Wir danken Nancy R. Sturm, Abteilung Immunologie, Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts. Der Nationale Rat für Forschung-CNPq, und der Stiftung für Forschung, Entwicklung-FAPDF, Brasilien, unterstützt die Studie. Wir danken der technischen Hilfe von Alessandro O. Souza, Maria C. Guimaro, Ciro Cordeiro, Ana de Cassia Rosa, Roseneide Alves und Rafael Andrade, von der Universität von Brasilia, Brasilien.

<ol>
	<li>Teixeira, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+chagas'+disease:+parasite+persistence+and+autoimmunity.">Pathogenesis of chagas' disease: parasite persistence and autoimmunity.</a> CMR. 24, 592-630 (2011).</li><li>Teixeira, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chagas+disease.">Chagas disease.</a> Postg. Med. J. 82, 788-798 (2006).</li><li>Teixeira, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosoma+cruzi+in+the+chicken+model:+Chagas-like+heart+disease+in+the+absence+of+parasitism.">Trypanosoma cruzi in the chicken model: Chagas-like heart disease in the absence of parasitism.</a> PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e1000 (2011).</li><li>Hecht, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inheritance+of+DNA+transferred+from+American+trypanosomes+to+human+hosts.">Inheritance of DNA transferred from American trypanosomes to human hosts.</a> PLoS One. 5, e9181 (2010).</li><li>Xing, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+the+ERK+MAPK+in+the+regulation+of+proinflammatory+and+apoptotic+responses+in+chicken+macrophages+infected+with+H9N2+avian+influenza+virus.">Roles of the ERK MAPK in the regulation of proinflammatory and apoptotic responses in chicken macrophages infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 91, 343-351 (2010).</li><li>Kim, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIK+and+IKKbeta+interdependence+in+NF-kappaB+signalling--flux+analysis+of+regulation+through+metabolites.">NIK and IKKbeta interdependence in NF-kappaB signalling--flux analysis of regulation through metabolites.</a> Biosystems. 99, 140-149 (2010).</li><li>Karakhanova, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERK/p38+MAP-kinases+and+PI3K+are+involved+in+the+differential+regulation+of+B7-H1+expression+in+DC+subsets.">ERK/p38 MAP-kinases and PI3K are involved in the differential regulation of B7-H1 expression in DC subsets.</a> Eur. J. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+Leishmania+minicircle+kinetoplast+DNA+classes.">Structure of Leishmania minicircle kinetoplast DNA classes.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 1656-1657 (1999).</li><li>Simpson, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genomic+organization+of+guide+RNA+genes+in+kinetoplastid+protozoa:+several+conundrums+and+their+solutions.">The genomic organization of guide RNA genes in kinetoplastid protozoa: several conundrums and their solutions.</a> Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 86, 133-141 (1997).</li><li>Thomas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-universal+transcription+factor?+The+Leishmania+tarentolae+TATA+box-binding+protein+LtTBP+associates+with+a+subset+of+promoters.">A non-universal transcription factor? The Leishmania tarentolae TATA box-binding protein LtTBP associates with a subset of promoters.</a> Int J. Parasitol. 36, 1217-1226 (2006).</li></ol>

Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Im Gegensatz zu Säugetieren anfällig für lebenslanges T. cruzi-Infektionen, sind Hühner refraktär auf T. cruzi-Infektion. Der große Vorteil des Huhns Modellsystem ist die Eliminierung der Infektion in einem frühen Entwicklungsstadium der embryonalen Immunsystems. Somit ist die einzige verbleibende Parasiten-DNA in das Huhn Körper mehrere Loci integriert. Die Nutzung der optimalen Menge an virulenten T. cruzi trypomastigotes auf fruchtbaren Ei impfen ist der kritische Schritt zur Erlangung Integration des KDNA Miniringe in den Hühnerembryo Genom. Die Quote der Live-Küken schlüpft aus Eiern mit 100 trypomastigotes geimpft ist vierfach höher als die mit 500 Parasiten erhalten. Es sollte darauf geachtet, die Parasiten Suspension in 10 ul des Nährbodens in die Eizelle Luftkammer werden. Es sollte kein Austritt von Eiweiß sein. Unter optimalen Bedingungen dauert die intrazelluläre parasitäre Infektion Ort widünne wenige Stunden nach der Inkubation und Parasit Vermehrung in den Wirtszellen Erlös für eine Woche, danach die Infektion wird durch die angeborene Immunität eliminiert. Die KDNA Integration erfordert eine Infektion leben, und die Impfung von nackten Miniringe in frühen Embryos Hühnereier nicht Integration zu erzielen. Die KDNA-positiven Embryonen und Kontrollen sollten unter kontrollierten Bedingungen bei 37,5 ° C und 65% Luftfeuchtigkeit untergebracht werden. Die Küken werden in Käfigen für zwei Wochen bei 33 ° C Raumtemperatur gehalten. Danach werden die Hühner in Käfigen auf hängeregale von 1,5 Meter Breite Gänge in einem Raum bei 22 ° C gehalten, getrennt mit gefilterter Luft und Überdruck unter ständiger Erschöpfung des Tierschutzes Bedingungen zu sichern. Die Erwachsenen sind Hähnchen-Chow gefüttert und trinken fließendem Wasser trinkbar zu vollem Wachstum und Reife zu erreichen, Eier zu legen um fünf Monate alt. Wartung von hygienischen Prozeduren sind für die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse unerlässlich bei der Arbeit mit T. cruzi geimpftin fruchtbare Hühnereiern. In der Hühner-Modellsystem der T. cruzi-Infektionen werden nach der Entwicklung des Immunsystems in der frühen Phase der embryonalen Entwicklung ausgerottet. Zusätzlich zum Sein Infektion-frei, die Küken schlüpfen, die von T. cruzi beimpften Eier, in Mangel an spezifischen Antikörpern, sind tolerant gegenüber den Parasiten-Antigene. Die Ablehnung der Herzfrequenz Zellen durch cytotoxische Lymphocyten (minimale Abhalteeinheit, 3) in den KDNA mutierten Genotyp Hühnern Es werden Modifikationen und Aufteilung der immunologischen Überwachung 3 zu sehen. Die genotypisch modifizierten T-Zellen präsentieren beschleunigte Abstoßung Selbst Gewebe im Körper. Die wichtigste Läsion ist das Herz, die ein Markenzeichen der Chagas-Krankheit ist. Der Übergang von einer physiologischen (Überwachung) zu einer pathophysiologischen Zustand ist in der KDNA mutierten Huhn Es werden klonal Proliferation von zytotoxischen Lymphozyten 3 zu sehen. Tseine transkingdom Modellsystem zeigt eine Parasiten-induzierte, genetisch-driven Autoimmunerkrankung (Abbildung 6), die sich aus der Genom-Modifikationen durch T. cruzi KDNA Minicircle Integrationen. Diese Änderungen werden nicht in Lb-Küken aus Eiern geschlüpften geimpft gesehen. Dieses Phänomen legt nahe, dass experimentelle Behandlung der entzündlichen Autoimmunkardiomyopathie in KDNA-mutierten Hühnern kann Droge Unterdrückung des Knochenmarks Vorläufer von spezifischen T-Zell-Phänotyp Infiltration des Herzmuskels, und die Transplantation von gesundem Knochenmark histokompatiblen benötigen, um die Ablehnung der Selbst-Gewebes zu verhindern.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare </td></tr><tr><td> Taq DNA-Polymerase Rekombinante </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11615-010 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Platinum Taq DNA-Polymerase </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 10966-030 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zufällige Primer DNA Labeling-System </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 18187-013 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Eco RI </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15202-021 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mbo I </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15248-016 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> dNTP-Set, 100 mM Lösungen </td><td&gt; GE Healthcare </td><td> 28-4065-51 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Amersham Hybond - N + - Katzen-n. </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> RPN303B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PlasmidPrep Mini Spin Kit </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 28-9042-70 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NsiI </td><td> SIGMA-ALDRICH </td><td> R5884 1KU </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DNA, Sodium Salt Fischsperma </td><td> Amresco </td><td> 0644-10G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maus-Anti-Huhn-Bu-1b </td><td> SouthernBiotech </td><td> 8370-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maus anti-CD45-Huhn </td><td> SouthernBiotech </td><td> 8270-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maus-Anti-Huhn TCRγδ </td><td> SouthernBiotech </td><td> 8230-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maus-Anti-Huhn CD8α </td><td> SouthernBiotech </td><td> 9220-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maus-Anti-Huhn Monozyten / Makrophagen </td><td> SouthernBiotech </td><td> 8420-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MyCycle Termocycler </td><td> Bio-Rad Laboratories </td><td> 580BR 5501 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

parasite induced genetically driven autoimmune chagas heart disease in the chicken model

Die Trypanosoma cruzi akuten Infektionen in der Kindheit erworbenen scheinen asymptomatisch, aber etwa ein Drittel der chronisch infizierten Fälle zeigen, Chagas-Krankheit bis zu drei Jahrzehnten oder später. Autoimmunität und Parasit Beharrlichkeit sind konkurrierende Theorien, um die Pathogenese der Chagas-Krankheit 1, 2 zu erklären. Um unterschiedliche Rollen durch Parasiten Persistenz und Autoimmunität in die Chagas-Krankheit impfen spielten wir den T. cruzi in der Luftkammer von befruchteten Eiern. Die reifen Huhn Immunsystem ist eine enge biologische Barriere gegen T. cruzi und die Infektion ist auf Entwicklung seines Immunsystems durch das Ende der ersten Woche des Wachstums 3 ausgerottet. Die Küken sind Parasiten-frei beim Schlupf, aber sie behalten integriert Parasit mitochondrialen DNA Kinetoplast (KDNA) in ihrem Genom, die auf ihre Nachkommen übertragen werden Minicircle. Dokumentation der KDNA Minicircle Integration in der Hühner-Genoms wurde von einem Targ erhaltenETED Prime TAIL-PCR, Southern-Hybridisierungen, Klonierung und Sequenzierung 3, 4. Die KDNA Minicircle Integrationen Bruch offenen Leserahmen für die Transkription und Immunsystems Faktoren Phosphatase (GTPase), Adenylatcyclase und Phosphorylasen (PKC, NF-Kappa B Aktivator, PI-3K) mit Zellphysiologie, Wachstum und Differenzierung 3, 5 zugeordnet - 7 und andere Gen funktioniert. Schwere Myokarditis bei Ablehnung der Herzfrequenz Fasern durch Effektoren zytotoxischer Lymphozyten in den KDNA mutierten Hühnern gesehen, zeigt eine entzündliche Kardiomyopathie ähnlich der in menschlichen Chagas-Krankheit zu sehen. Bemerkenswerterweise sind Herzinsuffizienz und Skelettmuskelschwäche bei erwachsenen Hühnern Gegenwart mit KDNA Bruch des Dystrophin-Gens auf Chromosom 1 8. Ähnliche Veränderungen werden mit genotipic Gewebezerstörung durch Effektoren CD45 +, + CD8γδ, CD8α Lymphozyten durchgeführt assoziiert. Damit diese Protozoen-Infektion auslösen können genetisch gesteuerte Autoimmunerkrankung.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Parasite Induced Genetically Driven Autoimmune Chagas Heart Disease in the Chicken Model at JoVE.com

Parasite Induced Genetically Driven Autoimmune Chagas Heart Disease in the Chicken Model

Die Impfung von<em&gt; Trypanosoma cruzi</em&gt; In fruchtbaren Eier vor der Inkubation macht der Parasit KDNA Minicircle Integration in Embryozellen Genom. Kreuzungen zeigt die vertikale Übertragung der Mutationen auf die Nachkommen. Die KDNA integriert sich in kodierenden Regionen an mehreren Chromosomen und die Hühner mit einer entzündlichen Autoimmunerkrankung Herzkrankheit zu sterben.

Parasite Induced Genetisch Angetrieben Autoimmune Chagas-Herz-Krankheit in der Hähnchen-Modell

The Trypanosoma cruzi acute infections acquired in infancy and childhood seem asymptomatic, but approximately one third of the chronically infected cases ...

parasite-induced-genetically-driven-autoimmune-chagas-heart-disease

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.8K Aufrufe.  University of Brasilia. Die Impfung von Trypanosoma cruzi In fruchtbaren Eier vor der Inkubation macht der Parasit KDNA Minicircle Integration in Embryozellen Genom. Kreuzungen zeigt die vertikale Übertragung der Mutationen auf die Nachkommen. Die KDNA integriert sich in kodierenden Regionen an mehreren Chromosomen und die Hühner mit einer entzündlichen Autoimmunerkrankung Herzkrankheit zu sterben.

Serie: Parasite Induced Genetically Driven Autoimmune Chagas Heart Disease in the Chicken Model

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

This video shows how to induce autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice and how to assess its severity by histopathology.

Induktion der experimentellen autoimmunen Hypophysitis in SJL Mäuse

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While the exact etiology of the disease is yet unclear, autoreactive T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology. MS therapy is only partially effective so far and research efforts continue to expand our knowledge on the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model for MS sharing many clinical and pathophysiological features. There is a broad diversity of EAE models which reflect different clinical, immunological and histological aspects of human MS. Actively-induced EAE in mice is the easiest inducible model with robust and replicable results. It is especially suited for investigating the effects of drugs or of particular genes by using transgenic mice challenged by autoimmune neuroinflammation. Therefore, mice are immunized with CNS homogenates or peptides of myelin proteins. Due to the low immunogenic potential of these peptides, strong adjuvants are used. EAE susceptibility and phenotype depends on the chosen antigen and rodent strain. C57BL/6 mice are the commonly used strain for transgenic mouse construction and respond among others to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The immunogenic epitope MOG35-55 is suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to immunization and pertussis toxin is applied on the day of immunization and two days later. Mice develop a "classic" self-limited monophasic EAE with ascending flaccid paralysis within 9-14 days after immunization. Mice are evaluated daily using a clinical scoring system for 25-50 days. Special considerations for care taking of animals with EAE as well as potential applications and limitations of this model are discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an established animal model of multiple sclerosis. C57BL/6 mice are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55), resulting in an ascending flaccid paralysis caused by autoreactive immune cells in the central nervous system. Protocols for disease induction and monitoring will be discussed.

Myelin Oligodendrozyten Glykoprotein (MOG<sub&gt; 35-55</sub&gt;) Induzierten experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL / 6 Mäuse

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system with a strong neurodegenerative component. While ...

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, TNF&#945;, IFN&#947;) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.

This manuscript describes the methods for induction and scoring of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, together with the assessment of immune cell distribution and mRNA cytokine levels in lymph nodes, spleen, blood and spinal cord using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, respectively, at various disease phases.

Die Induktion der experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis bei Mäusen und die Auswertung des Krankheitsabhängige Verteilung von Immunzellen in verschiedenen Geweben

Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

American trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans by triatomine bugs through the ingestion of contaminated food, by blood transfusions or accidently in hospitals and research laboratories. In addition, the Trypanosoma cruzi infection is transmitted congenitally from a&#160;chagasic mother to her offspring, but the male partner&#39;s contribution to in utero contamination is unknown. The findings of nests and clumps of amastigotes and of trypomastigotes in the theca cells of the ovary, in the goniablasts and in the lumen of seminiferous tubules suggest that T. cruzi infections are sexually transmitted. The research protocol herein presents the results of a family study population showing parasite nuclear DNA in the diploid blood mononuclear cells and in the haploid gametes of human subjects. Thus, three independent biological samples collected one year apart confirmed that T. cruzi infections were sexually transmitted to progeny. Interestingly, the specific T. cruzi antibody was absent in the majority of family progeny that bore immune tolerance to the parasite antigen. Immune tolerance was demonstrated in chicken refractory to T. cruzi after the first week of embryonic growth, and chicks hatched from the flagellate-inoculated eggs were unable to produce the specific antibody.&#160;Moreover, the instillation of the human semen ejaculates intraperitoneally or into the vagina of naive mice yielded T. cruzi amastigotes in the epididymis, seminiferous tubule, vas deferens and uterine tube with an absence of inflammatory reactions in the immune privileged organs of reproduction. The breeding of T. cruzi-infected male and female mice with naive mates resulted in acquisition of the infections, which were later transmitted to the progeny. Therefore, a robust education, information and communication program that involves the population and social organizations is deemed necessary to prevent Chagas disease.

The Trypanosoma cruzi agent of Chagas disease produces long-lasting asymptomatic infections that abruptly develop into clinically recognized pathology. The following research protocol describes a short-run family-based epidemiological study to unravel the T. cruzi infection transmitted sexually from parent to progeny.

Sexuelle Übertragung von amerikanischen Trypanosomen von Männchen und Weibchen zu Naive Mates

American trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans by triatomine bugs through the ingestion of contaminated food, by blood transfusions or accidently in ...

An Ex Vivo Chicken Primary Bursal-cell Culture Model to Study Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Pathogenesis

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a birnavirus of economic importance to the poultry industry. The virus infects B cells, causing morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression in infected birds. In this study, we describe the isolation of chicken primary bursal cells from the bursa of Fabricius, the culture and infection of the cells with IBDV, and the quantification of viral replication. The addition of chicken CD40 ligand significantly increased cell proliferation fourfold over six days of culture and significantly enhanced cell viability. Two strains of IBDV, a cell-culture adapted strain, D78, and a very virulent strain, UK661, replicated well in the ex vivo cell cultures. This model will be of use in determining how cells respond to IBDV infection and will permit a reduction in the number of infected birds used in IBDV pathogenesis studies. The model can also be expanded to include other viruses and could be applied to different species of birds.

An Ex Vivo Chicken Primary Bursal-cell Culture Model to Study Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Pathogenesis

Here we describe the isolation of chicken primary bursal cells from the bursa of Fabricius, the culture and infection of the cells with infectious bursal disease virus, and the quantification of viral replication.

Ein Ex-Vivo Huhn Primärkultur Bursitis-Zelle Modell zur Bursitis Infektionskrankheit Virus Pathogenese

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a birnavirus of economic importance to the poultry industry. The virus infects B cells, causing morbidity, ...

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Dengue virus (DENV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes, may cause the severe disease known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, which is characterized by lethal complications due to plasma leakage, ascites, pleural effusion, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, and organ impairment. A few cases of DENV infection present neurological manifestations; however, studies have not explored DENV-induced neuropathogenesis further. In this study, we present a protocol to use an immunocompetent outbred ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mouse for investigating the induction of central nervous system (CNS) infection with DENV, followed by the progression of acute viral encephalitis-like disease.

Here, we present a protocol for creating an immunocompetent ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) murine model of central nervous system infection to display the development of neuropathy. Monitoring acute viral encephalitic disorders by identical disease scores could be performed for showing dengue virus-induced neuropathy in vivo.

Ein murines Modell der Dengue-Virus-induzierten akuten viralen Enzephalitis-ähnlichen Krankheit

Dengue virus (DENV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes, may cause the severe disease known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, which is ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

Induktion der medikamenteninduzierten Autoimmunhepatitis bei BALB/c-Mäusen zur Untersuchung ihrer pathogenen Mechanismen

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Adoptive Immuntherapie von iNKT-Zellen in Glucose-6-Phosphat-Isomerase (G6PI)-Induzierte RA-Mäuse

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

In Vitro Microfluidic Disease Model to Study Whole Blood-Endothelial Interactions and Blood Clot Dynamics in Real-Time

The formation of blood clots involves complex interactions between endothelial cells, their underlying matrix, various blood cells, and proteins. The endothelium is the primary source of many of the major hemostatic molecules that control platelet aggregation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Although the mechanism of thrombosis has been investigated for decades, in vitro studies mainly focus on situations of vascular damage where the subendothelial matrix gets exposed, or on interactions between cells with single blood components. Our method allows studying interactions between whole blood and an intact, confluent vascular cell network.
By utilizing primary human endothelial cells, this protocol provides the unique opportunity to study the influence of endothelial cells on thrombus dynamics and gives&#160;valuable insights into the pathophysiology of thrombotic disease. The use of custom-made microfluidic flow channels allows application of disease-specific vascular geometries and model specific morphological vascular changes. The development of a thrombus is recorded in real-time and quantitatively characterized by platelet adhesion and fibrin deposition. The effect of endothelial function in altered thrombus dynamics is determined by postanalysis through immunofluorescence staining of specific molecules.
The representative results describe the experimental setup, data collection, and data analysis. Depending on the research question, parameters for every section can be adjusted including cell type, shear rates, channel geometry, drug therapy, and postanalysis procedures. The protocol is validated by quantifying thrombus formation on the pulmonary artery endothelium of patients with chronic thromboembolic disease.

We present an in vitro vascular disease model to investigate whole blood interactions with patient-derived endothelium. This system allows the study of thrombogenic properties of primary endothelial cells under various circumstances. The method is especially suited to evaluate in situ thrombogenicity and anticoagulation therapy during different phases of coagulation.

In Vitro Mikrofluidic Disease Model zur Untersuchung von Blut-Endothel-Wechselwirkungen und Blutgerinnsungsdynamik in Echtzeit

The formation of blood clots involves complex interactions between endothelial cells, their underlying matrix, various blood cells, and proteins. The ...

Propagation of the Microsporidian Parasite Edhazardia aedis in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Edhazardia aedis is a microsporidian parasite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a disease vector that transmits multiple arboviruses which cause millions of disease cases each year. E. aedis causes mortality and reduced reproductive fitness in the mosquito vector and has been explored for its potential as a biocontrol agent. The protocol we present for culturing E. aedis is based on its natural infection cycle, which involves both horizontal and vertical transmission at different life stages of the mosquito host. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are exposed to spores in the larval stage. These infected larvae then mature into adults and transmit the parasite vertically to their offspring. Infected offspring are then used as a source of spores for future horizontal transmission. Culturing E. aedis can be challenging to the uninitiated given the complexities of the parasite&#8217;s life cycle, and this protocol provides detailed guidance and visual aids for clarification.

Propagation of the Microsporidian Parasite Edhazardia aedis in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

A protocol to culture the microsporidian parasite Edhazardia aedis. The parasite is passaged from one generation of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to the next via horizontal transfer at the larval stage followed by vertical transmission at the adult stage. Live sporoplasms survive long-term in infected eggs.

Ausbreitung des mikrosporiden Parasiten Edhazardia aedis in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Edhazardia aedis is a microsporidian parasite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a disease vector that transmits multiple arboviruses which cause millions of ...