This work was supported by the National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2016YFA0500902), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471228, 31771653), the Jiangsu Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (BK20150047),&#160;the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20140897, 14KJA180005) and the Innovative and Entrepreneurial Program of Jiangsu Province to K.Z.

All performed animal experiments have been approved by the Nanjing Medical University committee. Male C57BL/6 mice were kept under controlled photoperiod conditions and were supplied with food and water.
1. Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Microinjection capillaries
	<ol>
		<li>Use microinjection capillaries with an outer diameter, inner dimeter, and length of 1.0 mm, 0.8 mm, and 10.0 cm, respectively.</li>
		<li>Pull glass capillaries with a capillary puller (Fig...

<ol>
	<li>Mruk, D. D., Cheng, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sertoli-Sertoli+and+Sertoli-germ+cell+interactions+and+their+significance+in+germ+cell+movement+in+the+seminiferous+epithelium+during+spermatogenesis.">Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interactions and their significance in germ cell movement in the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis.</a> Endocrine Reviews. 25 (5), 747-806 (2004).</li><li>Wen, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+of+germ+cells+across+the+seminiferous+epithelium+during+spermatogenesis-the+involvement+of+both+actin-+and+microtubule-based+cytoskeletons.">Transport of germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis-the involvement of both actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletons.</a> Tissue Barriers. 4 (4), e1265042 (2016).</li><li>Wang, C. Q., Cheng, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+seamless+trespass:+germ+cell+migration+across+the+seminiferous+epithelium+during+spermatogenesis.">A seamless trespass: germ cell migration across the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 178 (4), 549-556 (2007).</li><li>Fijak, M., Meinhardt, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+testis+in+immune+privilege.">The testis in immune privilege.</a> Immunological Reviews. 213, 66-81 (2006).</li><li>O'Bryan, M. K., Hedger, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+Networks+in+the+Control+of+Spermatogenesis+Chronic+Inflammation+in+an+Immunologically+Privileged+Tissue?.">Inflammatory Networks in the Control of Spermatogenesis Chronic Inflammation in an Immunologically Privileged Tissue?.</a> Molecular Mechanisms In Spermatogenesis. 636, 92-114 (2008).</li><li>Li, N., Wang, T., Han, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+cellular+and+molecular+aspects+of+immune+privilege+in+the+testis.">Structural cellular and molecular aspects of immune privilege in the testis.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 3, 152 (2012).</li><li>Mruk, D. D., Cheng, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Mammalian+Blood-Testis+Barrier:+Its+Biology+and+Regulation.">The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation.</a> Endocrine Review. 36 (5), 564-591 (2015).</li><li>Govero, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+infection+damages+the+testes+in+mice.">Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice.</a> Nature. 540 (7633), 438-442 (2016).</li><li>Jenabian, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+tolerance+properties+of+the+testicular+tissue+as+a+viral+sanctuary+site+in+ART-treated+HIV-infected+adults.">Immune tolerance properties of the testicular tissue as a viral sanctuary site in ART-treated HIV-infected adults.</a> AIDS. 30 (18), 2777-2786 (2016).</li><li>Holembowski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TAp73+is+essential+for+germ+cell+adhesion+and+maturation+in+testis.">TAp73 is essential for germ cell adhesion and maturation in testis.</a> Journal Of Cell Biology. 204 (7), 1173-1190 (2014).</li><li>Legendre, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+engineered+3D+blood-testis+barrier+model+for+the+assessment+of+reproductive+toxicity+potential.">An engineered 3D blood-testis barrier model for the assessment of reproductive toxicity potential.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (16), 4492-4505 (2010).</li><li>Setchell, B. P., Waites, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+permeability+of+the+testicular+capillaries+and+of+the+'blood-testis+barrier'+after+injection+of+cadmium+chloride+in+the+rat.">Changes in the permeability of the testicular capillaries and of the 'blood-testis barrier' after injection of cadmium chloride in the rat.</a> Journal of Endocrinology. 47 (1), 81-86 (1970).</li><li>Griswold, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+central+role+of+Sertoli+cells+in+spermatogenesis.">The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis.</a> Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 9 (4), 411-416 (1998).</li><li>Cheng, C. Y., Mruk, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-testis+barrier+and+its+implications+for+male+contraception.">The blood-testis barrier and its implications for male contraception.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (1), 16-64 (2012).</li><li>Mruk, D. D., Cheng, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+system+to+study+Sertoli+cell+blood-testis+barrier+dynamics.">An in vitro system to study Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier dynamics.</a> Methods Molecular Biology. 763, 237-252 (2011).</li><li>Orth, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation+of+Sertoli+cells+in+fetal+and+postnatal+rats:+a+quantitative+autoradiographic+study.">Proliferation of Sertoli cells in fetal and postnatal rats: a quantitative autoradiographic study.</a> Anatomical Record. 203 (4), 485-492 (1982).</li><li>Lee, N. P. Y., Mruk, D., Lee, W. M., Cheng, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+cadherin/catenin+complex+a+functional+unit+of+cell-cell+actin-based+adherens+junctions+in+the+rat+testis?.">Is the cadherin/catenin complex a functional unit of cell-cell actin-based adherens junctions in the rat testis?.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 68 (2), 489-508 (2003).</li><li>Bai, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Germline-Specific+Role+for+the+mTORC2+Component+Rictor+in+Maintaining+Spermatogonial+Differentiation+and+Intercellular+Adhesion+in+Mouse+Testis.">A Germline-Specific Role for the mTORC2 Component Rictor in Maintaining Spermatogonial Differentiation and Intercellular Adhesion in Mouse Testis.</a> Molecular Human Reproduction. 24 (5), 244-259 (2018).</li><li>Korhonen, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DICER+Regulates+the+Formation+and+Maintenance+of+Cell-Cell+Junctions+in+the+Mouse+Seminiferous+Epithelium.">DICER Regulates the Formation and Maintenance of Cell-Cell Junctions in the Mouse Seminiferous Epithelium.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 93 (6), 139 (2015).</li><li>Loir, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trout+Sertoli+cells+and+germ+cells+in+primary+culture:+I.+Morphological+and+ultrastructural+study.">Trout Sertoli cells and germ cells in primary culture: I. Morphological and ultrastructural study.</a> Gamete Research. 24 (2), 151-169 (1989).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+the+Integrity+of+the+Blood-Testis+Barrier+(BTB):+An+In+Vivo+Assay.">Monitoring the Integrity of the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB): An In Vivo Assay.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1748, 245-252 (2018).</li></ol>

Spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous epithelium and is a highly ordered and dynamic process that is governed by germ cells and somatic cells (e.g., Sertoli cells)13. The BTB structure, which is constructed by Sertoli cells, divides the seminiferous epithelium into a basal and an apical compartment. The development of meiotic and haploid germ cells occurs in the apical compartment which forms an immunological barrier14.
<p class="jove_content...

Mammalian spermatogenesis is considered a highly structured process that encompasses spermatogonial self-renewal and differentiation through spermatocytes into haploid spermatozoa via mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis, during which dramatic biochemical and morphological changes occur. Developing germ cells are progressively transported from the base of the seminiferous tubule toward the lumen. This process is regulated by cell-cell contacts between germ cells and Sertoli cells1,2. Adjacent Sertoli cells form the BTB that is located near the base of the seminiferous tubule. The BTB physically divides the epithelium into a basal and an adluminal compartment. During stages VIII - IX of the epithelial cycle, preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes from the basal compartments migrate across the BTB, entering the adluminal compartments3. Therefore, the function of the BTB is to provide an immunoprivileged microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and spermiogenesis4,5,6. Unlike other blood-tissue barriers (e.g., blood-brain barrier) that are only composed of tight junctions (TJs), the BTB is formed by four different junctions (TJs, ectoplasmic specializations, gap junctions, and intermediate filament-based desmosomes) between Sertoli cells1,7.
Many studies have used genetically-modified mice, virus infections, and environmental toxicants to investigate mechanisms of BTB integrity7,8,9. The BTB disruption induces impaired spermatogenesis and subfertility or infertility. Since the BTB formation and integrity have been confirmed to be affected by contacts between Sertoli cells8, an in vitro model based on primary culture of isolated Sertoli cells has been used for BTB study. However, this model cannot accurately mimic BTB dynamics in vivo. Moreover, no such co-culture of germ cells with Sertoli cells has been established as capable of reflecting all relevant structural and functional components of the BTB10,11.
In general, in vivo BTB integrity assays are typically based on small molecules, such as EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin and FITC-conjugated inulin (inulin-FITC). Normally, the diffusion of biotin or inulin-FITC from the basal compartment is blocked by BTB structure. Therefore, we are able to use this method to assess the extent of BTB damage compared with control groups. While BTB can be compromised with certain types of stimuli, such as treatment with cadmium chloride (CdCl2)12, BTB becomes accessible to small molecules, which eventually enter the adluminal compartment as indicators.
An early in vivo BTB integrity assay involves injecting biotin or inulin-FITC into the jugular vein, which involves surgery, and is invasive, complicated, and time-consuming. Besides, as the reporter substances diffuse through the whole body via the circulation, the local concentration of biotin or inulin-FITC in the seminiferous tubules is limited. Moreover, systemic exposure may induce immune reactions. Here, we present a simple and effective in vivo BTB integrity assay enabling direct injection of a small aliquot of inulin-FITC into the interstitium of a testis. Using the fluorescent labeling method, the staining process is convenient, as secondary antibodies are not required. Here, the process of fluorescent dye entering the testis is visualized.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:803px;" width="802">
	
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Capillary puller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">SUTTER INSTRUMENT (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10x PBS</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Hyclone (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">SH30258.01</td>
			<td>dilution to 1&#215; in ddH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">F6057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adhesion microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">CITOGLAS (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">80312-3161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cadmium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">655198-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Zeiss (Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">LSM700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dust-free paper</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Kimberly-Clark (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">34120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Inulin-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">F3272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Microinjection capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Zhengtianyi (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">BJ-40</td>
			<td>1.0 mm &#215; 0.8 mm&#160; &#215; 100 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette beveler</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">NARISHIGE (JAPAN)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">EG-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OCT</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">SAKURA (JAPAN)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma (USA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Merck (Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P11011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shaver&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Yashen (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Nikon (JAPAN)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">SMZ1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sucrose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sangon Biotech (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A610498</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">Surgical instruments</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Stronger (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>scissors, forceps, needle holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">KDL (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">20163150518</td>
			<td>0.45 mm &#215; 0.16 mm RW LB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">thermostatic heater</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">KELL (Nanjing, China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">KEL-2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td >10x TBS, pH 7.6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 M Tris</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sangon Biotech (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A600194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:261px;">1.37 M Nacl</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sangon Biotech (China)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A610476</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vivo method to study mouse blood-testis barrier integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

The experimental set-up for performing the BTB integrity assay is shown in Figure 1. Pull and sharpen microinjection capillaries with a capillary puller and micropipette beveler, respectively (Figure 1A and 1C). The thermostatic heater and equipment for microinjection are illustrated in Figure 1B and 1D.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity at JoVE.com

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

This method can help answer key questions in the blood-testis barrier of biology fields about gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxins that may affect blood-testis barrier function or integrity. Three days before the surgery, treat at least three eight-week-old C57Black/6 male mice daily with a five milligrams per kilogram body weight cadmium chloride via intraperitoneal injection. On the day of the surgery, place a clean tissue over a 75%ethanol-sterilized surgical area and set a thermostatic heater to 37 degrees Celsius.Place an anesthetized mouse onto the tissue, then confirm a lack of response to toe pinch. Shave the abdominal hair with a shaver, and disinfect the exposed skin with 75%ethanol. Make a one-centimeter skin incision above the preputial glands to expose the abdominal wall, and use small forceps to lift the skin to make a 0.5-centimeter incision in the peritoneum.Use the forceps to search for fat pads around the epididymis and testis, carefully pulling the fat pads out to expose one attached testis. Place a nine-centimeter piece of paper under the fat pads and testis, and load a microinjection pipette with freshly prepared inulin-FITC solution. Connect the pipette to a micromanipulator unit, and use a dissecting microscope to gently insert the microinjection pipette tip under the tunica albuginea.Slowly rotate the operating lever to deliver 20 microliters of the inulin-FITC into the interstitium of the testis. If the delivery is successful, the testis will turn a bright green-yellow color. Immediately return the testis to the abdominal cavity, and inject the contralateral testis with 20 microliters of PBS, then close the skin with a surgical suture.And place the mouse onto the heat pad of a thermostatic heater. 40 minutes after the injection, use sharp scissors to collect the testes from each mouse, and wash the tissues in one milliliter of ice-cold PBS. Next, fix the testes in 4%paraformaldehyde at four degrees Celsius for 12 to 24 hours followed by three washes in 1.5 milliliters of 1%PBS per wash.After 30%sucrose dehydration overnight, transfer the samples into individual embedding frames, and cover the tissues with optimal cutting temperature compound. Set the temperature of a cryostat to negative 20 degrees Celsius and place the frames in the cryostat for about 10 minutes until the OCT is frozen. Then, fill each embedding frame with fresh OCT until the whole testis is covered in each mold.When the second layer of OCT has frozen, acquire a five-micrometer-thick cross sections of each testis, capturing the tissue sections onto glass microscope slides as they are obtained. To image the samples, first warm the slides in a humidified box at room temperature. After 10 minutes, wash the slides three times in fresh Tris-buffered saline per wash and allow the sections to dry for five minutes protected from light.Use dust-free paper to remove any residual saline, and mount the samples with DAPI-supplemented mounting medium. Then, cover each sample with an inverted cover slip, and image the samples under the 20X objective of a confocal microscope. Three days of cadmium chloride treatment causes damage to the blood-testis barrier allowing inulin-FITC diffusion from the basal compartment to the apical compartment of the seminiferous epithelium.In contrast, this diffusion is blocked in control PBS-treated testes. The extent of the blood-testis barrier damage is determined by calculating the ratio of the distance of inulin-FITC diffusion to the radius of the same seminiferous tubule. Further, the intact blood-testis barrier in heterozygous Rictor floxed knockout mice blocks inulin diffusion across the barrier into the apical compartment, while conditional Rictor knockout mice possess a compromised blood-testis barrier that permits inulin diffusion.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to deliver inulin-FITC prepared on the day of the experiment and to keep the tissue protected from light since FITC is a light-sensitive molecule. The implications of this technique extend to the therapy of impaired spermatogenesis because the function of the blood-testis barrier is to provide an immune-privileged microenvironment for the completion of meiosis in spermatogenesis. After its development, this technique provide a way for researchers in the field of reproductive medicine to explore subfertility and infertility in mice.Don't forget that working with paraformaldehydes can be extremely hazardous and that precautions such as wearing garments and face masks should always be taken when performing this procedure.

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10.7K 次观看.  Nanjing Medical University. 此方法可以帮助回答生物学领域血液测试屏障中有关基因候选者、病毒或环境毒素的关键问题，这些问题可能会影响血液测试屏障功能或完整性。手术前三天，每天至少治疗三只八周大的C57Black/6雄性小鼠，通过内丙酮注射，每公斤体重5毫克的氯化镉。手术当天，在75%乙醇消毒手术区域放置一个干净的组织，并设置一个恒温加热器到37摄氏度。将麻醉小鼠放在组织上，然...