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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+Purkinje+Cell+Neurodegeneration+After+Cardiac+Arrest:+Effect+of+Therapeutic+Hypothermia.">Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Neurodegeneration After Cardiac Arrest: Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia.</a> Resuscitation. , (2012).</li><li>Pulsinelli, W. A., Brierley, J. B., Plum, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+profile+of+neuronal+damage+in+a+model+of+transient+forebrain+ischemia.">Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia.</a> Annals of Neurology. 11, 491-498 (1982).</li><li>Edinger, A. L., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+by+design:+apoptosis,+necrosis+and+autophagy.">Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16, 663-669 (2004).</li><li>Kirino, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+neuronal+death+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+ischemia.">Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia.</a> Brain Research. 239, 57-69 (1982).</li><li>Yager, J. Y., Brucklacher, R. M., Vannucci, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+energy+metabolism+during+hypoxia-ischemia+and+early+recovery+in+immature+rats.">Cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia and early recovery in immature rats.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 262, 672-677 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Fujimura, M., Morita-Fujimura, Y., Kawase, M., Chan, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+release+of+cytochrome+c+corresponds+to+the+selective+vulnerability+of+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+rats+after+transient+global+cerebral+ischemia.">Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c corresponds to the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, RC39 (1999).</li><li>Nishino, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiological+process+after+transient+ischemia+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+the+rat.">Pathophysiological process after transient ischemia of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 35, 51-56 (1994).</li><li>Ross, D. T., Ebner, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamic+retrograde+degeneration+following+cortical+injury:+an+excitotoxic+process.">Thalamic retrograde degeneration following cortical injury: an excitotoxic process.</a> Neuroscience. 35, 525-550 (1990).</li><li>Soriano, M. A., Ferrer, I., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Planas, A. 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Os autores não têm conflitos de interesses financeiros.

O modelo descrito aqui produz um insulto isquémico no cérebro que pode ocorrer como resultado de paragem cardíaca e ressuscitação, proporcionando uma lesão similar à encontrada nos seres humanos. Este método para a produção de isquemia cerebral global é um de vários protocolos. Nós utilizamos esse protocolo mais importante para a sua comparativamente baixa taxa de mortalidade, uma rápida recuperação e reprodutibilidade dos resultados. O modelo de prisão / ressuscitação cardíaca é sem dúvida o model...

Dano cerebral em conseqüência de parada cardíaca e acidente vascular cerebral é a principal causa de morte e incapacidade a longo prazo. Enquanto ressuscitação cardiopulmonar para vítimas de parada cardíaca consegue restaurar a circulação espontânea em cerca de 70 mil pacientes por ano em os EUA 7,8 pelo menos 60% desses pacientes morrem posteriormente no hospital, como resultado de extensa lesão cerebral e apenas 3-10% dos pacientes reanimados pode retomar seus antigos estilos de vida 9,10. Claramente, a compreensão dos mecanismos que levam a danos cerebrais após isquemia cerebral global e planejamento de intervenções terapêuticas para minimizar o trauma neurológico é de importância crítica. A isquemia cerebral pode ser modelado utilizando vários métodos. Mais vulgarmente, a isquemia cerebral é produzida no roedor, ocluindo um grande vaso sanguíneo no cérebro, a artéria cerebral média, produzindo, assim, um acidente vascular cerebral isquémico focal 11,12. Embora clinicamente importante,isquemia cerebral focal não é um método preciso para estudar danos cerebrais produzidos pela prisão / reanimação cardíaca. Para modelar este paradigma clínico todo o cérebro deve ser feita isquêmica seguido de reintrodução do fluxo sanguíneo. Para imitar de perto esta apresentação clínica, os investigadores experimentalmente induzir parada cardíaca seguida de reanimação com CPR e desfibrilação 13,14. Este modelo é clinicamente relevante, os tempos de ressuscitação entanto imprevisíveis podem aumentar a variabilidade e análise dos dados pode tornar difícil de interpretar. Além disso, este modelo está associado a uma taxa de mortalidade elevada, aumentando ainda mais o número necessário para testar uma hipótese animal. Investigação da resposta a isquemia cerebral global e / ou reperfusão num insulto mais reprodutível, consistente e sobrevivência podem ser preferidos. Isquemia global pode ser induzida no cérebro enquanto preserva alguma circulação sanguínea sistémica. Isto reduz a mortalidade, enquanto permite Investigation dos mecanismos de danos nos tecidos no cérebro 2. Para produzir a isquemia global do cérebro, que é necessário para interromper ou limitar o fluxo grandemente em todos os quatro vasos que alimentam o cérebro, as artérias carótida interna e artérias vertebrais. Estas embarcações abastecer o cérebro com o fluxo de sangue através de uma estrutura vascular chamado Círculo de Willis, que faz um loop anastomose. Esta arquitectura permite que o cérebro vascular para manter a perfusão no caso de oclusão vascular proximal. Portanto, para induzir isquemia completo do cérebro, o fluxo de sangue através dos vasos contributivo deve ocorrer. A oclusão da artéria carótida interna pode ser realizada utilizando um pescoço ventral minimamente invasivo de corte para baixo e de aplicação de clipes aneurisma durante um período desejado. A interrupção do fluxo de sangue através das artérias vertebrais, pode ser difícil, uma vez que são encaixada no forame transversal da coluna vertebral. Investigadores têm abordado este por electrocauterizing as artérias vertebrais 24-48 h antes da carótidaoclusão e isquemia cerebral (modelo 4VO) 15. Em contraste com esta abordagem, Smith et ai. Desenvolveu um método de indução de isquemia cerebral global reduzindo a pressão arterial média (PAM) sistemicamente a 40 mmHg, para reduzir a perfusão através das artérias vertebrais, para um ponto onde o fluxo de sangue é perdido muito reduzida ou dois . Quando combinada com a oclusão da carótida, este método produz ao longo da isquemia do prosencéfalo, resultando num padrão de dano cerebral que imita o de sobreviventes de paragem cardíaca. Num outro aperfeiçoamento deste método, o modelo que aqui apresentamos requer regulação apertada MAP em 30 mmHg ± 1mHg durante toda a 8 minutos de isquemia. Encontramos esta alteração melhora a reprodutibilidade de dano cerebral induzido por este modelo, preservando a baixa taxa de mortalidade da técnica original desenhado por Smith et al. O fenótipo precisa da morte celular e da extensão total do dano tecidual causado pelao modelo apresentado aqui são diretamente dependentes da duração isquêmica 16. Após 8 minutos de isquemia, neurónios CA1 exibem retardada de morte celular, sugerindo que existe uma janela temporal para a intervenção terapêutica, durante a fase de reperfusão 15,17. No início da reperfusão, os neurónios rapidamente recuperar a função de morte celular e não é detectável 18 imediato. No entanto, este insulto provoca indução de cascatas de morte celular (apoptose) que culminam na liberação de proteínas apoptogénica de mitocôndrias, incluindo o citocromo c, entre 4-6 horas de reperfusão 3,19. Entre 6 e 24 horas de reperfusão, os neurônios CA1 do hipocampo se comprometeram a morte celular, eo programa de morte celular por apoptose é executado 19. Deve notar-se que o fenótipo de morte celular responsável pela lesão isquémica é altamente controversa. Estudos anteriores sugeriram que a necrose é a morte celular primário fenótipo 20,21, enquanto outros outros relatam apoptosis como o principal mecanismo 22,23. No total, as evidências atuais sugerem que as células morrem de um espectro de fenótipos de morte celular que variam de apoptose clássico à necrose. O modo específico de morte de células está dependente de muitos factores, com o grau de contribuição de cada fenótipo dependendo da gravidade da lesão, entre outros factores 24,25. Por 24 horas de reperfusão, as células morrem possuem núcleos picnóticos, citoplasma condensado com clara evidência de conteúdo celular agregados e perda de morfologia mitocondrial funcional. As células mortas são subdivididas, tragado por células do sistema imunológico, como os macrófagos e / ou micróglia e limpa da região CA1 do hipocampo. Por 4-7 dias de reperfusão, as células mortas são removidas, e tudo o que resta são as células inflamatórias e ativado células gliais 17,26. Portanto, 7 dias de reperfusão representa um momento ideal CA1 do hipocampo, onde a morte neuronal pode ser quantificado usando, manchas de células não-específicos simples eminclusive violeta Cresyl ou hemotoxilina-eosina e contou com base em critérios de inclusão morfológicas. As células remanescentes no final deste intervalo de reperfusão pode ser contado como células sobreviventes, proporcionando assim um índice de danos cerebrais. Se este modelo é para ser utilizado para testar intervenções terapêuticas, sugere-se que o projeto experimental seguir critérios Stair (Curso Terapia Indústria Acadêmico Roundtable) 27. Essas diretrizes devem ser seguidas na concepção e realização de um estudo, no entanto, não são discutidos aqui.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-0 VICRYL suture, reverse cutting </td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>J391H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel, No.10</td>
 <td>Swann-Morton</td>
 <td>6601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze Sponges</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-362-178</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G x 1 &frac12; in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23G x 1 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305145</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26 G x 3/8 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 G x 1 &frac14; catheter</td>
 <td>EXEL</td>
 <td>26735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309659</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309604</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>60 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgilube</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1152666</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>.9% Saline, plastic IV bag</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1537468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suture 3-0 Silk</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1007842</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>3390017</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>6903564</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile Towel Drape</td>
 <td>Moore Medical</td>
 <td>14170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene Tubing, 50</td>
 <td>Intramedic</td>
 <td>427411</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stopcock, 3 way</td>
 <td>Smiths medical</td>
 <td>MX9311L</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Drug Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AERRANE (isoflurane)</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>2091966</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mapap Liquid (Tylenol)</td>
 <td>Major Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>1556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kedavet (ketamine)</td>
 <td>Ketathesia Butney</td>
 <td>NDC 50989-996-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Butorphic (butorphanol)</td>
 <td>Lloyd Labs</td>
 <td>4881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin</td>
 <td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>504011</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Chemical Name </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde prills</td>
 <td>Elecron Microscopy Sci.</td>
 <td>19202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-methylbutane</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>270342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C5042</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sucrose</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S9378</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ</td>
 <td>NIH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

2-vessel occlusion/hypotension: a rat model of global brain ischemia

Parada cardíaca seguido de reposição muitas vezes resulta em danos cerebrais dramática causada por isquemia e reperfusão posterior do cérebro. Isquemia cerebral global produz dano para regiões específicas do cérebro revelaram estar altamente sensíveis à isquemia 1. Neurónios do hipocampo têm maior sensibilidade a insultos isquémicos em comparação a outras populações de células, e, especificamente, na região CA1 do hipocampo, é particularmente vulnerável a lesão de isquemia / reperfusão 2. O desenho das intervenções terapêuticas, ou estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos nos danos cerebrais, exige um modelo que produz danos similares aos do estado clínico e de uma forma reproduzível. Oclusão do vaso carótida bilateral com hipotensão (2VOH) é um modelo que produz isquemia do prosencéfalo reversível, emulando os eventos cerebrais que podem ocorrer durante a parada cardíaca e ressuscitação. Descrevemos aqui um modelo modificado de Smith et ai. (1984) 2, Como apresentado pela primeira vez em sua forma atual em Sanderson et al. (2008) 3, que gera lesão reprodutível para seletivamente regiões cerebrais vulneráveis ​​3-6. A confiabilidade deste modelo é ditada pelo controle preciso da pressão arterial sistêmica durante hipotensão aplicada, o tempo de isquemia, controle de temperatura perto, um regime de anestesia específico, e diligente cuidados pós-operatórios. Um insulto isquémico 8 minutos produz a morte celular dos neurónios CA1 do hipocampo, que progride ao longo de 6 a 24 horas de reperfusão, enquanto que as regiões do cérebro menos vulneráveis ​​são poupados. Esta morte celular progressiva é facilmente quantificada após 7-14 dias após reperfusão, com uma perda quase total de neurónios CA1 é evidente nesta altura. Em adição a este modelo de lesão cerebral, apresentamos um método para quantificação de dano CA1 usando um método simples, mas completa, a metodologia. Importante, a quantificação pode ser realizada utilizando um microscópio de câmara simples montado, umada livre ImageJ (NIH) plug-in de software, eliminando a necessidade de programas de software estereologia custo proibitivo e um palco motorizado microscópica para avaliação dos danos.

O 2VOH modelo de isquemia cerebral global / reperfusão provoca a morte neuronal na região CA1 do hipocampo. Figura 2 representa a lesão produzida por 8 min de isquemia cerebral global, processada 14 dias após a reperfusão. Figuras 2A e 2B comparar os hipocampos de engodo e cérebros pós-isquêmica, corados com violeta Cresyl. figura 2A mostra um hipocampo de um rato sham-operado que apresenta morfologia normal, incluindo um CA1 intacta. fi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia at JoVE.com

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Oclusão carotídea bilateral juntamente com hipotensão sistêmica produz isquemia cerebral em ratos, resultando em danos ao hipocampo com gravidade reproduzível. Assuntos animais são prejudicados com padrões previsíveis de danos cerebrais, eles se recuperam expediente, e as taxas de mortalidade são comparativamente baixas.

2-oclusão do vaso / hipotensão: um modelo de rato de isquemia cerebral

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

2-vessel-occlusionhypotension-a-rat-model-of-global-brain-ischemia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K visualizações.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. Oclusão carotídea bilateral juntamente com hipotensão sistêmica produz isquemia cerebral em ratos, resultando em danos ao hipocampo com gravidade reproduzível. Assuntos animais são prejudicados com padrões previsíveis de danos cerebrais, eles se recuperam expediente, e as taxas de mortalidade são comparativamente baixas.

Vídeo: 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

Guiada por MRI rompimento da barreira hemato-encefálica utilizando Ultrassom Focalizado transcraniana em um modelo de rato

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Medicina

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

Um modelo fechado de tórax murino de isquemia do miocárdio e reperfusão

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Modelo de ratos de sangue-cérebro Rompimento de barreira para permitir alvejado Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

In situ transversal reto abdominal miocutâneo: um modelo de rato de miocutâneo Isquemia Traumatismo por Reperfusão

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

Oxigênio-Glucose Privação e reoxigenação como um<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Isquemia e reperfusão Lesão modelo para estudar Disfunção Barreira Hematoencefálica

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

Um Modelo de acidente vascular cerebral trombótico Baseado em Transient isquemia-hipoxia cerebral

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

Déficit motor reprodutível após oclusão aórtica em um modelo de rato da isquemia da medula espinhal

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

Avaliando a angiogênese terapêutica em um modelo murino de isquemia Retromembro

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Um modelo pré-clínico do rato para o estudo da lesão da Isquemia-reperfusion na microcirurgia reconstrutiva

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

Acupuntura em um modelo de rato de asma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...