ソウル大学での研究、腫瘍微小環境グローバル コア研究センター (画する) 助成、[許可番号 2011 0030001]; 韓国の MEST 国立研究財団 (NRF) によってサポートされてソウル国立大学研究助成、頭脳韓国 (bk 21) プログラム プラス。

1. コロニー形成アッセイ
<ol><li>20,000 セル/cm2 RPMI1640 の 15 mL の濃度で培養 A549 細胞 10 添加培養液中の細胞 %fbs (ウシ胎児血清)、37 ° C、5% CO2で CO2インキュベーターで 75 cm2フラスコで 1% の抗生物質。</li>
	<li>実験の日、診断を使用して、セルの濃度を決定します。1.5 mL 遠心チューブに 7 分間 400 × gで遠心分離によって 50,000 の細胞を収集し、再 1 x 滅菌 PBS (リン酸緩衝生理食塩水) 1.5 mL チューブの 100 μ L のセルを中断します。</li>
	<li>15 mL チューブ、multipipette の半固体セルロース ベースの中型 (MCBM) の 1.1 mL を調剤します。条件ごとに 1 つの管を準備します。</li>
	<li>1.1 mL MCBM P200 ピペットを使用してに FBS の 110 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>種細胞 1,000 セル/mL。原液 (100 μ L の 1x PBS で 50,000 セル) から細胞懸濁液の 2.4 μ L を収集 P2 マイクロ ピペットを使用して、10% を添加した MCBM 1.1 mL を加える FBS。</li>
	<li>セルを追加した後渦 MCBM と細胞をよく混ぜるために最高速度で垂直方向にそれらを保持している 1 分の管。</li>
	<li>試験化合物 (A1210477 と OT48 単独または組み合わせ) を追加します。コントロールとしての別々 のチューブの準備使用される溶媒のため (ここでジメチルスルホキシド (DMSO))。化合物や条件ごとに追加ボリュームの濃度に応じて溶剤コントロール テスト混合物の希釈液の溶媒によって引き起こされる副作用を評価するために使用される溶剤の最高濃度が含まれます。</li>
	<li>1分間ボルテックス チューブ。</li>
	<li>それぞれの試金のため 12 ウェルの細胞培養プレートのセンターに P1000 ピペットとの混合物の 1 つの mL を追加します。</li>
	<li>空井戸 1 ml の滅菌水または湿度を安定させるために 1x PBS で塗りつぶします。</li>
	<li>37 ° C、5% CO2でインキュベーターで 10 日間の培養皿を孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>培養 10 日後を最終濃度 1 mg/mL に到達する各ウェル MTT (methylthiazolyldiphenyl テトラゾリウム ブロマイド) 貯蔵液 (5 mg/mL) 200 μ L を追加します。</li>
	<li>37 ° C、5% CO2でインキュベーターで 10 分間インキュベートします。実行可能なコロニーになる紫。</li>
	<li>ホワイト バック グラウンド プレート (ラス白ダイヤ トレイ) を使用してデジタル カメラを使用してイメージをキャプチャします。次の設定を使用: 方法、デジタル化。露出型、精密;露出時間、マニュアル、1 秒。感度・解像度、高解像度。Tiff 形式で画像を保存します。</li>
	<li>ImageJ のソフトウェアを使用して実行可能なコロニーを定量化します。[選択] メニュー「画像 |種類 |8 ビット」。[選択] メニュー"調整 |しきい値"。コントロールに閾値を設定、すべての条件を一定に保つ[選択] メニュー"分析 |「粒子をを分析します。データを保存し、グラフィカルな表現の統計ソフトウェアで分析します。</li>
</ol>2. スフェロイド形成アッセイ
<ol><li>15 ml の 10 %fbs および 1% 抗生物質 RPMI 1640 培の 75 cm2フラスコで 20,000 セル/cm2の濃度で培養 A549 細胞。</li>
	<li>実験の日、準備、96 ウェル U 底プレート。</li>
	<li>すでに興味 (OT48 のここ 50 μ M) および/または A1210477 の 20 μ M の化合物が含まれている井戸に 10,000 のセルをプレートします。細胞培養液を 100 μ l 添加する最終的な音量を調整します。そのまま外側境界と均一な回転楕円体を形成する細胞の数は、フォーム回転楕円体に十分に考えられます。</li>
	<li>3 日間は、37 ° C、5% CO2インキュベーターで孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>培養 3 日後回転楕円体の 4 倍の倍率を用いた光顕微鏡の画像をキャプチャします。</li>
</ol>3. ゼブラフィッシュ異種アッセイ
注: この技術的なアプローチは、概略図 (図 1) として視覚化です。
<ol><li>
ストック試薬の調製
	<ol>
<li>30 x Danieau の液 1 L を準備: 1740 mM の NaCl、21 mM KCl、12 mM MgSO4∙7H2O、18 mM Ca (3)2、および 150 mM HEPES。7.6 pH メーターを使用するバッファーの pH を調整します。</li>
		<li>1% (50 x) tricaine ソリューションを準備: エチル 3-アミノ安息香酸メタンスルホン酸 (tricaine) 2 mL の蒸留水で 20 mg を溶解します。</li>
		<li>1% フェノールレッド PBS 溶液を準備: 追加 2 μ L の滅菌 PBS 溶液 1.5 μ 管の 198 μ L にフェノールレッド ナトリウム塩溶液。</li>
		<li>3% セルロースを準備: 100 x Danieau の液 1 mL にセルロースの 3 g を追加。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
ゼブラフィッシュの産卵と孵化
	<ol>
<li>別の一人の女性とパーティションのタンクの 1 つの男性ゼブラフィッシュ暗闇の中 28.5 ° C で UV 殺菌し、フィルター処理された水道水でいっぱい。分離の 24 h の後男女交尾を開始するための魚をミックスします。新鮮な Danieau の溶液 5 mL を含むペトリ皿に合うタンクから受精卵を転送します。</li>
		<li>Danieau の溶液 5 mL で 3 回卵を洗います。洗濯、ピペットと新鮮な溶液 5 mL に転送卵を吸い出しなさい慎重に。28.5 ° C で 8 時間インキュベートします。<ol>
<li>Danieau のソリューションのインキュベーションの 8 h 後 0.03 %1-フェニル-2-チオ色素沈着を抑制する (PTU) を含む Danieau のソリューションに変更します。汚染を防ぐために不透明な卵 (未受精または含む未開発胚) を整理します。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
胚 dechorionation
	<ol>
<li>24 h はシャープな鉗子を用いた dechorionate ゼブラフィッシュ胚受精 (hpf) を投稿します。0.03% と Danieau のソリューションで孵化胚の孵化 48 まで 28.5 ° C で PTU hpf。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
化合物処理セル準備
	<ol>
<li>20,000 セル/cm2で 25 cm2培養フラスコ種子 A549 細胞。播種の 24 h 後追加化合物 (50 μ M でここ OT48 と 20 μ M で A1210477 および/または) 37 ° C、5% CO2でインキュベーターで 24 時間。細胞死へそれらをコミットするが、細胞の生存を維持するために、各化合物の治療時間を設定します。今回はポイント個別に設定する必要がありますは、細胞生存率、形態と分子マーカーに基づいています。</li>
		<li>治療の終わりの前に 2 h は、染色細胞蛍光細胞の追跡の 4 μ m は、37 ° C、5% CO2で CM Dil を染めます。孵化の 2 h は後の 0.05% トリプシン-EDTA、細胞を trypsinize し、射出前にフェノールレッド PBS 溶液 50 μ L の 10 の6セルを希釈します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
異種移植腫瘍の形成のための癌細胞のマイクロ射出成形
	<ol>
<li>彼らは寒天プレートに落ち着くまで 5 分 0.02 %tricaine 溶液ゼブラフィッシュを麻酔します。</li>
		<li>マイクロ ピペットの引き手で 1.0 mm (外径 (OD) ガラス管) の外を引っ張る (番組の設定: p: 300、熱: 260、プル: 60、ヴェル: 50、および時間: 200)。シャープなエッジを生成する注射器、マイクロキャピ ラリーをカットします。セル/フェノール赤の 20 μ L で microcapillaries をロード-PBS ソリューション。射出圧力を設定し、2 を調剤する時注射あたり nL。</li>
		<li>100-200 セル卵黄嚢を注入注入 6 に 10 nL 3 に 5 注射を介して。注入後、魚の PTU ソリューションを含む新鮮な Danieau の溶液の 5 mL の 10 から 30 分を回復することができます。PTU ソリューションを含む Danieau の溶液の 1 mL を 24 ウェルプレートでディスパッチ魚と 28.5 ° C で 72 時間インキュベート</li>
		<li>培養 72 時間後 0.02 %tricaine 溶液で魚を麻酔し、3% セルロースのドロップでスライド ガラスに固定します。620 に 750 の波長の蛍光顕微鏡による 5 x 写真を撮る nm。</li>
		<li>ImageJ ソフトウェアによって蛍光腫瘍の大きさを定量化します。[選択] メニュー"分析 |メジャー"。蛍光信号に対応する値を保存し、グラフィカルな表現の統計ソフトウェアで分析します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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M., Stap, J., Haveman, J., van Bree, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonogenic+assay+of+cells+in+vitro.">Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (5), 2315-2319 (2006).</li><li>Katt, M. E., Placone, A. L., Wong, A. D., Xu, Z. S., Searson, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vitro+Tumor+Models:+Advantages,+Disadvantages,+Variables,+and+Selecting+the+Right+Platform.">In Vitro Tumor Models: Advantages, Disadvantages, Variables, and Selecting the Right Platform.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 4, 12 (2016).</li><li>Lee, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytostatic+hydroxycoumarin+OT52+induces+ER/Golgi+stress+and+STAT3+inhibition+triggering+non-canonical+cell+death+and+synergy+with+BH3+mimetics+in+lung+cancer.">Cytostatic hydroxycoumarin OT52 induces ER/Golgi stress and STAT3 inhibition triggering non-canonical cell death and synergy with BH3 mimetics in lung cancer.</a> Cancer Letters. 416, 94-108 (2018).</li><li>Rotem, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+to+the+soft-agar+assay+that+permits+high-throughput+drug+and+genetic+screens+for+cellular+transformation.">Alternative to the soft-agar assay that permits high-throughput drug and genetic screens for cellular transformation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18), 5708-5713 (2015).</li><li>Spoerri, L., Beaumont, K. A., Anfosso, A., Haass, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-Time+Cell+Cycle+Imaging+in+a+3D+Cell+Culture+Model+of+Melanoma.">Real-Time Cell Cycle Imaging in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Melanoma.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1612, 401-416 (2017).</li><li>Beaumont, K. A., Anfosso, A., Ahmed, F., Weninger, W., Haass, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging-+and+Flow+Cytometry-based+Analysis+of+Cell+Position+and+the+Cell+Cycle+in+3D+Melanoma+Spheroids.">Imaging- and Flow Cytometry-based Analysis of Cell Position and the Cell Cycle in 3D Melanoma Spheroids.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (106), e53486 (2015).</li><li>Lovitt, C. J., Shelper, T. B., Avery, V. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

MCBM で得られたコロニー形成率はセルの種類によって異なります。通常、非付着細胞のコロニー数は付着細胞へと比較してはるかに高い。A549 細胞が 10 日後 30 に 40 コロニーを形成したことがわかった。以前、コロニーの数は 200 に 2509の間別の白血病細胞で報告しています。私たちの結果は、OT48 だけが単独でコロニー数の大幅な減少を作り出さなかった。ただし、BH3 と組?...

がんは細胞の突然変異によって引き起こされ、生化学的なシグナル伝達経路が中断された結果として制御されていない細胞分裂および細胞死への抵抗をトリガーします。腫瘍は、消化器系、神経系、循環系、その後隣接組織1の生理機能を妨げます。広範な研究努力にもかかわらず癌世界2の最も一般的な命にかかわる病気のままです。精密医学は、今後のがん治療の基盤として認識されています。新しい分子の実体は、臨床結果を改善するために既存の薬剤との組み合わせで定期的にテストされます。
ただし、新しい効率的なターゲットを絞った治療法の開発に関連する重要な制限の 1 つは薬物暴露3の正確な生物学的結果をシミュレートするために一般的に使用される試金の失敗です。ガン創はまだほとんど臨床試験4で検証することは困難である 2次元単層培養で培養したがん細胞株における治療薬の有効性のテストに依存しています。したがってより体内の腫瘍5のネイティブの機能を模倣するより良いがんモデルを開発する関心の高まりがあります。近年、3次元培養モデルに対する注目が高まって結果 3 D 腫瘍モデル5を生成する改善された方法論の開発。
深さ体内アッセイにより前に BH3 模倣との組み合わせで hydroxycoumarin OT486の力の理解を改善することができます 3 つの異なった 3 D 細胞培養の技術と手法を紹介します。本論文では、生体内で腫瘍形成テストでさらに肺癌細胞 OT48、BH3 オノマトペの併用の有効性を検証し、生活で癌の進行を監視するゼブラフィッシュ モデルに基づく植民地と SFAs を組み合わせた生物。
コロニー形成法は、日常的に両方の固体だけでなく、造血の癌に対する抗癌剤の有効性を評価するために使用されます。アッセイは、無限に増殖し、コロニー7を形成する細胞の能力を決定します。コロニー形成細胞の能力に及ぼす抗悪性腫瘍剤は、数の減少および/またはコロニーのサイズによって決定されます。
回転楕円体体外腫瘍モデルを表し、抗がん剤のスクリーニング低コストのプラットフォームとして。回転楕円体は、懸濁液中の成長の細胞の集合体をまたは 3 D マトリックスに埋め込まれています。このアプローチは、薬剤のスクリーニングおよび腫瘍の成長、増殖と免疫の相互作用のための8の研究に広く使用されます。
完全に新しい薬物の特性を理解して、齧歯動物の生体内で実験を行うことが不可欠です。しかし、この従来の方法は高価で時間がかかるです。近年、ゼブラフィッシュ (動脈分布) が安くかつ迅速に高めるために広く研究所生物になった。ゼブラフィッシュ表す 3 D セル文化アプローチ、9の脊椎動物の体内の設定の中で腫瘍を開発しました。
完全に、我々 はここで使用 Cfa、SFAs ゼブラフィッシュ生体内で腫瘍形成など 3 つの異なる 3 D 文化アプローチ BH3 模倣との組み合わせで肺がんがん A549 細胞モデルによる hydroxycoumarin OT48 の抗がん能力を発揮します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials required for colony formation assays</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A549</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-185</td>
			<td>37 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>30096</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520-500</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T75</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70075</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.02</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml tube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td>Tube-170-C</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tube</td>
			<td>Hyundai Micro</td>
			<td>H20015</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>30012</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MethoCult</td>
			<td>StemCell technologies</td>
			<td>4230</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT powder)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5622</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS4000</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials required for spheroid formation assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A549</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-185</td>
			<td>37 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>30096</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520-500</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T75</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70075</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.02</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25-300-054</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning costar ultra low attachemnt 96 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3474</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopy</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials required for zebrafish xenografts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A549</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-185</td>
			<td>37 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>30096</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1520-500</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602E</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T25</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70025</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T75</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>70075</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flask T175</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>71175</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml tube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td>Tube-170-C</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>30024</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>10100</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.02</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25-300-054</td>
			<td>4 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71382</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride (KCL)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2773</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1396</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0887</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (Tricaine)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0290</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylcellulose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M0512</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-Dil dye</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C7001</td>
			<td>-20 C&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillary</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>TW 100F-4</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Shutter instrument, USA</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro injector</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PV820</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>KOVAX</td>
			<td>1ml</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro loader</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5242956003</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Marienfeld</td>
			<td>HSU-1000612</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscopy</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DE/DM 5000B</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preclinical assessment of the bioactivity of the anticancer coumarin ot48 by spheroids, colony formation assays, and zebrafish xenografts

新規治療薬のin vitroとin vivoの前臨床スクリーニングは、がん創薬における重要なツールです。ひと癌細胞株は、2 D (二次元) 単層細胞培養治療化合物に対応がもっと生理学的に関連するモデルの薬剤の有効性を理解する 3 D 培養システムが開発されました。近年、パラダイム シフトは、3次元培養システム、腫瘍微小環境をより正確に模倣の新規分子の効力を検証するための前臨床研究で観察されました。これらのシステムはもっと生理学的に関連する方法で病気の状態を特徴付けるし、より良い機械論的洞察力と与えられた分子の薬理学的力の理解を得るを助けます。また、生体内で癌モデルの改良で現在の傾向とゼブラフィッシュは、生体内で腫瘍形成を評価し、治療薬の効果を研究する重要な脊椎動物モデルとして浮上しています。ここでは、調べた hydroxycoumarin OT48 の治療効果単独または肺がん細胞株 A549 BH3 オノマトペとの組み合わせでコロニー形成アッセイ (CFA)、スフェロイド形成アッセイ (SFA) を含む 3 つの異なる 3次元培養システムを用いた、ゼブラフィッシュ異種生体内で。

図 2肺癌細胞株 A549 でシードだった MCBM コロニーを形成する OT48 治療後単独で、または指定された濃度で綴じられた BH3 擬態 A1210477 との組み合わせでの。その結果、組み合わせを大幅に削減数、サイズおよび植民地の総面積 10 日間の培養後。
図 3、A549 細胞 BH3 擬態 A1210477 と OT4...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts at JoVE.com

Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts

回転楕円体、コロニー形成アッセイとゼブラフィッシュ異種移植片による抗癌性クマリン OT48 の生物活性の臨床評価

三次元培養とゼブラフィッシュを用いた抗癌剤のクマリンの前臨床スクリーニングを紹介します。

In vitro and in vivo pre-clinical screening of novel therapeutic agents are an essential tool in cancer drug discovery. Although human cancer cell lines ...

preclinical-assessment-bioactivity-anticancer-coumarin-ot48-spheroids

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.3K ビュー.  Seoul National University. 三次元培養とゼブラフィッシュを用いた抗癌剤のクマリンの前臨床スクリーニングを紹介します。

ビデオ: Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts

Coculture Assays to Study Macrophage and Microglia Stimulation of Glioblastoma Invasion

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased understanding of the molecular events that give rise to glioblastomas, this cancer still remains highly refractory to conventional treatment. Surgical resection of high grade brain tumors is rarely complete due to the highly infiltrative nature of glioblastoma cells. Therapeutic approaches which attenuate glioblastoma cell invasion therefore is an attractive option. Our laboratory and others have shown that tumor associated macrophages and microglia (resident brain macrophages) strongly stimulate glioblastoma invasion. The protocol described in this paper is used to model glioblastoma-macrophage/microglia interaction using in vitro culture assays. This approach can greatly facilitate the development and/or discovery of drugs that disrupt the communication with the macrophages that enables this malignant behavior. We have established two robust coculture invasion assays where microglia/macrophages stimulate glioma cell invasion by 5 - 10 fold. Glioblastoma cells labelled with a fluorescent marker or constitutively expressing a fluorescent protein are plated without and with macrophages/microglia on matrix-coated polycarbonate chamber inserts or embedded in a three dimensional matrix. Cell invasion is assessed by using fluorescent microscopy to image and count only invasive cells on the underside of the filter. Using these assays, several pharmacological inhibitors (JNJ-28312141, PLX3397, Gefitinib, and Semapimod), have been identified which block macrophage/microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion.

Understanding the malignant behavior of cancer requires creating accurate models of how tumor cells interact with components of the tumor microenvironment, such as macrophages. Here we describe two methods to study glioblastoma cell interaction with tumor associated macrophages and microglia where the effect on glioblastoma invasion is assessed.

共培養アッセイは、神経膠芽腫の浸潤のマクロファージとミクログリアの刺激を研究します

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased ...

がん研究

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of diagnosis. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) is incurable, with a median survival time of only 18 months. Immune-based interventions (e.g., interferon (IFN) and interleukin (IL)-2) induce durable responses in a fraction of mRCC patients, and multikinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib or sorafenib) or anti-VEGF receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are largely palliative, as complete remissions are rare. Such shortcomings in current therapies for mRCC patients provide the rationale for the development of novel treatment protocols. A key component in the preclinical testing of new therapies for mRCC is a suitable animal model. Beneficial features that recapitulate the human condition include a primary renal tumor, renal tumor metastases, and an intact immune system to investigate any therapy-driven immune effector responses and the formation of tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors. This report describes an orthotopic mRCC mouse model that has all of these features. We describe an intrarenal implantation technique using the mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell line Renca, followed by the assessment of tumor growth in the kidney (primary site) and lungs (metastatic site).

Implementation of an orthotopic model of renal cell carcinoma in immunocompetent mice affords the investigator a clinically-relevant system defined by the presence of a primary renal tumor and lung metastases in the same animal. This system can be used to preclinically test a variety of treatments in vivo.

定量的および前臨床治療の縦評価のための転移性腎細胞癌の同系マウスモデル

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of ...

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 for Analyzing the Formation and Repair of DNA Double-strand Breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are serious DNA lesions. Analysis of the formation and repair of DSB is relevant in a broad spectrum of research areas including genome integrity, genotoxicity, radiation biology, aging, cancer, and drug development. In response to DSB, the histone H2AX is phosphorylated at Serine 139 in a region of several megabase pairs forming discrete nuclear foci detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, 53BP1 (p53 binding protein 1) is another important DSB-responsive protein promoting repair of DSB by nonhomologous end-joining while preventing homologous recombination. According to the specific functions of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1, the combined analysis of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1 by immunofluorescence microscopy may be a reasonable approach for a detailed analysis of DSB. This manuscript provides a step-by-step protocol supplemented with methodical notes for performing the technique. Specifically, the influence of the cell cycle on &#947;H2AX foci patterns is demonstrated in normal fibroblasts of the cell line NHDF. Further, the value of the &#947;H2AX foci as a biomarker is depicted in x-ray irradiated lymphocytes of a healthy individual. Finally, genetic instability is investigated in CD34+ cells of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia by immunofluorescence microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1.

This manuscript provides a protocol for the analysis of DNA double-strand breaks by immunofluorescence microscopy of &#947;H2AX and 53BP1.

ΓH2AX、53BP1 形成と DNA 二重鎖切断の修復を分析するための蛍光顕微鏡観察

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are serious DNA lesions. Analysis of the formation and repair of DSB is relevant in a broad spectrum of research areas ...

Utilization of Ultrasound Guided Tissue-directed Cellular Implantation for the Establishment of Biologically Relevant Metastatic Tumor Xenografts

Preclinical testing of anticancer therapies relies on relevant xenograft models that mimic the innate tendencies of cancer. Advantages of standard subcutaneous flank models include procedural ease and the ability to monitor tumor progression and response without invasive imaging. Such models are often inconsistent in translational clinical trials and have limited biologically relevant characteristics with low proclivity to produce metastasis, as there is a lack of a native microenvironment. In comparison, orthotopic xenograft models at native tumor sites have been shown to mimic the tumor microenvironment and replicate important disease characteristics such as distant metastatic spread. These models often require tedious surgical procedures with prolonged anesthetic time and recovery periods. To address this, cancer researchers have recently utilized ultrasound-guided injection techniques to establish cancer xenograft models for preclinical experiments, which allows for rapid and reliable establishment of tissue-directed murine models. Ultrasound visualization also provides a noninvasive method for longitudinal assessment of tumor engraftment and growth. Here, we describe the method for ultrasound-guided injection of cancer cells, utilizing the adrenal gland for NB and renal sub capsule for ES. This minimally invasive approach overcomes tedious open surgery implantation of cancer cells in tissue-specific locations for growth and metastasis, and abates morbid recovery periods. We describe the utilization of both established cell lines and patient derived cell lines for orthotopic injection. Pre-made commercial kits are available for tumor dissociation and luciferase tagging of cells. Injection of cell suspension using image-guidance provides a minimally invasive and reproducible platform for the creation of preclinical models. This method is utilized to create reliable preclinical models for other cancers such as bladder, liver and pancreas exemplifying its untapped potential for numerous cancer models.

Here, we present a protocol to utilize ultrasound-guided injection of neuroblastoma (NB) and Ewing's sarcoma (ES) cells (established cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells) at biologically relevant sites to create reliable preclinical models for cancer research.

超音波の利用ガイド生物学的関連性の転移性腫瘍の異種移植片の確立のため組織指示細胞注入

Preclinical testing of anticancer therapies relies on relevant xenograft models that mimic the innate tendencies of cancer. Advantages of standard ...

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation

Potentiation of hostile monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a valuable strategy for designing effective and safer therapy against cancer. Here we provide a protocol to identify a rational combination at the preclinical step. First, we describe a cell-based assay to assess the synergism between anticancer mAb and cytotoxic drugs, that uses the combination index equation of Chou and Talalay1. This includes the measurement of tumor cell drug- and antibody-sensitivity using an MTT assay, followed by an automated computer analysis to calculate the combination index (CI) values. CI values of &lt;1 indicate synergism between tested mAbs and cytotoxic agents1. To corroborate the in vitro findings in vivo, we further describe a method to assess the combination regimen efficacy in a xenograft tumor model. In this model, the combined regimen significantly delays tumor growth, which results in a significant extended survival in comparison to single-agent controls. Importantly, the in vivo experimentation reveals that the combination regimen is well tolerated. This protocol allows the effective evaluation of anticancer drug combinations in preclinical models and the identification of rational combination to evaluate in clinical trials.

This protocol describes how to assess synergism between an anticancer antibody and antineoplastic drugs in preclinical models by using the combination index equation of Chou and Talalay.

抗がん剤抗体抗悪性腫瘍薬による効果の増強: 組み合わせインデックス式を用いた抗体医薬の相乗作用の検出

Potentiation of hostile monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by chemotherapeutic agents constitutes a valuable strategy for designing effective and safer therapy ...

In Vivo Imaging and Quantitation of the Host Angiogenic Response in Zebrafish Tumor Xenografts

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A zebrafish xenograft is created by implanting mammalian tumor cells into the perivitelline space of two days-post-fertilization zebrafish embryos, followed by measuring the extent of the angiogenic response observed at an experimental endpoint up to two days post-implantation. The key advantage to this method is the ability to accurately quantitate the zebrafish host angiogenic response to the graft. This enables detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms as well as the host vs tumor contribution to the angiogenic response. The xenografted embryos can be subjected to a variety of treatments, such as incubation with potential anti-angiogenesis drugs, in order to investigate strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. The angiogenic response can also be live-imaged in order to examine more dynamic cellular processes. The relatively undemanding experimental technique, cheap maintenance costs of zebrafish and short experimental timeline make this model especially useful for the development of strategies to manipulate tumor angiogenesis.

The aim of this method is to generate an in vivo model of tumor angiogenesis by xenografting mammalian tumor cells into a zebrafish embryo that has fluorescently-labelled blood vessels. By imaging the xenograft and associated vessels, a quantitative measurement of the angiogenic response can be obtained.

ゼブラフィッシュ腫瘍異種移植片における宿主血管新生応答の生体内イメージングと定量

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A ...

Enhanced Viability for Ex vivo 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Patient-Derived Xenografts in a Perfused Microfluidic Platform

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated when resected patient tumor tissue is engrafted directly into immunocompromised mice, remain biologically stable, thereby preserving molecular, genetic, and histological features, as well as heterogeneity of the original tumor. However, using these models to perform a multitude of experiments, including drug screening, is prohibitive both in terms of cost and time. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are widely viewed as platforms in which cancer cells retain their biological integrity through biochemical interactions, morphology, and architecture. Our team has extensive experience culturing PDX cells in vitro using 3D matrices composed of hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to separate mouse fibroblast stromal cells associated with PDXs, we use rotation culture, where stromal cells adhere to the surface of tissue culture-treated plates while dissociated PDX tumor cells float and self-associate into multicellular clusters. Also floating in the supernatant are single, often dead cells, which present a challenge in collecting viable PDX clusters for downstream encapsulation into hydrogels for 3D cell culture. In order to separate these single cells from live cell clusters, we have employed density step gradient centrifugation. The protocol described here allows for the depletion of non-viable single cells from the healthy population of cell clusters that will be used for further in vitro experimentation. In our studies, we incorporate the 3D cultures in microfluidic plates which allow for media perfusion during culture. After assessing the resultant cultures using a fluorescent image-based viability assay of purified versus non-purified cells, our results show that this additional separation step substantially reduced the number of non-viable cells from our cultures.

This protocol demonstrates methods to enable extended in vitro culture of patient-derived xenografts (PDX). One step enhances overall viability of multicellular cluster cultures in 3D hydrogels, through straightforward removal of non-viable single cells. A secondary step demonstrates best practices for PDX culture in a perfused microfluidic platform.

浸透マイクロ流体プラットフォームにおける患者由来異種移植片のEx vivo 3Dヒドロゲル培養の生存率の向上

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated when resected patient tumor tissue is engrafted directly into immunocompromised mice, remain biologically ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the standard in the field, but zebrafish have emerged as an alternative model with several advantages, including the ability for high-throughput and low-cost drug screening. Zebrafish also allow for in vivo drug screening with large replicate numbers that were previously only obtainable with in vitro systems. The ability to rapidly perform large scale drug screens may open up the possibility for personalized medicine with rapid translation of results back to clinic. Zebrafish xenograft models could also be used to rapidly screen for actionable mutations based on tumor response to targeted therapies or to identify new anti-cancer compounds from large libraries. The current major limitation in the field has been quantifying and automating the process so that drug screens can be done on a larger scale and be less labor-intensive. We have developed a workflow for xenografting primary patient samples into zebrafish larvae and performing large scale drug screens using a fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit and automated sampler unit. This method allows for standardization and quantification of engrafted tumor area and response to drug treatment across large numbers of zebrafish larvae. Overall, this method is advantageous over traditional cell culture drug screening as it allows for growth of tumor cells in an in vivo environment throughout drug treatment, and is more practical and cost-effective than mice for large scale in vivo drug screens.

Zebrafish xenograft models allow for high-throughput drug screening and fluorescent imaging of human cancer cells in an in vivo microenvironment. We developed a workflow for large scale, automated drug screening on patient-derived leukemia samples in zebrafish using an automated fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける原発性腫瘍異種移植片の薬物スクリーニング

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

Generation of Zebrafish Larval Xenografts and Tumor Behavior Analysis

Zebrafish larval xenografts are being widely used for cancer research to perform in vivo and real-time studies of human cancer. The possibility of rapidly visualizing the response to anti-cancer therapies (chemo, radiotherapy, and biologicals), angiogenesis and metastasis with single cell resolution, places the zebrafish xenograft model as a top choice to develop preclinical studies.

The zebrafish larval xenograft assay presents several experimental advantages compared to other models, but probably the most striking is the reduction of size scale and consequently time. This reduction of scale allows single cell imaging, the use of a relatively low number of human cells (compatible with biopsies), medium-high-throughput drug screenings, but most importantly enables a significant reduction of the time of the assay. All these advantages make the zebrafish xenograft assay extremely attractive for future personalized medicine applications.

Many zebrafish xenograft protocols have been developed with a wide diversity of human tumors; however, a general and standardized protocol to efficiently generate zebrafish larval xenografts is still lacking. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol, with tips to generate xenografts and guidelines for tumor behavior analysis, whole-mount immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging quantification.

Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol, with tips to generate xenografts and guidelines for tumor behavior analysis, whole-mount immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging quantification.

ゼブラフィッシュラーバル異種移植片の生成と腫瘍行動解析

Zebrafish larval xenografts are being widely used for cancer research to perform in vivo and real-time studies of human cancer. The possibility of rapidly ...

Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several animal models have been generated, including the widely used orthotopic mouse models, where cancer cells are injected into the mammary fat pad. However, these models cannot help monitor tumor growth kinetics and metastatic colonization. Cutting-edge tools to monitor cancer cells in real time in mice will significantly advance the understanding of tumor biology. 
Here, breast cancer cell lines stably expressing luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were established. Specifically, this technique contains two sequential steps initiated by measuring the luciferase activity in vitro and followed by the implantation of the cancer cells into mammary fat pads of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice. After the injection, both the tumor growth and metastatic colonization are monitored in real time by the noninvasive bioluminescence imaging system. Then, the quantification of GFP-expressing metastases in the lungs will be examined by fluorescence microscopy to validate the observed bioluminescence results. This sophisticated system combining luciferase and fluorescence-based detection tools evaluates cancer metastasis in vivo, which has great potential for use in breast cancer therapeutics and disease management.

Here, we describe a noninvasive monitoring method involving luciferase and green fluorescent protein expression in various breast cancer cell lines. This protocol provides a technique to monitor tumor formation and metastatic colonization in real time in mice.

生物発光を用いたマウスにおける乳がん増殖および転移性コロニー形成のモニタリング

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several ...