倍。从装修两种模式个体参与者的数据获得的R 2值的比较表明，双曲面更适合于所有情况比双曲线。 <img alt="表2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584table2.jpg" /> 表2:参数估计。 第 k 和 s参数以及R 2为双曲面适合于位数冷漠分，每结果为每个组。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task at JoVE.com

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

测量延迟贴现在人类使用的调量任务

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

measuring-delay-discounting-in-humans-using-an-adjusting-amount-task

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

15.2K 次观看.  Utah State University. Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

视频: Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

一个操作性内/外维特班任务的小鼠

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Human pain models are useful in the assessing the analgesic effect of drugs, providing information about a drug&#39;s pharmacology and identify potentially suitable therapeutic populations. The need to use a comprehensive battery of pain models is highlighted by studies whereby only a single pain model, thought to relate to the clinical situation, demonstrates lack of efficacy. No single experimental model can mimic the complex nature of clinical pain. The integrated, multi-modal pain task&#160;battery presented here encompasses the electrical stimulation task, pressure stimulation task, cold pressor task, the UVB inflammatory model which includes a thermal task and a paradigm for inhibitory conditioned pain modulation. These human pain models have been tested for predicative validity and reliability both in their own right and in combination, and can be used repeatedly, quickly, in short succession, with minimum burden for the subject and with a modest quantity of equipment. This allows a drug to be fully characterized and profiled for analgesic effect which is especially useful for drugs with a novel or untested mechanism of action.

Human pain models are valuable tools used to assess the analgesic potential of novel compounds and predict their clinical efficacy, especially when used in an integrated manner. Although implementation of these models is complex, with proper execution, the pain models described in this protocol can provide predictive and reliable results.

确定疼痛的检测和容忍阈值使用集成的，多模式疼痛任务电池

Human pain models are useful in the assessing the analgesic effect of drugs, providing information about a drug&#39;s pharmacology and identify ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

经典短时滞上只是一眨眼在一岁儿童中的调节作用

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

使用 Stroop 任务检查双语语言控制

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...

Measuring Light-Switching Behavior Using an Occupancy and Light Data Logger

Due to discrepancies between self-reported and observed pro-environmental behavior, researchers suggest the use of more direct measures of behavior. Although direct behavioral observation may increase the external validity and generalizability of a study, it may be time-consuming and be subject to experimenter or observer bias. To address these issues, the use of data loggers as an alternative to natural observation can allow researchers to conduct broad studies without interrupting the participants&#39; naturally occurring behaviors. This article describes one of such tools&#8212;the occupancy and light data logger&#8212;with its technical description, deployment protocol, and information about its possible applications in psychological experiments. The results of testing the reliability of the logger in comparison to human observation is provided alongside an example of the gathered data during a 15-day measurement in public restroom (N = 1,148) that includes: 1) room occupancy changes; 2) indoor light changes; and 3) room occupancy time.

This article describes a procedure for using and deploying an occupancy and light data logger which allows collecting data about light-switching behavior of participants in field settings.

使用占用和光数据记录器测量光切换行为

Due to discrepancies between self-reported and observed pro-environmental behavior, researchers suggest the use of more direct measures of behavior. ...