首尔大学的研究由韩国 MEST 的国家研究基金会 (NRF) 支持, 用于肿瘤微环境全球核心研究中心 (GCRC) 赠款, [赠款编号 2011-0030001];由汉城国立大学研究补助金和由脑韩国 (BK21) 加节目。

1. 菌落形成测定
<ol><li>培养 A549 细胞在2万个细胞/cm2在15毫升 RPMI1640 细胞培养培养基补充10% 个血清 (胎牛血清) 和1% 个抗生素在 75 cm2瓶在 CO2个孵化器在37°c 和 5% CO2。</li>
	<li>在实验当天, 使用 hemocytometer 确定细胞浓度。以 400 x g为7分钟, 在1.5 毫升离心管中收集5万个细胞, 并在100毫升管中以1.5 µL 的1x 无菌 PBS (磷酸盐缓冲盐水) 重新悬浮细胞。</li>
	<li>将1.1 毫升半固态纤维素培养基 (MCBM) 在15毫升管中, 用 multipipette。为每个条件准备一个管。</li>
	<li>使用 P200 微添加110µL 的 MCBM 1.1 毫升的血清。</li>
	<li>种子细胞在1000细胞/毫升。收集2.4 µL 细胞悬浮液从股票溶液 (5万细胞100µL 1x PBS) 使用 P2 微和增加1.1 毫升 MCBM 补充10% 血清。</li>
	<li>在添加细胞后, 将管子涡旋1分钟, 以最高的速度垂直排列, 以使 MCBM 和细胞混合良好。</li>
	<li>添加测试化合物 (单独 OT48 或与 A1210477 组合)。准备一个单独的管作为一个控制溶剂使用 (这里二甲基亚砜)。根据化合物的浓度和每个条件添加的体积, 溶剂控制将包括最高浓度的溶剂用于稀释的试验化合物, 以评估溶剂所造成的不利影响。</li>
	<li>涡流管1分钟。</li>
	<li>对于每种化验, 添加1毫升的混合物与 P1000 微到中心井的12井细胞培养板。</li>
	<li>用1毫升的无菌水或 1x PBS 填充空水井, 以稳定湿度。</li>
	<li>孵化培养皿10天在孵化器在37°c 和 5% CO2。</li>
	<li>经过10天的孵化, 添加200µL 的 MTT (methylthiazolyldiphenyl-四氮唑溴) 股票溶液 (5 毫克/毫升), 以达到最终浓度的1毫克/毫升。</li>
	<li>孵化10分钟在孵化器在37°c 和 5% CO2。生存的殖民地将变成紫罗兰。</li>
	<li>使用数码相机拍摄图像, 使用白色背景板 (白径托盘)。使用以下设置: 方法, 数字化;曝光类型, 精度;曝光时间, 手动, 1 秒;灵敏度/分辨率高分辨率。以 tiff 格式保存图像。</li>
	<li>使用 ImageJ 软件量化可行的殖民地。选择菜单 "图像 |类型 |8位 "。选择菜单 "调整 |门槛 "。设置阈值以控制和保持恒定的所有条件;选择菜单 "分析 |分析粒子 "。使用统计软件保存数据并分析图形表示。</li>
</ol>2. 球形地层测定
<ol><li>培养 A549 细胞在2万个细胞/cm2在 75 cm2瓶与15毫升的 RPMI 1640 中等补充与10% 血清和1% 抗生素。</li>
	<li>在实验当天, 准备一个96井的 U 型底板。</li>
	<li>板1万细胞入井已经包含兴趣化合物 (这里50µM OT48 并且/或者20µM A1210477)。调整最终体积到100µL 细胞培养培养基。形成具有完整外边界的均匀球体的细胞数被认为足以形成球体。</li>
	<li>孵化3天在孵化器在37°c 和 5% CO2。</li>
	<li>经过3天的孵化, 捕捉图像的球体使用光显微镜与4x 放大倍数。</li>
</ol>3. 斑马鱼的移植试验
注意: 这种技术方法被可视化为示意图 (图 1)。
<ol><li>
库存试剂的制备
	<ol>
<li>准备1升 30x Danieau 的溶液: 1740 毫米氯化钠, 21 毫米氯化钾, 12 毫米 MgSO4∙7H2O, 18 毫米钙 (无3)2, 150 毫米 HEPES。使用 ph 计调整到缓冲液的 ph 值为7.6。</li>
		<li>准备 1% (50x) tricaine 溶液: 在2毫升蒸馏水中溶解20毫克 3-氨基苯甲酸磺酸乙酯 (tricaine)。</li>
		<li>制备1% 苯酚红 pbs 溶液: 在1.5 µL 管中加入2µL 酚红钠盐溶液, 以198µL 消毒 pbs 溶液。</li>
		<li>准备3% 纤维素: 添加3克纤维素到100毫升 1x Danieau 的解决方案。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
斑马鱼卵的生产与孵化
	<ol>
<li>将一只雌性和一只雄性斑马鱼分开, 用紫外线灭菌和过滤的自来水在28.5 摄氏度的黑暗中填充。经过24小时的分离, 混合两个性别的鱼开始交配。将受精卵从交配池转移到含有5毫升新鲜 Danieau 溶液的培养皿中。</li>
		<li>用5毫升的 Danieau 溶液洗鸡蛋三次。对于洗涤, 小心地用吸管吸入鸡蛋, 并转移到5毫升的新鲜溶液。在28.5 摄氏度孵育8小时。<ol>
<li>在 Danieau 的溶液中孵化8小时后, Danieau 的溶液中含有 0.03% 1 苯基2硫脲 (PTU) 以抑制色素沉着。整理出不透明的卵 (未受精或含有未发育的胚胎) 以防止污染。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
胚 dechorionation
	<ol>
<li>24 h 后受精 (hpf), dechorionate 斑马鱼胚胎使用锋利的钳。孵化胚胎在 Danieau 的解决方案与 0.03% PTU 在28.5 °c, 直到 48 hpf。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
复方处理细胞制剂
	<ol>
<li>种子 A549 细胞在2万个细胞/cm2在 25 cm2培养瓶。在 24 h 以后播种, 增加化合物 (这里 OT48 在50µM 和并且/或者 A1210477 在20µM) 为 24 h 在孵化器在37°c 和 5% CO2。设置每种化合物的治疗时间, 以维持细胞的生存能力, 但要将它们用于细胞死亡。这个时间点需要根据细胞的生存能力, 形态学和分子标记单独建立。</li>
		<li>2 h 在治疗结束前, 染色细胞与4µM 荧光细胞追踪染料 CM-Dil 在37°c 和 5% CO2。经过2小时的孵化, 胰蛋白酶处理细胞与0.05% 胰蛋白酶-EDTA, 稀释 106细胞在50µL 苯酚红 PBS 溶液注射前。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
微注射癌细胞对异种异体形成的研究
	<ol>
<li>麻醉斑马鱼在一个 0.02% tricaine 溶液5分钟, 直到他们定居在一个琼脂板块。</li>
		<li>通过微拉拔 (程序设置: 300, 热: 260, 拉:60, 威:50, 时间: 200) 拉动1.0 毫米 (外径) 玻璃毛细管)。用注射器切开 microcapillary, 以产生锋利的边缘。负载 microcapillaries 与20µL 细胞/苯酚红 PBS 溶液。设置注射压力和时间, 以分配 2 nL 每注入。</li>
		<li>将100–200细胞注入蛋黄囊中, 通过3到5注射注射6到 10 nL。注射后, 允许鱼恢复10至30分钟5毫升新鲜 Danieau 的解决方案包含 PTU 溶液。调度鱼在24井板与1毫升 Danieau 的解决方案包含 PTU 溶液是和孵化72小时在28.5 摄氏度。</li>
		<li>经过72小时的孵化, 麻醉鱼在一个 0.02% tricaine 的解决方案和固定在玻璃滑动与下降3% 纤维素。以620到 750 nm 的波长荧光显微镜拍摄5x 图片。</li>
		<li>用 ImageJ 软件量化荧光肿瘤的大小。选择菜单 "分析 |措施 "。保存与荧光信号对应的值, 并用统计软件分析图形表示。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

MCBM 获得的菌落形成率取决于细胞类型。通常, 对于非黏附细胞来说, 与黏附细胞相比, 菌落数量要高得多。我们观察到, A549 细胞在10天后形成了30到40个菌落。以前我们已经报告了不同的白血病细胞, 殖民地的数量在200到 2509之间。我们的研究结果表明, 单独的 OT48 并没有显著减少菌落数量。然而, 结合 BH3 模拟 A1210477 A549 细胞的菌落形成能力协同降低。此前我们报道, 另一种 hydroxyco...

癌症是由细胞突变引起的, 因此生化信号通路被打乱, 触发不受控制的细胞分裂和抵抗细胞死亡。肿瘤会影响消化、神经、循环系统和随后邻近组织的生理功能1。尽管广泛的研究工作, 癌症仍然是最普遍的威胁生命的疾病在世界2。精密医学已被公认为未来癌症治疗的基础。新的分子实体与现有药物进行例行测试, 以改善临床结果。
然而, 与开发新的有效靶向疗法相关的一个重要的限制是, 通常使用的化验方法未能模拟药物暴露的确切生物学结果3。癌症药物发现仍然主要依赖于检测在2D 单层培养的癌细胞系中的治疗药物的功效, 这在临床试验中难以证实4。因此, 发展更好的癌症模型, 更好地模仿在体内5的肿瘤的本土特征, 是一个越来越大的兴趣。近年来, 对3D 培养模型的兴趣越来越大, 导致了改进的方法, 以生成3D 肿瘤模型5。
在这里, 我们提出了一个方法与三种不同的3D 细胞培养技术, 允许提高对 hydroxycoumarin OT486的效力的理解, 结合 BH3 mimetics 更深入的体内测定。我们的方法包括结合菌落和 SFAs 与一个在体内的肿瘤形成试验, 基于斑马鱼模型, 以进一步验证 OT48 和 BH3 mimetics 联合在肺癌细胞和监测癌症进展在生活中的效果生物。
菌落形成测定通常用于评估抗癌药物对固体和造血肿瘤的疗效。该化验确定细胞无限增殖的能力, 形成殖民地7。抗癌剂对细胞菌落形成能力的影响由菌落数量和/或大小的减少决定。
球体代表体外肿瘤模型, 作为一种低成本的抗癌药物筛选平台。球体是悬浮或嵌入在3D 基质中的细胞聚集物。该方法广泛应用于药物筛选和肿瘤生长、增殖和免疫相互作用的研究8。
为了充分了解新药的特性, 对啮齿动物进行体内实验是非常必要的。然而, 这种传统的方法是昂贵和费时。近年来, 斑马鱼 (斑马斑马) 成为了一个广泛研究的实验室有机体, 更便宜, 更快地提高。在斑马鱼开发的肿瘤代表了3D 细胞培养方法, 但在体内设置的脊椎动物9。
总之, 我们在这里使用三种不同的3D 文化方法, 包括 CFAs, SFAs 和斑马鱼在体内肿瘤形成, 以证明 hydroxycoumarin OT48 的抗癌能力的肺癌 A549 细胞模型结合 BH3 mimetics。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials required for colony formation assays</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A549</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-185</td>
			<td>37 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>30096</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520-500</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T75</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70075</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.02</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml tube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td>Tube-170-C</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tube</td>
			<td>Hyundai Micro</td>
			<td>H20015</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>30012</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MethoCult</td>
			<td>StemCell technologies</td>
			<td>4230</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT powder)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5622</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS4000</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials required for spheroid formation assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A549</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-185</td>
			<td>37 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>30096</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520-500</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T75</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70075</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.02</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25-300-054</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning costar ultra low attachemnt 96 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3474</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopy</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials required for zebrafish xenografts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A549</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-185</td>
			<td>37 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>30096</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520-500</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T25</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70025</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T75</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70075</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T175</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>71175</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml tube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td>Tube-170-C</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>30024</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>10100</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.02</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25-300-054</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71382</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride (KCL)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2773</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1396</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0887</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (Tricaine)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0290</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylcellulose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M0512</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-Dil dye</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C7001</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillary</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>TW 100F-4</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Shutter instrument, USA</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro injector</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PV820</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>KOVAX</td>
			<td>1ml</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro loader</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5242956003</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Marienfeld</td>
			<td>HSU-1000612</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscopy</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DE/DM 5000B</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preclinical assessment of the bioactivity of the anticancer coumarin ot48 by spheroids, colony formation assays, and zebrafish xenografts

在体外和体内对新型治疗药物的临床前筛选是肿瘤药物发现的重要工具。尽管人类癌细胞系对 2D (维) 单层细胞培养中的治疗化合物有反应, 但为了了解药物在生理相关模型中的功效, 开发了3D 培养系统。近年来, 在临床前研究中观察到一个范式的转变, 以验证新分子在3D 培养系统中的效力, 更精确地模仿肿瘤微环境。这些系统以生理上相关的方式描述疾病状态, 有助于获得更好的机械洞察力和对特定分子药理效力的理解。此外, 随着目前在体内肿瘤模型改良方面的发展趋势, 斑马鱼已经成为一种重要的脊椎动物模型, 用来评估体内瘤的形成, 并研究治疗药物的作用。在这里, 我们研究了 hydroxycoumarin OT48 单独或联合 BH3 mimetics 在肺癌细胞系 A549 使用三种不同的3D 培养系统, 包括菌落形成检测 (CFA), 球形形成试验 (林业) 和在体内的斑马鱼移植。

在图 2中, 肺癌细胞系 A549 被播种在 MCBM 中, 在单独 OT48 治疗后形成菌落, 或与 BH3 模拟 A1210477 结合在指定的浓度。结果表明, 在10天的孵化后, 该组合显著减少了菌落数量、大小和总表面积。
在图 3中, A549 细胞单独 OT48 或与 BH3 模拟 A1210477 结合进行治疗, 并允许用 U 型底板技术形成球?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts at JoVE.com

Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts

球体、菌落形成测定和斑马鱼移植对抗癌香豆素 OT48 生物活性的临床前评价

在这里, 我们提出了应用3D 培养和斑马鱼的抗癌香豆素的临床前筛选。

In vitro and in vivo pre-clinical screening of novel therapeutic agents are an essential tool in cancer drug discovery. Although human cancer cell lines ...

preclinical-assessment-bioactivity-anticancer-coumarin-ot48-spheroids

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.3K 次观看.  Seoul National University. 在这里, 我们提出了应用3D 培养和斑马鱼的抗癌香豆素的临床前筛选。

视频: Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts

Coculture Assays to Study Macrophage and Microglia Stimulation of Glioblastoma Invasion

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased understanding of the molecular events that give rise to glioblastomas, this cancer still remains highly refractory to conventional treatment. Surgical resection of high grade brain tumors is rarely complete due to the highly infiltrative nature of glioblastoma cells. Therapeutic approaches which attenuate glioblastoma cell invasion therefore is an attractive option. Our laboratory and others have shown that tumor associated macrophages and microglia (resident brain macrophages) strongly stimulate glioblastoma invasion. The protocol described in this paper is used to model glioblastoma-macrophage/microglia interaction using in vitro culture assays. This approach can greatly facilitate the development and/or discovery of drugs that disrupt the communication with the macrophages that enables this malignant behavior. We have established two robust coculture invasion assays where microglia/macrophages stimulate glioma cell invasion by 5 - 10 fold. Glioblastoma cells labelled with a fluorescent marker or constitutively expressing a fluorescent protein are plated without and with macrophages/microglia on matrix-coated polycarbonate chamber inserts or embedded in a three dimensional matrix. Cell invasion is assessed by using fluorescent microscopy to image and count only invasive cells on the underside of the filter. Using these assays, several pharmacological inhibitors (JNJ-28312141, PLX3397, Gefitinib, and Semapimod), have been identified which block macrophage/microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion.

Understanding the malignant behavior of cancer requires creating accurate models of how tumor cells interact with components of the tumor microenvironment, such as macrophages. Here we describe two methods to study glioblastoma cell interaction with tumor associated macrophages and microglia where the effect on glioblastoma invasion is assessed.

共培养化验，以研究胶质母细胞瘤入侵的巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞刺激

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased ...

科研

癌症研究

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of diagnosis. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) is incurable, with a median survival time of only 18 months. Immune-based interventions (e.g., interferon (IFN) and interleukin (IL)-2) induce durable responses in a fraction of mRCC patients, and multikinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib or sorafenib) or anti-VEGF receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are largely palliative, as complete remissions are rare. Such shortcomings in current therapies for mRCC patients provide the rationale for the development of novel treatment protocols. A key component in the preclinical testing of new therapies for mRCC is a suitable animal model. Beneficial features that recapitulate the human condition include a primary renal tumor, renal tumor metastases, and an intact immune system to investigate any therapy-driven immune effector responses and the formation of tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors. This report describes an orthotopic mRCC mouse model that has all of these features. We describe an intrarenal implantation technique using the mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell line Renca, followed by the assessment of tumor growth in the kidney (primary site) and lungs (metastatic site).

Implementation of an orthotopic model of renal cell carcinoma in immunocompetent mice affords the investigator a clinically-relevant system defined by the presence of a primary renal tumor and lung metastases in the same animal. This system can be used to preclinically test a variety of treatments in vivo.

转移性的型号同源小鼠肾细胞癌的临床前疗法的定量和纵向评估

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of ...

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 for Analyzing the Formation and Repair of DNA Double-strand Breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are serious DNA lesions. Analysis of the formation and repair of DSB is relevant in a broad spectrum of research areas including genome integrity, genotoxicity, radiation biology, aging, cancer, and drug development. In response to DSB, the histone H2AX is phosphorylated at Serine 139 in a region of several megabase pairs forming discrete nuclear foci detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, 53BP1 (p53 binding protein 1) is another important DSB-responsive protein promoting repair of DSB by nonhomologous end-joining while preventing homologous recombination. According to the specific functions of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1, the combined analysis of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 by immunofluorescence microscopy may be a reasonable approach for a detailed analysis of DSB. This manuscript provides a step-by-step protocol supplemented with methodical notes for performing the technique. Specifically, the influence of the cell cycle on &#947;H2AX foci patterns is demonstrated in normal fibroblasts of the cell line NHDF. Further, the value of the &#947;H2AX foci as a biomarker is depicted in x-ray irradiated lymphocytes of a healthy individual. Finally, genetic instability is investigated in CD34+ cells of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia by immunofluorescence microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1.

This manuscript provides a protocol for the analysis of DNA double-strand breaks by immunofluorescence microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1.

γH2AX 和53BP1 的免疫荧光显微镜分析 DNA 双链断裂的形成和修复

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are serious DNA lesions. Analysis of the formation and repair of DSB is relevant in a broad spectrum of research areas ...

Utilization of Ultrasound Guided Tissue-directed Cellular Implantation for the Establishment of Biologically Relevant Metastatic Tumor Xenografts

Preclinical testing of anticancer therapies relies on relevant xenograft models that mimic the innate tendencies of cancer. Advantages of standard subcutaneous flank models include procedural ease and the ability to monitor tumor progression and response without invasive imaging. Such models are often inconsistent in translational clinical trials and have limited biologically relevant characteristics with low proclivity to produce metastasis, as there is a lack of a native microenvironment. In comparison, orthotopic xenograft models at native tumor sites have been shown to mimic the tumor microenvironment and replicate important disease characteristics such as distant metastatic spread. These models often require tedious surgical procedures with prolonged anesthetic time and recovery periods. To address this, cancer researchers have recently utilized ultrasound-guided injection techniques to establish cancer xenograft models for preclinical experiments, which allows for rapid and reliable establishment of tissue-directed murine models. Ultrasound visualization also provides a noninvasive method for longitudinal assessment of tumor engraftment and growth. Here, we describe the method for ultrasound-guided injection of cancer cells, utilizing the adrenal gland for NB and renal sub capsule for ES. This minimally invasive approach overcomes tedious open surgery implantation of cancer cells in tissue-specific locations for growth and metastasis, and abates morbid recovery periods. We describe the utilization of both established cell lines and patient derived cell lines for orthotopic injection. Pre-made commercial kits are available for tumor dissociation and luciferase tagging of cells. Injection of cell suspension using image-guidance provides a minimally invasive and reproducible platform for the creation of preclinical models. This method is utilized to create reliable preclinical models for other cancers such as bladder, liver and pancreas exemplifying its untapped potential for numerous cancer models.

Here, we present a protocol to utilize ultrasound-guided injection of neuroblastoma (NB) and Ewing's sarcoma (ES) cells (established cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells) at biologically relevant sites to create reliable preclinical models for cancer research.

超声引导组织定向细胞植入术在生物学相关转移性肿瘤移植中的应用

Preclinical testing of anticancer therapies relies on relevant xenograft models that mimic the innate tendencies of cancer. Advantages of standard ...

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation

Potentiation of hostile monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a valuable strategy for designing effective and safer therapy against cancer. Here we provide a protocol to identify a rational combination at the preclinical step. First, we describe a cell-based assay to assess the synergism between anticancer mAb and cytotoxic drugs, that uses the combination index equation of Chou and Talalay1. This includes the measurement of tumor cell drug- and antibody-sensitivity using an MTT assay, followed by an automated computer analysis to calculate the combination index (CI) values. CI values of &lt;1 indicate synergism between tested mAbs and cytotoxic agents1. To corroborate the in vitro findings in vivo, we further describe a method to assess the combination regimen efficacy in a xenograft tumor model. In this model, the combined regimen significantly delays tumor growth, which results in a significant extended survival in comparison to single-agent controls. Importantly, the in vivo experimentation reveals that the combination regimen is well tolerated. This protocol allows the effective evaluation of anticancer drug combinations in preclinical models and the identification of rational combination to evaluate in clinical trials.

This protocol describes how to assess synergism between an anticancer antibody and antineoplastic drugs in preclinical models by using the combination index equation of Chou and Talalay.

抗肿瘤药物对抗癌抗体疗效的潜力: 用组合指数方程检测抗体-药物协同作用

Potentiation of hostile monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a valuable strategy for designing effective and safer therapy ...

In Vivo Imaging and Quantitation of the Host Angiogenic Response in Zebrafish Tumor Xenografts

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A zebrafish xenograft is created by implanting mammalian tumor cells into the perivitelline space of two days-post-fertilization zebrafish embryos, followed by measuring the extent of the angiogenic response observed at an experimental endpoint up to two days post-implantation. The key advantage to this method is the ability to accurately quantitate the zebrafish host angiogenic response to the graft. This enables detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms as well as the host vs tumor contribution to the angiogenic response. The xenografted embryos can be subjected to a variety of treatments, such as incubation with potential anti-angiogenesis drugs, in order to investigate strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. The angiogenic response can also be live-imaged in order to examine more dynamic cellular processes. The relatively undemanding experimental technique, cheap maintenance costs of zebrafish and short experimental timeline make this model especially useful for the development of strategies to manipulate tumor angiogenesis.

The aim of this method is to generate an in vivo model of tumor angiogenesis by xenografting mammalian tumor cells into a zebrafish embryo that has fluorescently-labelled blood vessels. By imaging the xenograft and associated vessels, a quantitative measurement of the angiogenic response can be obtained.

在斑马鱼肿瘤异种移植物中宿主血管反应的Vivo成像和定量

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A ...

Enhanced Viability for Ex vivo 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Patient-Derived Xenografts in a Perfused Microfluidic Platform

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated when resected patient tumor tissue is engrafted directly into immunocompromised mice, remain biologically stable, thereby preserving molecular, genetic, and histological features, as well as heterogeneity of the original tumor. However, using these models to perform a multitude of experiments, including drug screening, is prohibitive both in terms of cost and time. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are widely viewed as platforms in which cancer cells retain their biological integrity through biochemical interactions, morphology, and architecture. Our team has extensive experience culturing PDX cells in vitro using 3D matrices composed of hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to separate mouse fibroblast stromal cells associated with PDXs, we use rotation culture, where stromal cells adhere to the surface of tissue culture-treated plates while dissociated PDX tumor cells float and self-associate into multicellular clusters. Also floating in the supernatant are single, often dead cells, which present a challenge in collecting viable PDX clusters for downstream encapsulation into hydrogels for 3D cell culture. In order to separate these single cells from live cell clusters, we have employed density step gradient centrifugation. The protocol described here allows for the depletion of non-viable single cells from the healthy population of cell clusters that will be used for further in vitro experimentation. In our studies, we incorporate the 3D cultures in microfluidic plates which allow for media perfusion during culture. After assessing the resultant cultures using a fluorescent image-based viability assay of purified versus non-purified cells, our results show that this additional separation step substantially reduced the number of non-viable cells from our cultures.

This protocol demonstrates methods to enable extended in vitro culture of patient-derived xenografts (PDX). One step enhances overall viability of multicellular cluster cultures in 3D hydrogels, through straightforward removal of non-viable single cells. A secondary step demonstrates best practices for PDX culture in a perfused microfluidic platform.

在全融合微流体平台中增强患者衍生异种移植物的外体 3D 水凝胶培养物的生存能力

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated when resected patient tumor tissue is engrafted directly into immunocompromised mice, remain biologically ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the standard in the field, but zebrafish have emerged as an alternative model with several advantages, including the ability for high-throughput and low-cost drug screening. Zebrafish also allow for in vivo drug screening with large replicate numbers that were previously only obtainable with in vitro systems. The ability to rapidly perform large scale drug screens may open up the possibility for personalized medicine with rapid translation of results back to clinic. Zebrafish xenograft models could also be used to rapidly screen for actionable mutations based on tumor response to targeted therapies or to identify new anti-cancer compounds from large libraries. The current major limitation in the field has been quantifying and automating the process so that drug screens can be done on a larger scale and be less labor-intensive. We have developed a workflow for xenografting primary patient samples into zebrafish larvae and performing large scale drug screens using a fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit and automated sampler unit. This method allows for standardization and quantification of engrafted tumor area and response to drug treatment across large numbers of zebrafish larvae. Overall, this method is advantageous over traditional cell culture drug screening as it allows for growth of tumor cells in an in vivo environment throughout drug treatment, and is more practical and cost-effective than mice for large scale in vivo drug screens.

Zebrafish xenograft models allow for high-throughput drug screening and fluorescent imaging of human cancer cells in an in vivo microenvironment. We developed a workflow for large scale, automated drug screening on patient-derived leukemia samples in zebrafish using an automated fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit.

斑马鱼原发性患者衍生肿瘤异种移植物的药物筛选

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

Generation of Zebrafish Larval Xenografts and Tumor Behavior Analysis

Zebrafish larval xenografts are being widely used for cancer research to perform in vivo and real-time studies of human cancer. The possibility of rapidly visualizing the response to anti-cancer therapies (chemo, radiotherapy, and biologicals), angiogenesis and metastasis with single cell resolution, places the zebrafish xenograft model as a top choice to develop preclinical studies.

The zebrafish larval xenograft assay presents several experimental advantages compared to other models, but probably the most striking is the reduction of size scale and consequently time. This reduction of scale allows single cell imaging, the use of a relatively low number of human cells (compatible with biopsies), medium-high-throughput drug screenings, but most importantly enables a significant reduction of the time of the assay. All these advantages make the zebrafish xenograft assay extremely attractive for future personalized medicine applications.

Many zebrafish xenograft protocols have been developed with a wide diversity of human tumors; however, a general and standardized protocol to efficiently generate zebrafish larval xenografts is still lacking. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol, with tips to generate xenografts and guidelines for tumor behavior analysis, whole-mount immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging quantification.

Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol, with tips to generate xenografts and guidelines for tumor behavior analysis, whole-mount immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging quantification.

斑马鱼拉瓦尔异种草和肿瘤行为分析的一代

Zebrafish larval xenografts are being widely used for cancer research to perform in vivo and real-time studies of human cancer. The possibility of rapidly ...

Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several animal models have been generated, including the widely used orthotopic mouse models, where cancer cells are injected into the mammary fat pad. However, these models cannot help monitor tumor growth kinetics and metastatic colonization. Cutting-edge tools to monitor cancer cells in real time in mice will significantly advance the understanding of tumor biology. 
Here, breast cancer cell lines stably expressing luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were established. Specifically, this technique contains two sequential steps initiated by measuring the luciferase activity in vitro and followed by the implantation of the cancer cells into mammary fat pads of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice. After the injection, both the tumor growth and metastatic colonization are monitored in real time by the noninvasive bioluminescence imaging system. Then, the quantification of GFP-expressing metastases in the lungs will be examined by fluorescence microscopy to validate the observed bioluminescence results. This sophisticated system combining luciferase and fluorescence-based detection tools evaluates cancer metastasis in vivo, which has great potential for use in breast cancer therapeutics and disease management.

Here, we describe a noninvasive monitoring method involving luciferase and green fluorescent protein expression in various breast cancer cell lines. This protocol provides a technique to monitor tumor formation and metastatic colonization in real time in mice.

使用生物发光监测小鼠乳腺癌生长和转移集落形成

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several ...