Wir sind dankbar, dass Drs. SP Dinesh Kumar-und Yule Liu für TRV-VIGS Vektoren und Drs. Chuck Kenerley, Terry Wheeler, Jim Starr und Bayer CropScience für die Bereitstellung von Baumwollsamen. Diese Arbeit wurde von der NSF, um LS und NIH zur PH finanziert

1. Wachsen Baumwolle Sämlinge <ol><li> Aussaat der Samen der Upland-Baumwolle (Gossypium hirsutum) Reihe Fibermax 832, PhytoGen 425RF, PhytoGen 480WR und Deltapine 90 in Töpfen (7 cm Durchmesser) mit Metro Mix 700 (SunGR, Beavile, WA). </li><li> Halten Sie die Töpfe in ein Tablett mit einer Plastikhaube abgedeckt bei 23 ° C, 120 uE m -2 s -1 Licht, mit einer 12 Stunden Licht/12 Stunden Dunkelheit Photoperiode in einem Wachstumsmarkt Raum. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Kuppel, wenn zwei Keimblätter entstanden sind. </li><li> Etwa zwei Wochen später, verwenden Sie die Pflanzen mit zwei voll entfalteten Keimblättern für VIGS Assay. In diesem Stadium haben die Laubblätter noch nicht entstanden (Abbildung 1). </li></ol> 2. Construct VIGS Vektor, der GrCLA1 ​​Gen <ol><li> Amplify die Cloroplastos alterados 1-Gens aus Baumwolle (GrCLA1) durch PCR mit Primern GrCLA1-F, 5&#39;-GCCCTTTGTGCATCTTC-3 &#39;und GrCLA1-R, 5&#39;-CTCTAGGGGCATTGAAG-3&#39; aus einer cDNA-Bibliothek von G. raimondii Blattgewebe. </li><li> Digest der PCR-Produkte von GrCLA1 ​​mit EcoRI und KpnI und insert into pYL156 (pTRV-RNA2) Vektor durch Ligation. </li><li> Bildschirm die Klone auf LB-Agarplatten mit 50 pg / ml Kanamycin. Überprüfen Sie, ob die Konstrukte durch Restriktionsverdau und Sequenzierung. </li><li> Transform das Plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 durch Elektroporation und erholen in LB-Flüssigmedium bei 28 ° C. Wählen Sie die Transformanten auf Platten mit LB + Kanamycin (50 ug / mL) + Gentamycin (25 ug / mL). Die Bakterien können in 25% Glycerin bei -80 ° C für die langfristige Nutzung gespeichert werden. </li></ol> 3. Führen VIGS Impfung <ol><li> Drei Tage vor der Inokulation, Streifen gefrorenen Glycerin Aktien von Agrobacterium tumefaciens Durchführung pYL192 (TRV): RNA1, pYL156 (TRV): RNA2 (Vektor allein) und pYL156 (TRV): RNA2-GrCLA1 ​​auf LB-Agarplatten mit 50 pg / ml Kanamycin und 25 pg / ml Gentamycin. Die Inkubation bei 28 ° C für 24 Stunden. </li><li> Zwei Tage vor VIGS Infiltration, wählen Sie eine einzelne Kolonie für jedes Konstrukt aus den oben Platten und impfen sie in 5 ml LB-Medium mit 50 ug / ml Kanamycin und 25 pg / ml Gentamycin ergänzt; wachsen die Bakterienkultur bei 28 ° C über Nacht in einer Bandage mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 50 Umdrehungen pro Minute. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die oben genannten Kultur in einen Kolben mit 50 ml LB-Medium mit 50 ug / ml Kanamycin und 25 pg / ml Gentamycin, plus 10 mM MES ergänzt (2 - (4 Morpholino)-ethansulfonsäure) und 20 uM Acetosyringon. Die Kultur bei 28 ° C über Nacht in einem Shaker mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 50 Umdrehungen pro Minute. </li><li> Am folgenden Tag, Spin-down der Agrar-und Bakterienzellen bei 4000 rpm für 5 Minuten; resuspendieren die Kultur in die Infiltration Puffer mit 10 mM MgCl 2, 10 mM MES und 200 uM Acetosyringon. Passen Sie die OD 600 von der Kultur bis 1,5. </li><li> Verlassen Sie die Kultur auf der Bank bei Raumtemperatur für 3 Stunden. </li><li> Vor Agrobakterienkolonie Infiltration, Punsch der Unterseite der Keimblätter von Baumwollpflanzen mit einer 25 G Nadel ohne Piercing durch die Keimblätter. Ein oder zwei Löcher (abhängig von der Weichheit des Gewebes) wurden auf jedem Abschnitt des Keimblatt (Abbildung 2) gestanzt. </li><li> Mix Agrobakterienkultur Aussetzung der pYL192 (TRV): RNA1 und pYL156 (TRV): RNA2 oder pYL156 (TRV): RNA2-GrCLA1 ​​im Verhältnis 1:1; Hand zu infiltrieren das Gemisch von der Unterseite der Keimblätter durch die Verwundung Websites mit einem 1 mL nadellose Spritze (Abb. 3). </li><li> Decken Sie die Pflanzen mit einer Plastikhaube und lassen Sie den infiltrierten Pflanzen bei Raumtemperatur unter schwachem Licht Bedingung für die Übernachtung. </li><li> Transfer-Anlagen zu einem Wachstum Raum mit einer Temperatur von 23 ° C, 120 uE m -2 s -1 Licht mit einem 12 Stunden Licht / 12 Stunden Dunkel-Zyklus. </li></ol> Hinweis: VIGS funktioniert, wenn Pflanzen entweder unter 23 ° C oder im Gewächshaus (25-28 ° C) sind. Wenn die Temperatur relativ niedrig (23 bis 25 ° C) ist, ist es einfacher für die Impfung und Phänotyp ist gleichmäßiger im Vergleich zu höheren (28-30 ° C) oder schwankten Temperatur. Abdecken der Pflanzen mit einer Kuppel macht auch VIGS effizienter. <ol start="10"><li> Untersuchen Sie das Schweigen Phänotyp bei 7 ~ 8 Tage nach der Infiltration. Die Laubblätter von Pflanzen zum Schweigen gebracht, indem pYL156 (TRV): RNA2-GrCLA1 ​​begonnen, die Albino-Phänotyp (Abb. 4) anzuzeigen. Die Pflanzen mit Agrobakterien Durchführung pYL156 (TRV) infiltriert: RNA2 als Kontrolle dienen. </li><li> Überprüfen Sie die Gen-Silencing Effizienz durch die Untersuchung der Expression von endogenen Genen mittels Reverse Transkription-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (RT-PCR) mit RNA aus Kontrolle und zum Schweigen gebracht Baumwolle Pflanzen isoliert. </li></ol> Hinweis: Die VIGS-ed Pflanzen sollten unter Quarantäne enthaltenen Bedingungen und Pflanzen gehalten werden sollten ordnungsgemäß autoklaviert und entsorgt werden, nachdem die Tests als TRV hat ein breites Wirtsspektrum und ist eine meldepflichtige Erreger. 4.Repräsentative Ergebnisse: Etwa zwei Wochen nach der Hand-Infiltration mit Agrobakterien Mischung wurde die Albino-Phänotyp durch GrCLA1 ​​Schweigen verursacht deutlich auf der Laubblätter beobachtet. Das Schweigen Effizienz erreicht fast 100% in mehreren Experimenten mit mehr als 50 Pflanzen. Das Schweigen Pflanzen zeigen eine gleichmäßig verteilte und sehr stark Albino-Phänotyp auf neu entstehenden Blätter mit einem Mosaik auf den älteren Blättern (Abb. 4). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2938/2938fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abbildung 1. Ein Baumwoll-Sämling in etwa zwei Wochen alten Bühne mit zwei voll entfalteten Keimblättern für Agrobakterienkolonie Infiltration eingesetzt. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2938/2938fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2" /> Abbildung 2. Punching winzige Löcher auf der Unterseite der Keimblätter von Baumwollpflanzen mit einer 25 G Nadel Agrobakterienkolonie Infiltration zu erleichtern. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2938/2938fig3.jpg" alt="Abbildung 3" /> Abbildung 3. Hand Infiltration von Agrobakterien Mischung in den Kotyledonen von Baumwolle durch die Verwundung Websites mithilfe einer Spritze ohne Nadel <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2938/2938fig4.jpg" alt="Abbildung 4" /> Abbildung 4. Albino-Phänotyp erschien auf VIGS Schweigen Baumwollpflanzen. Vier Sorten werden gezeigt. A) Fibermax 832; B) PhytoGen 480WR; C) PhytoGen 425RF; D) Deltapine 90.

<ol>
	<li>Chen, Z. J., Scheffler, B. E., Dennis, E., Triplett, B. A., Zhang, T., Guo, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+sequencing+cotton+(Gossypium)+genomes.">Toward sequencing cotton (Gossypium) genomes.</a> Plant Physiol. 145, 1303-1310 (2007).</li><li>Dinesh-Kumar, S. P., Anandalakshmi, R., Marathe, R., Schiff, M., Liu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus-induced+gene+silencing.">Virus-induced gene silencing.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 236, 287-294 (2003).</li><li>Hamilton, A. J., Baulcombe, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+species+of+small+antisense+RNA+in+posttranscriptional+gene+silencing+in+plants.">A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants.</a> Science. 286, 950-952 (1999).</li><li>Burch-Smith, T. M., Anderson, J. C., Martin, G. B., Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+and+advantages+of+virus-induced+gene+silencing+for+gene+function+studies+in+plants.">Applications and advantages of virus-induced gene silencing for gene function studies in plants.</a> Plant J. 39, 734-746 (2004).</li><li>Liu, Y., Schiff, M., Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus-induced+gene+silencing+in+tomato.">Virus-induced gene silencing in tomato.</a> Plant J. 31, 777-786 (2002).</li><li>Estevez, J. M., Cantero, A., Romero, C., Kawaide, H., Jimenez, L. F., Kuzuyama, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+expression+of+CLA1,+a+gene+that+encodes+the+1-deoxyxylulose+5-phosphate+synthase+of+the+2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate+pathway+in+Arabidopsis.">Analysis of the expression of CLA1, a gene that encodes the 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Physiol. 124, 95-104 (2000).</li><li>Mandel, M. A., Feldmann, K. A., Herrera-Estrella, L., Rocha-Sosa, M., Leon, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLA1,+a+novel+gene+required+for+chloroplast+development,+is+highly+conserved+in+evolution.">CLA1, a novel gene required for chloroplast development, is highly conserved in evolution.</a> Plant J. 9, 649-658 (1996).</li><li>Gao, X., Wheeler, T., Li, Z., Kenerley, C., He, P., Shan, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+GhNDR1+and+GhMKK2+compromised+cotton+resistance+to+Verticillium+wilt.">Silencing GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 compromised cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt.</a> Plant J. 66, 293-305 (2011).</li></ol>

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VIGS ist nachgewiesen worden, ein mächtiges Werkzeug in der funktionellen Genomanalyse werden durch transiente umzuwerfen der Expression endogener Gene. In dieser Studie entwickelten wir eine Agrobacterium-vermittelte VIGS durch die Verwendung eines TRV-basierten binären Vektor. Die Baumwolle Cla1 (GrCLA1)-Gen wurde als visuelle Marker entwickelt, um die Wirksamkeit beim Verstummen zu überwachen. Wir haben immer 100% der Gen-Silencing Effizienz, durch die Albino-Phänotyp, die auf der echten Blätter in alle...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Name der Reagenzien und Geräte </th><th> Firma </th><th> Katalog / Seriennummer </th><th> Kommentare </th></tr><tr><td> Roller Trommel </td><td> Glas-Col, LLC. </td><td> 099A TC108 </td><td> Agro-Bakterium Kultur </td></tr><tr><td> Inkubator </td><td> Sheldon Manufacturing, Inc. </td><td> 01046209 </td><td> Agro-Bakterium Kultur </td></tr><tr><td> UV / Vis-Spektralphotometer </td><td> Beckman Coulter </td><td> Model: DU530 </td><td> Mess-OD </td></tr><tr><td> Gene Pulser </td><td> BioRad </td><td> Model: 1652076; Serial: 154BR3880 </td><td> Elektroporation </td></tr><tr><td> Pulser-Controller </td><td> BioRad </td><td> Model: 1652098; Serial: 232BR4833 </td><td> Elektroporation </td></tr><tr><td> Micropulser Elektroporationsküvette </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 165-2081 </td><td> Elektroporation </td></tr><tr><td> 1 ml Spritze </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 30962 </td><td> Inokulation von agro-Bakterium </td></tr><tr><td> Metro Mix 700 </td><td> SUNGR </td><td> SKU # 553001 </td><td> Wachsende Sämling </td></tr><tr><td> Terra Cotta Topf </td><td> TOPlastics </td><td> GPS 3001B2 </td><td> Wachsende Sämling </td></tr><tr><td> MES-Monohydrat </td><td> USB </td><td> 18886 </td><td> Infiltration Puffer </td></tr><tr><td> Acetosyringon </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D134406 </td><td> Infiltration Puffer </td></tr></tbody></table>

agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing assay in cotton

Baumwolle (Gossypium hirsutum) ist eine der wichtigsten Kulturpflanzen weltweit. Erhebliche Anstrengungen wurden auf molekularer Züchtung neuer Sorten gemacht worden. Die groß angelegte Gen funktionelle Analyse in Baumwolle hat hinter den meisten der modernen Pflanzenarten, wahrscheinlich aufgrund seiner Größe von Genom, Gen-Duplikation und Polyploidie, lange Wachstumszyklus und Widerspenstigkeit zu genetischen Transformation 1 wurde zurückgeblieben. Zur Erleichterung der hohen Durchsatz funktionelle genetische / genomische Studie in Baumwolle, versuchen wir eine schnelle und effiziente transienten Assays zu entwickeln, um Baumwolle Genfunktionen zu beurteilen. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) ist eine mächtige Technik, basierend auf dem Host-post-transkriptionelle Gene Silencing (PTGS), um die Vermehrung der Viren 2,3 unterdrücken entwickelt wurde. Agrobacterium-vermittelte VIGS wurde erfolgreich in einer Vielzahl von Dikotyledonen Arten wie Solanaceae, Arabidopsis und Leguminosen angewandt und Monokotyledonen Arten, darunter Gerste, Weizen und Mais, die aus verschiedenen funktionellen Genomik Studien 3,4. Da dies eine schnelle und effiziente Ansatz vermeidet Transformation von Pflanzen und überwindet funktionale Redundanz ist es besonders attraktiv und geeignet für funktionelle Genomik Studie in Nutzpflanzen wie Baumwolle nicht zugänglich für die Transformation. In dieser Studie berichten wir über die detaillierte Protokoll der Agrobacterium-vermittelte VIGS System in Baumwolle. Unter den verschiedenen viralen Vektoren VIGS, dringt der Tabak Rassel-Virus (TRV) eine breite Palette von Hosts und ist in der Lage, kräftig ausgebreitet über den gesamten Anlagen noch produzieren milde Symptome auf der hosts5. Um die Wirksamkeit beim Verstummen, GrCLA1, ein Homologes Gen aus Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1-Gen (AtCLA1) in Baumwolle, wurde kloniert und in die VIGS Binärvektor pYL156. Cla1 Gen in Chloroplasten Entwicklung 6 beteiligt sind, und frühere Studien haben gezeigt, Monitor, loss-of-Funktion AtCLA1 führte zu einem Albino-Phänotyp auf Laubblätter 7, bietet eine exzellente visuelle Marker für silencing Effizienz. Bei etwa zwei Wochen nach Agrobacterium Infiltration begann die Albino-Phänotyp auf der Laubblätter erscheinen, mit 100% silencing Effizienz in allen wiederholten Experimenten. Das Schweigen der endogenen Genexpression wurde auch durch RT-PCR-Analyse bestätigt. Bezeichnenderweise konnte silencing potently in allen Sorten haben wir getestet, darunter verschiedene kommerziell angebauten Sorten in Texas auftreten. Diese schnelle und effiziente Agrobacterium-vermittelte VIGS Test liefert ein sehr mächtiges Werkzeug für die schnelle großflächige Analyse von Genfunktionen in Genom-weiten Ebene in Baumwolle.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton at JoVE.com

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Wir präsentieren Ihnen die ausführlichen Protokoll für Agrobacterium-vermittelten Virus-induzierte Gen-Silencing (VIGS)-Assay in Baumwolle. Der Tabak Rassel-Virus (TRV)-abgeleiteten Vektoren VIGS wurden eingesetzt, um RNA-Silencing von Baumwolle GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1-Gens zu induzieren. Der Albino-Phänotyp durch Schweigen GrCLA1 ​​verursacht wurde am Keimlingsstadium innerhalb von 2 Wochen nach der Impfung beobachtet.

Agrobacterium-vermittelte Virus-induced gene silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

agrobacterium-mediated-virus-induced-gene-silencing-assay-in-cotton

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.2K Aufrufe.  Texas A&M University. Wir präsentieren Ihnen die ausführlichen Protokoll für Agrobacterium-vermittelten Virus-induzierte Gen-Silencing (VIGS)-Assay in Baumwolle. Der Tabak Rassel-Virus (TRV)-abgeleiteten Vektoren VIGS wurden eingesetzt, um RNA-Silencing von Baumwolle GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1-Gens zu induzieren. Der Albino-Phänotyp durch Schweigen GrCLA1 ​​verursacht wurde am Keimlingsstadium innerhalb von 2 Wochen nach der Impfung beobachtet.

Serie: Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

Virus-induzierten Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana Und Tomaten

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

Forschung

Biologie

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

Live Cell Imaging mit Calcium siRNA vermittelte Gene Silencing Combined Identifiziert Ca 2 + Leck-Kanäle in der ER-Membran und deren Regulationsmechanismen

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc&#x2026; Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7. 
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.

Here we propose simple methods to induce hypoxia in cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of the cultures.

Induktion und Prüfung von Hypoxie in der Zellkultur

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells.  This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the messagefor review see 1. However, it's now widely accepted that synonymous codon usage is the primary cause of non-uniform translational elongation rates1. Synonymous codons are not used with identical frequency. A bias exists in the use of synonymous codons with some codons used more frequently than others2. Codon bias is organism as well as tissue specific2,3. Moreover, frequency of codon usage is directly proportional to the concentrations of cognate tRNAs4. Thus, a frequently used codon will have higher multitude of corresponding tRNAs, which further implies that a frequent codon will be translated faster than an infrequent one. Thus, regions on mRNA enriched in rare codons (potential pause sites) will as a rule slow down ribosome movement on the message and cause accumulation of nascent peptides of the respective sizes5-8. These pause sites can have functional impact on the protein expression, mRNA stability and protein foldingfor review see 9. Indeed, it was shown that alleviation of such pause sites can alter ribosome movement on mRNA and subsequently may affect the efficiency of co-translational (in vivo) protein folding1,7,10,11. To understand the process of protein folding in vivo, in the cell, that is ultimately coupled to the process of protein synthesis it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of codon usage/tRNA content on the movement of ribosomes along mRNA during translational elongation.
Here we describe a simple technique that can be used to locate major translation pause sites for a given mRNA translated in various cell-free systems6-8. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA. The rationale is that at low-frequency codons, the increase in the residence time of the ribosomes results in increased amounts of nascent peptides of the corresponding sizes. In vitro transcribed mRNA is used for in vitro translational reactions in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids to allow the detection of the nascent chains. In order to isolate ribosome bound nascent polypeptide complexes the translation reaction is layered on top of 30% glycerol solution followed by centrifugation. Nascent polypeptides in polysomal pellet are further treated with ribonuclease A and resolved by SDS PAGE. This technique can be potentially used for any protein and allows analysis of ribosome movement along mRNA and the detection of the major pause sites. Additionally, this protocol can be adapted to study factors and conditions that can alter ribosome movement and thus potentially can also alter the function/conformation of the protein.

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

A technique to identify translational pause sites on mRNA is described. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA, followed by the size analysis of the nascent chains using a denaturing gel electrophoresis.

Isolierung von Ribosom gebunden Nascent Polypeptide<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Identifizieren Translational Pause Standorten entlang mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Mit SECM Arrest Sequenz als Werkzeug zum Ribosom gebunden Polypeptide isolieren

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana plants with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium cultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana, N. excelsiana (N. benthamiana &#215; N. excelsior) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium harboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium laboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria laboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria strains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana resulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Transient protein production in Nicotiana plants based on vacuum infiltration with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) is a rapid and economic approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins. We simplified the procedure and improved target accumulation by optimizing conditions of bacteria cultivation, selecting host species, and co-introducing RNA silencing suppressors.

Optimierung und Nutzung von<em&gt; Agrobacterium</em&gt; Transient-vermittelte Proteinproduktion in<em&gt; Nicotiana</em

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short ...

Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects facilitated research in new facets of mosquito biology, including functional genetic studies in the primary African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae and the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti. RNA interference- (RNAi-) mediated gene silencing has been used to target genes of interest in both of these disease vector mosquito species. Here, we describe a procedure for preparation of chitosan/interfering RNA nanoparticles that are combined with food and ingested by larvae. This technically straightforward, high-throughput, and relatively inexpensive methodology, which is compatible with long double stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, has been used for the successful knockdown of a number of different genes in A. gambiae and A. aegypti larvae. Following larval feedings, knockdown, which is verified through qRT-PCR or in situ hybridization, can persist at least through the late pupal stage. This methodology may be applicable to a wide variety of mosquito and other insect species, including agricultural pests, as well as other non-model organisms. In addition to its utility in the research laboratory, in the future, chitosan, an inexpensive, non-toxic and biodegradable polymer, could potentially be utilized in the field.

Here we describe a procedure for inhibiting gene function in disease vector mosquitoes through the use of chitosan/interfering RNA nanoparticles that are ingested by larvae.

Chitosan / interfering RNA Nanopartikel vermittelten Gen-Stummschaltung in Disease Vector Mückenlarven

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects ...

Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon fertilization. The resulting aneuploidy in developing embryos is recognized as a major cause of pregnancy loss and congenital birth defects such as Down&#8217;s syndrome. Accurate chromosome segregation is critically dependent on the formation of the microtubule spindle apparatus, yet this process remains poorly understood in mammalian oocytes. Intriguingly, meiotic spindle assembly differs from mitosis and is regulated, at least in part, by unique microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Assessment of MTOC-associated proteins can provide valuable insight into the regulatory mechanisms that govern meiotic spindle formation and organization. Here, we describe methods to isolate mouse oocytes and deplete MTOC-associated proteins using a siRNA-mediated approach to test function. In addition, we describe oocyte fixation and immunofluorescence analysis conditions to evaluate meiotic spindle formation and organization.

Here, we present a protocol for specific siRNA-mediated mRNA depletion followed by immunofluorescence analysis to evaluate meiotic spindle assembly and organization in mouse oocytes. This protocol is suitable for in vitro depletion of transcripts and functional assessment of different spindle and/or MTOC-associated factors in oocytes.

Meiotischen Spindel Assessment in Maus-Oozyten von siRNA-vermittelte Silencing

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon ...

Silencing the Spark: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these independently derived phenotypes, which share a common genetic architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the numerous convergent features of gymnotiforms and mormyrids, two species-rich teleost clades that produce and detect weak electric fields and are called weakly electric fish. In the 50 years since the discovery that weakly electric fish use electricity to sense their surroundings and communicate, a growing community of scientists has gained tremendous insights into evolution of development, systems and circuits neuroscience, cellular physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and behavior. More recently, there has been a proliferation of genomic resources for electric fish. Use of these resources has already facilitated important insights with regards to the connection between genotype and phenotype in these species. A major obstacle to integrating genomics data with phenotypic data of weakly electric fish is a present lack of functional genomics tools. We report here a full protocol for performing CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that utilizes endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in weakly electric fish. We demonstrate that this protocol is equally effective in both the mormyrid species Brienomyrus brachyistius and the gymnotiform Brachyhypopomus gauderio by using CRISPR/Cas9 to target indels and point mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel gene scn4aa. Using this protocol, embryos from both species were obtained and genotyped to confirm that the predicted mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel scn4aa were present. The knock-out success phenotype was confirmed with recordings showing reduced electric organ discharge amplitudes when compared to uninjected size-matched controls.

Here, a protocol is presented to produce and rear CRISPR/Cas9 genome knockout electric fish. Outlined in detail are the required molecular biology, breeding, and husbandry requirements for both a gymnotiform and a mormyrid, and injection techniques to produce Cas9-induced indel F0 larvae.

Den Funken zum Schweigen bringen: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Demonstrated here is a detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of maize inbred lines using morphogenic genes Baby boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2). Bbm is regulated by the maize phospholipid transferase gene (Pltp) promoter, and Wus2 is under the control of a maize auxin-inducible (Axig1) promoter. An Agrobacterium strain carrying these morphogenic genes on transfer DNA (T-DNA) and extra copies of Agrobacterium virulence (vir) genes are used to infect maize immature embryo explants. Somatic embryos form on the scutella of infected embryos and can be selected by herbicide resistance and germinated into plants. A heat-activated cre/loxP recombination system built into the DNA construct allows for removal of morphogenic genes from the maize genome during an early stage of the transformation process. Transformation frequencies of approximately 14%, 4%, and 4% (numbers of independent transgenic events per 100 infected embryos) can be achieved for W22, B73, and Mo17, respectively, using this protocol.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Plant morphogenic genes can be used to improve genetic transformation of recalcitrant genotypes. Described here is an Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation (QuickCorn) protocol for three important public maize inbred lines.

Agrobacterium- Vermitteltune unreife Embryo-Transformation von widerspenstigen Mais Inzuchtlinien mit morphogenen Genen

Demonstrated here is a detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of maize inbred lines using morphogenic genes Baby boom (Bbm) ...