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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+Purkinje+Cell+Neurodegeneration+After+Cardiac+Arrest:+Effect+of+Therapeutic+Hypothermia.">Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Neurodegeneration After Cardiac Arrest: Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia.</a> Resuscitation. , (2012).</li><li>Pulsinelli, W. A., Brierley, J. B., Plum, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+profile+of+neuronal+damage+in+a+model+of+transient+forebrain+ischemia.">Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia.</a> Annals of Neurology. 11, 491-498 (1982).</li><li>Edinger, A. L., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+by+design:+apoptosis,+necrosis+and+autophagy.">Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16, 663-669 (2004).</li><li>Kirino, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+neuronal+death+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+ischemia.">Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia.</a> Brain Research. 239, 57-69 (1982).</li><li>Yager, J. Y., Brucklacher, R. M., Vannucci, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+energy+metabolism+during+hypoxia-ischemia+and+early+recovery+in+immature+rats.">Cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia and early recovery in immature rats.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 262, 672-677 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Fujimura, M., Morita-Fujimura, Y., Kawase, M., Chan, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+release+of+cytochrome+c+corresponds+to+the+selective+vulnerability+of+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+rats+after+transient+global+cerebral+ischemia.">Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c corresponds to the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, RC39 (1999).</li><li>Nishino, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiological+process+after+transient+ischemia+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+the+rat.">Pathophysiological process after transient ischemia of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 35, 51-56 (1994).</li><li>Ross, D. T., Ebner, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamic+retrograde+degeneration+following+cortical+injury:+an+excitotoxic+process.">Thalamic retrograde degeneration following cortical injury: an excitotoxic process.</a> Neuroscience. 35, 525-550 (1990).</li><li>Soriano, M. A., Ferrer, I., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Planas, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+c-Jun+in+the+thalamus+of+the+rat+following+cortical+infarction.">Apoptosis and c-Jun in the thalamus of the rat following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroreport. 7, 425-428 (1996).</li><li>Watanabe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+synthesis+inhibitor+transiently+reduces+neuronal+death+in+the+thalamus+of+spontaneously+hypertensive+rats+following+cortical+infarction.">Protein synthesis inhibitor transiently reduces neuronal death in the thalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 233, 25-28 (1997).</li><li>Wei, L., Ying, D. J., Cui, L., Langsdorf, J., Yu, S. 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Los autores no tienen conflictos de intereses financieros.

El modelo descrito aquí produce un insulto isquémico al cerebro que puede ocurrir como resultado de un paro cardiaco y la reanimación, proporcionando una lesión similar a la encontrada en los seres humanos. Este método para la producción de isquemia cerebral global es uno de los múltiples protocolos. Utilizamos este protocolo más importante de su tasa comparativamente baja mortalidad, recuperación rápida, con resultados reproducibles. El modelo de detención / resucitación cardiaca es posiblemente el modelo m...

El daño cerebral como consecuencia de un paro cardíaco y accidente cerebrovascular es la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad a largo plazo. Mientras que la reanimación cardiopulmonar a las víctimas de paro cardiaco éxito en la restauración de la circulación espontánea en unos 70.000 pacientes por año en los EE.UU. 7,8 al menos el 60% de estos pacientes posteriormente murió en el hospital a consecuencia de daño cerebral extenso y sólo el 3-10% de los pacientes reanimados puede reanudar sus antiguos estilos de vida 9,10. Evidentemente, la comprensión de los mecanismos que conducen a un daño cerebral después de isquemia cerebral global y el diseño de las intervenciones terapéuticas para minimizar el trauma neurológico es de importancia crítica. Isquemia cerebral puede ser modelado utilizando varios métodos. Más comúnmente, la isquemia cerebral se produce en el roedor mediante la oclusión de un vaso sanguíneo importante en el cerebro, la arteria cerebral media, produciendo de este modo un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico focal 11,12. Aunque clínicamente importante,isquemia cerebral focal no es un método preciso para estudiar el daño cerebral producido por paro cardiaco / reanimación. Para modelar este paradigma clínica todo el cerebro se debe hacer isquémica seguida de la reintroducción del flujo de sangre. Para imitar de cerca esta presentación clínica, los investigadores inducen experimentalmente paro cardíaco seguido de reanimación con la RCP y desfibrilación 13,14. Este modelo es clínicamente relevante, los tiempos de reanimación sin embargo impredecibles pueden aumentar la variabilidad y puede hacer que el análisis de datos difíciles de interpretar. Adicionalmente, este modelo se asocia con una alta tasa de mortalidad, aumentando aún más el número de animales necesarios para probar una hipótesis. La investigación de la respuesta cerebral a la isquemia global y / o reperfusión en un insulto más reproducible, consistente y de supervivencia puede ser preferido. Isquemia global puede ser inducida en el cerebro preservando al mismo tiempo el flujo de sangre sistémica. Esto reduce la mortalidad, al tiempo que permite investigation de los mecanismos de daño tisular en el cerebro 2. Para producir isquemia cerebral global, es necesario interrumpir o limitar en gran medida el flujo en todos los cuatro vasos que irrigan el cerebro, las arterias carótidas internas y las arterias vertebrales. Estos vasos suministran el cerebro con el flujo de sangre a través de una estructura vascular llamado el Círculo de Willis, que forma un bucle anastomosis. Esta arquitectura vascular permite que el cerebro para retener la perfusión en el caso de la oclusión vascular proximal. Por lo tanto, para inducir isquemia completa del cerebro, el flujo de sangre a través de todos los buques contributivas debe ocurrir. Oclusión de la arteria carótida se puede lograr usando un cuello ventral mínimamente invasiva corte hacia abajo y la aplicación de los clips de aneurisma durante un período deseado. La interrupción del flujo de sangre a través de las arterias vertebrales puede ser difícil, ya que es incluida de los forámenes transversal de la columna vertebral. Los investigadores han abordado este por electrocauterizing las arterias vertebrales 24-48 horas antes de la carótidala oclusión y la isquemia cerebral (4VO modelo) 15. En contraste con este enfoque, Smith et al. Desarrolló un método de inducción de isquemia cerebral global mediante la reducción de la presión arterial media (MAP) sistémicamente a 40 mm de Hg para reducir la perfusión a través de las arterias vertebrales a un punto en el que el flujo sanguíneo se pierde o se reduce en gran medida 2 . Cuando se combina con oclusión de la carótida, este método produce isquemia en todo el cerebro anterior, lo que resulta en un patrón de daño cerebral que imita la de los supervivientes de paro cardiaco. En un refinamiento adicional de este método, el modelo que aquí presentamos requiere una regulación MAPA ajustado a 30 mm de Hg ± 1mHg durante todo el 8 min de isquemia. Encontramos esta alteración mejora la reproducibilidad de daño cerebral inducido por este modelo, mientras que la preservación de la baja tasa de mortalidad de la técnica original diseñada por Smith et al. El fenotipo preciso de la muerte celular y la extensión global de la lesión tisular causada porel modelo que aquí se presenta es directamente dependiente de la duración isquémica 16. Después de 8 minutos de isquemia, las neuronas CA1 exhiben la muerte celular retardada, lo que sugiere que hay una ventana temporal para la intervención terapéutica durante la fase de reperfusión 15,17. En el inicio de la reperfusión, las neuronas recuperar rápidamente la función y no la muerte celular inmediata es detectable 18. Sin embargo hace que este insulto inducción de la cascada de muerte celular (apoptosis) que culminan en la liberación de proteínas apoptogénicos de las mitocondrias, como citocromo c, entre las 4-6 horas de la reperfusión 3,19. Entre 6 y 24 horas de la reperfusión, las neuronas del hipocampo CA1 se han comprometido a muerte celular, y el programa de muerte celular por apoptosis se ejecuta 19. Cabe señalar que el fenotipo muerte celular responsable de la lesión isquémica es muy controvertida. Estudios anteriores han sugerido que la necrosis es el principal fenotipo muerte celular 20,21, mientras que otros que otros informan apoptosis como el principal mecanismo de 22,23. En total, la evidencia actual sugiere que las células mueren a causa de un espectro de fenotipos de muerte celular que van desde la apoptosis clásica a la necrosis. El modo específico de la muerte celular es dependiente de muchos factores, con el grado de contribución de cada fenotipo dependiendo de la gravedad de la lesión, entre otros factores 24,25. Por 24 h de la reperfusión, las células que mueren poseen núcleos picnóticos, citosol condensada con evidencia clara de los contenidos celulares agregados, y la pérdida de la morfología mitocondrial funcional. Las células muertas se desglosan, engullidas por las células inmunes como los macrófagos y / o microglia y borran de la región CA1 del hipocampo. Por 4-7 días de reperfusión, se eliminan las células muertas, y todo lo que queda son las células inflamatorias y las células gliales activadas 17,26. Por lo tanto, los 7 días de reperfusión representa un momento óptimo en CA1 del hipocampo muerte neuronal se puede cuantificar usando, las manchas de células no específicas simplesincluyendo violeta de cresilo o hematoxilina-eosina y se cuentan en base a criterios de inclusión morfológicas. Las células que quedan en este intervalo de reperfusión tardía se pueden contar como células supervivientes, lo que proporciona un índice de daño cerebral. Si este modelo es para ser utilizado para probar las intervenciones terapéuticas, se sugiere que el diseño experimental sigue criterios ESCALERAS (Terapia Carrera Industria Académico mesa redonda) 27. Estas pautas se deben seguir en el diseño y la realización de un estudio, sin embargo, no se discuten aquí.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-0 VICRYL suture, reverse cutting </td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>J391H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel, No.10</td>
 <td>Swann-Morton</td>
 <td>6601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze Sponges</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-362-178</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G x 1 &frac12; in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23G x 1 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305145</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26 G x 3/8 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 G x 1 &frac14; catheter</td>
 <td>EXEL</td>
 <td>26735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309659</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309604</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>60 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgilube</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1152666</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>.9% Saline, plastic IV bag</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1537468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suture 3-0 Silk</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1007842</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>3390017</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>6903564</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile Towel Drape</td>
 <td>Moore Medical</td>
 <td>14170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene Tubing, 50</td>
 <td>Intramedic</td>
 <td>427411</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stopcock, 3 way</td>
 <td>Smiths medical</td>
 <td>MX9311L</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Drug Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AERRANE (isoflurane)</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>2091966</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mapap Liquid (Tylenol)</td>
 <td>Major Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>1556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kedavet (ketamine)</td>
 <td>Ketathesia Butney</td>
 <td>NDC 50989-996-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Butorphic (butorphanol)</td>
 <td>Lloyd Labs</td>
 <td>4881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin</td>
 <td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>504011</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Chemical Name </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde prills</td>
 <td>Elecron Microscopy Sci.</td>
 <td>19202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-methylbutane</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>270342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C5042</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sucrose</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S9378</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ</td>
 <td>NIH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

2-vessel occlusion/hypotension: a rat model of global brain ischemia

El paro cardiaco seguido de reanimación a menudo resulta en daño cerebral causado por la isquemia dramática y la posterior reperfusión del cerebro. Isquemia cerebral global produce daños en regiones específicas del cerebro que han demostrado ser altamente sensibles a la isquemia 1. Las neuronas del hipocampo tienen mayor sensibilidad a los insultos isquémicos en comparación con otras poblaciones de células, y específicamente, la región CA1 del hipocampo es particularmente vulnerable a la isquemia / reperfusión 2. El diseño de las intervenciones terapéuticas, o el estudio de los mecanismos implicados en el daño cerebral, requiere un modelo que produce un daño similar a la condición clínica y de una manera reproducible. Bilateral oclusión vascular carotídeo con hipotensión (2VOH) es un modelo que produce isquemia reversible cerebro anterior, emulando los eventos cerebrales que pueden ocurrir durante el paro cardiaco y la reanimación. Se describe un modelo modificado de Smith et al. (1984) 2, Tal como se presenta por primera vez en su forma actual en Sanderson et al. (2008) 3, que produce lesiones reproducible de forma selectiva las regiones vulnerables del cerebro 3-6. La fiabilidad de este modelo es dictada por un control preciso de la presión arterial sistémica durante la hipotensión aplicada, la duración de la isquemia, control de la temperatura cerca, un régimen de anestesia específica, y el cuidado post-operatorio diligente. Un insulto isquémico-8 minutos produce la muerte celular de neuronas CA1 del hipocampo que progresa en el transcurso de 6 a 24 h de la reperfusión, mientras que las regiones cerebrales menos vulnerables están a salvo. Esta muerte celular progresiva se cuantifica fácilmente después de 7-14 días de reperfusión, como una pérdida casi completa de las neuronas CA1 es evidente en este momento. Además de este modelo de lesión cerebral, se presenta un método para CA1 daños cuantificación usando una simple, pero completa, metodología. Es importante destacar que, la cuantificación puede llevarse a cabo usando un microscopio simple cámara montada, unada libre ImageJ (NIH) de software plugin, obviando la necesidad de programas de software estereología costos prohibitivos y una etapa microscópica motorizado para la evaluación de daños.

El modelo mundial 2VOH de isquemia / reperfusión cerebral causa la muerte neuronal en la región CA1 del hipocampo. Figura 2 representa la lesión producida por 8 minutos de isquemia global del cerebro, procesado 14 días después de la reperfusión. Figuras 2A y 2B comparan los hipocampos de farsa y cerebros post-isquémicas, teñidas con violeta de cresilo. Figura 2A muestra un hipocampo de una rata con operación simulada que exhibe morfología norm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia at JoVE.com

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Oclusión de la carótida bilateral junto con hipotensión sistémica produce isquemia cerebral global en la rata, lo que resulta en daños en el hipocampo con la gravedad reproducibles. Temas de animales se deterioran con patrones predecibles de daño cerebral, que se recuperan convenientemente, y las tasas de mortalidad son relativamente bajos.

2 vasos Oclusión / Hipotensión: un modelo de rata de isquemia cerebral global

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

2-vessel-occlusionhypotension-a-rat-model-of-global-brain-ischemia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K vistas.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. Oclusión de la carótida bilateral junto con hipotensión sistémica produce isquemia cerebral global en la rata, lo que resulta en daños en el hipocampo con la gravedad reproducibles. Temas de animales se deterioran con patrones predecibles de daño cerebral, que se recuperan convenientemente, y las tasas de mortalidad son relativamente bajos.

Video: 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

Resonancia magnética guiada por disrupción de la barrera sangre-cerebro con ultrasonido transcraneal Enfocado en un modelo de rata

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Investigación

Medicina

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

Un murino tórax cerrado modelo de isquemia y reperfusión miocárdica

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Modelo de rata de ruptura de la barrera sangre-cerebro para permitir dirigida Therapeutics neurovascular

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

In situ recto abdominal transverso colgajo miocutáneo: un modelo de rata de miocutáneo isquemia reperfusión

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

Oxígeno-Glucosa Privación y Reoxigenación como<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; La isquemia-reperfusión modelo para el estudio de la disfunción barrera hematoencefálica

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

Un accidente cerebrovascular trombótico Basado En transitoria cerebral por hipoxia-isquemia Modelo

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

El déficit motor reproducible después de la oclusión aórtica en un modelo de rata de la isquemia de la médula espinal

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

Evaluación de la angiogénesis terapéutica en un modelo murino de isquemia de las extremidades posteriores

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Un modelo preclínico de rata para el estudio de la lesión por isquemia-reperfusión en microcirugía reconstructiva

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

Acupuntura en un modelo de rata de asma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...