Name: an intact pericardium ischemic rodent model
Uploaded: 2021-09-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model at JoVE.com

Male and female C57BL/6J mice between 8-14 weeks of age were used for these experiments. This protocol has received ethical approval from the Animal Care Committee at the University of Calgary and follows all animal care guidelines.
1. Mouse preparation and surgery
<ol>
	<li>Sterilize surgical tools (via bead sterilizer or autoclave).</li>
	<li>Weigh mouse for presurgical weight and analgesic dose.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse in an induction box with 4% isoflurane and 800 mL/min of oxygen. Con...

<ol>
	<li>Virani, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics-2020+update:+A+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 141, 139 (2020).</li><li>Iismaa, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+regenerative+mechanisms+across+different+mammalian+tissues.">Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues.</a> NPJ Regenerative Medicine. 3 (6), (2018).</li><li>Bayat, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+heart+failure+after+myocardial+infarction+in+mice.">Progressive heart failure after myocardial infarction in mice.</a> Basic Research in Cardiology. 97 (3), 206-213 (2002).</li><li>Virag, J. A., Lust, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+artery+ligation+and+intramyocardial+injection+in+a+murine+model+of+infarction.">Coronary artery ligation and intramyocardial injection in a murine model of infarction.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 52, 2581 (2011).</li><li>De Villiers, C., Riley, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+myocardial+infarction:+comparing+permanent+ligation+and+ischaemia-reperfusion.">Mouse models of myocardial infarction: comparing permanent ligation and ischaemia-reperfusion.</a> Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms. 13 (11), (2020).</li><li>Borlaug, B. A., Reddy, Y. N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+pericardium+in+heart+failure:+Implications+for+pathophysiology+and+treatment.">The role of the pericardium in heart failure: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment.</a> JACC Heart Failure. 7 (7), 574-585 (2019).</li><li>Pfaller, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+the+pericardium+for+cardiac+biomechanics:+from+physiology+to+computational+modeling.">The importance of the pericardium for cardiac biomechanics: from physiology to computational modeling.</a> Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. 18 (2), 503-529 (2019).</li><li>Deniset, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gata6(+)+Pericardial+Cavity+Macrophages+Relocate+to+the+Injured+Heart+and+Prevent+Cardiac+Fibrosis.">Gata6(+) Pericardial Cavity Macrophages Relocate to the Injured Heart and Prevent Cardiac Fibrosis.</a> Immunity. 51 (1), 131-140 (2019).</li><li>Weber, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+targeting+of+the+pleural+space+by+intercostal+approach.">Immune targeting of the pleural space by intercostal approach.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 15, 14 (2015).</li><li>Nakatani, T., Shinohara, H., Fukuo, Y., Morisawa, S., Matsuda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericardium+of+rodents:+pores+connect+the+pericardial+and+pleural+cavities.">Pericardium of rodents: pores connect the pericardial and pleural cavities.</a> The Anatomical Record. 220, 132-137 (1988).</li><li>Tyberg, J. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+pericardial+pressure+and+right+atrial+pressure:+an+intraoperative+study.">The relationship between pericardial pressure and right atrial pressure: an intraoperative study.</a> Circulation. 73, 428-432 (1986).</li><li>Hamilton, D. R., Sas, R., Semlacher, R. A., Kieser Prieur, T. M., Tyberg, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+left+and+right+pericardial+pressures+in+humans:+an+intraoperative+study.">The relationship between left and right pericardial pressures in humans: an intraoperative study.</a> The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 27, 346-350 (2011).</li><li>Park, D. S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pericardial+proteoglycan+4+(lubricin):+Implications+for+postcardiotomy+intrathoracic+adhesion+formation.">Human pericardial proteoglycan 4 (lubricin): Implications for postcardiotomy intrathoracic adhesion formation.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 156 (4), 1598-1608 (2018).</li></ol>

Inducing an MI in a closed pericardium in rodents is unique and can have potentially significant applications. The procedure relies heavily on the surgeon&#39;s familiarity with the rodent model and rodent cardiac anatomy. Success is also dependent on the care given during three critical steps: intercostal muscle incision and rib retraction (Steps 1.11-1.13), creating the infarct (Step 1.17 ), and animal recovery (Steps 1.22-1.24).
The thoracotomy must be done diligently to avoid puncturing or...

To this day, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the leading cause of death globally, resulting in a significant financial burden and reduction in patient quality of life1. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a sub-type of CVD and plays an essential role in the development of myocardial infarction (MI), which is a chief contributor to mortality. By definition, MI results from irreversible injury to the myocardial tissue due to prolonged conditions of ischemia and hypoxia. Myocardial tissue lacks regeneration capacity, so injuries are permanent and result in the replacement of heart muscle with a fibrotic scar that can be initially protective but ultimately contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling and eventual heart failure2.
Although the management of patients with CAD has dramatically improved over the past few decades, chronic heart failure (CHF) secondary to ischemia affects many patients worldwide. For preventing and managing this epidemic, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms more extensively and develop new therapeutic approaches. Moreover, past findings highlight the limitations of systemic therapy and the necessity of developing precise alternatives. Given investigating the molecular sequelae of MI in humans is affected by the ability to access infarcted tissue, animal models that recapitulate the characteristics and development of human MI and CHF related to CVD are indispensable.
As ideal animal models closely resemble a human disorder for structural and functional characteristics, disease etiology should guide their conception. In CAD, it is the chronic atherosclerotic stenosis of coronary arteries or acute thrombotic occlusion. Different methods have been developed and applied in various species of laboratory animals to induce coronary artery narrowing or occlusion. Such strategies can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) mechanical manipulation of a coronary artery to induce an MI and (2) expediting atherosclerosis to facilitate coronary narrowing leading to an MI. The first strategy usually involves either the ligation of a coronary artery or the placement of a stent within the artery. The second approach tends to rely on modifying the animal&#39;s diet to include high fat/cholesterol food. Some of the limitations of this latter approach include the lack of control on the timing and site of coronary occlusions.
In contrast, the surgical induction of MI or ischemia in an animal model has several advantages, such as location, precise timing, and extent of the coronary event, leading to more reproducible results. The most widely used method is surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Such models recapitulate human responses to acute ischemic injury, as well as the progression to CHF3. Initially developed in larger animals, LAD surgery on small animals such as rodents has become more feasible with advancements in technology4. In establishing such models, mice have been favored for various reasons, including their relative availability, low expense in housing, and their capacity for genetic manipulation.
Contemporary surgical models of ischemic heart disease using LAD occlusion require the researcher to open the pericardium to temporarily or permanently ligate the artery5. Such strategies result in the disruption of the pericardial space, which plays an essentially mechanical and lubricating function to ensure proper cardiac function. Another disadvantage of opening the pericardium is losing the animal&#39;s native pericardial fluid with its various cellular and protein components6,7. In response, a method to induce MI while keeping the pericardium intact was developed by us. In addition to minimizing the perturbation of this homeostatic environment, this approach allows for tagging and tracing specific cells after causing an MI. In addition, this approach better represents myocardial ischemic injury in the human setting.

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			<td>Steri-350 Bead Sterilizer</td>
			<td>Inotech</td>
			<td>NC9449759</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>10% Formalin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>HT501128-4L</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>40 &#181;m Cell strainer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA21008-949</td>
			<td>Falcon, 352340</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>70 &#181;m Cell strainer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA21008-952</td>
			<td>Falcon, 352350</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A1049201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Insyte-W Catheter Needle 24 G X 3/4&#34;</td>
			<td>CDMV Inc</td>
			<td>108778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Betadine (10% povidone-iodine topical solution)</td>
			<td>CDMV Inc</td>
			<td>104826</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Blunt Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST 11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>BNP Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>CDMV Inc</td>
			<td>17909</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Castroviejo Needle Driver</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST 12061-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22625101</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Collagenase I</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>SCR103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase XI</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>C7657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Covidien 5-0 Polysorb Suture - CV-11 taper needle</td>
			<td>Medtronic Canada</td>
			<td>GL-890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Covidien 5-0 Polysorb Suture - PC-13 cutting needle</td>
			<td>Medtronic Canada</td>
			<td>SL-1659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Blunt Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST 11009-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dako Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Agilen</td>
			<td>CS70330-2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>11284932001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, 100%</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>MFCD00003568</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethicon 8-0 Ethilon Suture - BV-130-4 taper needle</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson Inc.</td>
			<td>2815G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber-Optic Light</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>2208502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST 11150-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoresbrite&#174; YG Carboxylate Microspheres 1.00 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>15702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geiger Thermal Cautery Unit</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501293</td>
			<td>Model 150-ST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>H4272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluorane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>75-0951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane USP, 250 mL</td>
			<td>CDMV Inc</td>
			<td>108737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Fixator Retraction System</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18200-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX550D- 40 MHz probe</td>
			<td>Fujifilm- Visual Sonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Driver</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST 12002-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-10 Tubing</td>
			<td>Braintree Scienctific, Inc.</td>
			<td>PE10 50 FT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST 14184-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMZ-1B Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ1-PS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VentElite Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-7040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetergesic (10 mL, 0.3mg/mL buprenorphine))</td>
			<td>CDMV Inc</td>
			<td>124918</td>
			<td>controlled drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vevo 2100 Software</td>
			<td>Fujifilm-Visual Sonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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an intact pericardium ischemic rodent model

This protocol has shown that the pericardium and its contents play an essential anti-fibrotic role in the ischemic rodent model (coronary ligation to induce myocardial injury). The majority of pre-clinical myocardial infarction models require the disruption of pericardial integrity with loss of the homeostatic cellular milieu. However, recently a methodology has been developed by us to induce myocardial infarction, which minimizes pericardial damage and retains the heart&#39;s resident immune cell population. An improved cardiac functional recovery in mice with an intact pericardial space following coronary ligation has been observed. This method provides an opportunity to study inflammatory responses in the pericardial space following myocardial infarction. Further development of the labeling techniques can be combined with this model to understand the fate and function of pericardial immune cells in regulating the inflammatory mechanisms that drive remodeling in the heart, including fibrosis.

This modified coronary ligation model has been optimized to achieve reproducibility and animal survival. However, due to the significant injury induced in the heart, some expected intra-operative and post-operative mortality are associated with the procedure. The standard mortality is typically higher in males (~25-35%) than in females (~ 10-15%).
Successful induction of an MI with the modified coronary ligation should be evident by changes in the heart&#39;s functional parameters and structur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model at JoVE.com

An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model

This protocol outlines the steps for inducing myocardial infarction in mice while preserving the pericardium and its contents.

This protocol has shown that the pericardium and its contents play an essential anti-fibrotic role in the ischemic rodent model (coronary ligation to ...

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