Diese Arbeit wurde vom National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases P01 A1078894 an CAG unterstützt Gewähre

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engagement+of+specific+innate+immune+signaling+pathways+during+Porphyromonas+gingivalis+induced+chronic+inflammation+and+atherosclerosis.">Engagement of specific innate immune signaling pathways during Porphyromonas gingivalis induced chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience: a Journal and Virtual Library. 13, 2041-2059 (2008).</li><li>Pihlstrom, B. L., Michalowicz, B. S., Johnson, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periodontal+diseases.">Periodontal diseases.</a> Lancet. 366 (9499), 1809-1820 (2005).</li><li>Baker, P. J., Evans, R. T., Roopenian, D. 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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogen-mediated+inflammatory+atherosclerosis+is+mediated+in+part+via+Toll-like+receptor+2-induced+inflammatory+responses.">Pathogen-mediated inflammatory atherosclerosis is mediated in part via Toll-like receptor 2-induced inflammatory responses.</a> Journal of Innate Immunity. 2 (4), 334-343 (2010).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Papadopoulos, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+for+TLR4+signaling+in+atherosclerosis+progression+as+revealed+by+infection+with+a+common+oral+pathogen.">Protective role for TLR4 signaling in atherosclerosis progression as revealed by infection with a common oral pathogen.</a> Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 189 (7), 3681-3688 (2012).</li><li>Papadopoulos, G., Weinberg, E. 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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen konkurrieren.

Die P. gingivalis orale Infektionsmodell bietet ein wertvolles Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der Erreger-induzierten chronischen Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Seiten. Dieses einzigartige Modell erlaubt die Charakterisierung der beiden Wirt und Pathogen spezifischen Mechanismen einen Beitrag zu chronischen Entzündungen und Immunpathologie. Ferner kann das Modell verwendet werden, um neue therapeutische Strategien, einschließlich der Immunisierung und pharmakologische Intervention zu screenen. Die in...

Die chronische Entzündung ist ein wichtiger Motor der pathologischen Gewebeschäden und einigendes Merkmal vieler chronischer Erkrankungen beim Menschen. Zu diesen Krankheiten zählen Tumor, Autoimmun und chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankungen 1. Die Ätiologie von vielen chronischen Erkrankungen, bleibt unklar, aber versteht komplex und multifaktoriell, die sowohl genetische Veranlagung und die Einführung von Umweltfaktoren. Während die perpetuators der Entzündung bleiben schwer zu fassen, die zellulären und molekularen Profile der Immunaktivierung überschneiden sich mit denen in Host-Reaktionen auf Krankheitserreger 2 beobachteten Muster. Anzeichen dafür, impliziert Infektion mit mikrobiellen Krankheitserregern in der Entwicklung und Progression der chronischen Entzündung und seine vielfältigen klinischen Manifestationen 2,3. Erreger können zu induzieren und aufrechtzuerhalten chronische Entzündung direkt untergraben das Immunsystem des Wirts und zur Errichtung persistierende Infektionen <sup&gt; 4. In Abwesenheit von mikrobiellen Beständigkeit kann die Infektion eine chronische Entzündung von Autoimmunreaktionen durch molekulare Mimikry Selbstantigene ausgelöst wird, Änderungen in Selbst-Antigene, die sie immunogen zu machen, oder eine Beschädigung, die vorher maskiert Wirtsantigene frei auszufällen. Selten jedoch haben spezifische Krankheitserreger als die universelle Ursache für eine bestimmte chronische Krankheit identifiziert worden. Vielmehr ist die Mehrheit der verfügbaren Daten deuten darauf hin, dass Krankheitserreger nutzen verschiedene Mechanismen zu einer chronischen Entzündung mit einem breiten Spektrum der klinischen Manifestationen und Krankheitsverläufe in der genetisch anfälligen Wirts 3 zu entlocken. Somit ist ein detailliertes Verständnis der Mechanismen, durch die bestimmte Krankheitserreger induzieren chronische Entzündung kann erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die öffentliche Gesundheit, sowie die Behandlung und Prävention von vielen chronischen Krankheiten. Obwohl die Wirt und Pathogen spezifischen Mechanismen, die zur Induktion und Aufrechterhaltung der chronischen Entzündungschlecht verstanden, Fortschritte in der Modellierung der Pathogen-induzierte chronische Entzündung begonnen haben unser Verständnis dieser Prozesse weiter. Die P. gingivalis orale Infektionsmodell ist ein einzigartiges, gut charakterisierten Mausmodell der Erreger-induzierte chronische Entzündung, die die Analyse von Wirt und Pathogen spezifische Mechanismen für chronische Entzündung an lokale (orale Knochenschwund) und systemischer Websites (Arteriosklerose) 5,6 ermöglicht. P. gingivalis ist ein Gram-negative anaerobe Erreger im menschlichen Mund Parodontitis, einer Infektion getriebenen chronische entzündliche Erkrankung, die durch die Zerstörung des Zahnhalteapparates 7 gebracht. Neben der Pathologie an der ersten Stelle der Infektion, sammeln Beweise bringen P. gingivalis-induzierte chronische Entzündung in der Entwicklung und Progression von systemischen Erkrankungen, einschließlich Atherosklerose 5, eine Krankheit, die durch chronische inflammation der arteriellen Gefäßwand. Orale Infektion von spezifischen Pathogen-freien Mäuse mit P. gingivalis induziert eine lokale Entzündungsreaktion, die zur Zerstörung der Zahn führt Unterstützung Alveolarknochen 8. P. gingivalis kann aus dem Mund von infizierten Mäusen bis zu 42 Tage nach der Infektion 8 und Mäuse entwickeln ein hohes Maß an Pathogen-spezifische Serum-Antikörper-Titer 9 gewonnen werden. In einem etablierten Mausmodell der Atherosklerose mit Apolipoprotein-E - / - Mäusen (ApoE - / -), orale Infektion mit P. gingivalis induziert eine chronische Entzündung, die entzündliche Plaqueablagerung innerhalb des Aortensinus 10 und der Truncus 11 antreibt. Progressive Entzündung im Truncus von P. gingivalis infizierten Mäuse können in lebenden Tieren unter Verwendung von in-vivo-MRT überwacht werden. Histologisch, arterielle Läsionen von P. gingivalis infizierten Mäusen eine erhöhte Akkumulation von Lipiden beglauNied durch Aktivierung der vaskulären Endothel, eine erhöhte Immunzelle Infiltrat und erhöhte Expression von inflammatorischen Mediatoren 12. Verwendung dieses Modells in Knockout-Mäusen hat die Rolle des Host-Signalisierung Komponenten und Entzündungsmediatoren, sowie die zellspezifische Interaktionen, die P. fahren aufgeklärt gingivalis induzierte Immunpathologie 12-14. Zusätzlich wurden Experimente unter Verwendung von definierten bakteriellen Mutanten identifiziert kritische P. gingivalis Virulenz Faktoren, die zu einer chronischen Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Websites 15. Dieser Artikel beschreibt Methoden für die Bewertung von P. gingivalis induzierte chronische Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Seiten. Wir stellen ein detailliertes Protokoll für die Analyse der alveolären Knochenverlust durch microCT mit Amira Software. Zusätzlich definieren wir die Nützlichkeit Serien in vivo lebenden Tier MRI für die Beurteilung der progressivEntzündung im Truncus. Wir sind Methoden für die Visualisierung und Quantifizierung von entzündlichen Plaque in Arterien-Läsionen und beschreiben ihre histologische Charakterisierung. Die Verwendung von transgenen Mäusen und definiert bakteriellen Mutanten macht dieses Modell besonders geeignet für die Identifizierung sowohl Host-und mikrobielle Faktoren in der Initiation, Progression, und das Ergebnis der Krankheit beteiligt. Zusätzlich kann das Modell verwendet werden, um neue therapeutische Strategien, einschließlich der Impfung und pharmakologische Intervention zu screenen.

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			<td style="width:196px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Comments&#160;</td>
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			<td>Visualization Sciences Group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anaerobic chamber DW Scientific Model MG500&#160;</td>
			<td>Microbiology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BHI&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td>211059</td>
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			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>51280-5G</td>
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			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>M5625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carboxymethyl cellulose (medium viscocity)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>C-4888</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Oral Suspension 200 mg/40 mg per 5ml</td>
			<td>Hi-Tech Pharmacal</td>
			<td>NDC 50383-823-16</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#956;CT 40&#160;</td>
			<td>Scanco</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HistoChoice Tissue Fixative</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>H2904</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sudan IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>S4261-25G</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vertical-bore 11.7T Avance spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paravision</td>
			<td>Paravision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA497R</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rat anti-mouse TLR2</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>13-9021-80</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica S4 Dissecting Scope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microm HM 550 Cryostat</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td></td>
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a mouse model for pathogen-induced chronic inflammation at local and systemic sites

Die chronische Entzündung ist ein wichtiger Motor der pathologischen Gewebeschäden und einigendes Merkmal vieler chronischer Erkrankungen bei Menschen mit Tumor, Autoimmun und chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankungen. Schwellen Beweise bringen pathogen-induzierte chronische Entzündung in der Entwicklung und Progression von chronischen Erkrankungen, die mit einer Vielzahl von klinischen Manifestationen. Aufgrund der komplexen und multifaktoriellen Ätiologie der chronischen Erkrankung, Gestaltung Experimente zum Nachweis der Kausalität und der Gründung der mechanistischen Links ist beim Menschen fast unmöglich. Ein Vorteil der Verwendung von Tiermodellen ist, dass sowohl genetische und Umweltfaktoren, die den Verlauf einer Erkrankung beeinflussen kann gesteuert werden kann. So Gestaltung relevanten Tiermodellen der Infektion stellt einen wichtigen Schritt bei der Identifizierung von Wirt und Pathogen spezifischen Mechanismen, die zu einer chronischen Entzündung beitragen. Hier haben wir ein Mausmodell der pathogen-induzierten chronischen Inflation beschreibenmmation bei lokalen und systemischen Websites nach der Infektion mit dem Erreger oral Porphyromonas gingivalis, ein Bakterium eng mit menschlichen parodontalen Erkrankung. Orale Infektion von spezifischen Pathogen-freien Mäuse induziert eine lokale Entzündungsreaktion, was zu Zerstörung des Zahnhalte Alveolarknochen, ein Markenzeichen der Parodontitis. In einem etablierten Mausmodell der Atherosklerose, eine Infektion mit P. gingivalis beschleunigt entzündlichen Plaqueablagerung im Aortensinus und Truncus, begleitet von der Aktivierung des vaskulären Endothels, eine erhöhte Immunzelle Infiltrat und erhöhte Expression von inflammatorischen Mediatoren innerhalb Läsionen. Wir Detail Methoden für die Beurteilung der Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Seiten. Die Verwendung von transgenen Mäusen und definiert bakteriellen Mutanten macht dieses Modell besonders geeignet für die Identifizierung sowohl Host-und mikrobielle Faktoren in der Initiation, Progression, und das Ergebnis der Krankheit beteiligt. Additionally, kann das Modell verwendet werden, um neue therapeutische Strategien, einschließlich Impfung und pharmakologische Intervention zu screenen.

Mit dem entsprechenden Maus-Modell und orale Infektion Regime, P. gingivalis induziert chronische Entzündung und Immunpathologie auf lokaler (Mundhöhle) und systemischer Websites (Arterien) (Abbildung 1). Bei Mäusen, die orale Infektion mit P. gingivalis induziert eine lokale Entzündungsreaktion, die die Zerstörung des Zahnhalte Alveolarknochen 8 antreibt. P. gingivalis-infizierten Mäusen Serumantikörperantworten auf diesem Organi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Tiermodellen erwiesen haben wertvolle Werkzeuge bei der Definition von Wirt und Pathogen-spezifische Mechanismen, die zur Entstehung der chronischen Entzündung beitragen. Hier beschreiben wir ein Mausmodell der oralen Infektion mit dem menschlichen Erreger Porphyromonas gingivalis und Detail Methoden, um das Fortschreiten der Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Websites zu beurteilen.

Einem Mausmodell für Pathogen-induzierten chronischen Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Seiten

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including ...

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Immunology and Infection

17.4K Aufrufe.  Boston University School of Medicine.  Tiermodellen erwiesen haben wertvolle Werkzeuge bei der Definition von Wirt und Pathogen-spezifische Mechanismen, die zur Entstehung der chronischen Entzündung beitragen. Hier beschreiben wir ein Mausmodell der oralen Infektion mit dem menschlichen Erreger Porphyromonas gingivalis und Detail Methoden, um das Fortschreiten der Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Websites zu beurteilen. 

Serie: A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Using the BLT Humanized Mouse as a Stem Cell based Gene Therapy Tumor Model

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of information gained from these studies, the unique characteristics of mouse immunity as well as the species specificity of viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection led to the development of humanized mouse models. The earlier models involved the use of C. B 17 scid/scid mice and the transplantation of human fetal thymus and fetal liver termed thy/liv (SCID-hu) 1, 2 or the adoptive transfer of human peripheral blood leukocytes (SCID-huPBL) 3. Both models were mainly utilized for the study of HIV infection.
One of the main limitations of both of these models was the lack of stable reconstitution of human immune cells in the periphery to make them a more physiologically relevant model to study HIV disease. To this end, the BLT humanized mouse model was developed. BLT stands for bone marrow/liver/thymus. In this model, 6 to 8 week old NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) immunocompromised mice receive the thy/liv implant as in the SCID-hu mouse model only to be followed by a second human hematopoietic stem cell transplant 4. The advantage of this system is the full reconstitution of the human immune system in the periphery. This model has been used to study HIV infection and latency 5-8.
We have generated a modified version of this model in which we use genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) to construct the thy/liv implant followed by injection of transduced autologous hHSC 7, 9. This approach results in the generation of genetically modified lineages. More importantly, we adapted this system to examine the potential of generating functional cytotoxic T cells (CTL) expressing a melanoma specific T cell receptor. Using this model we were able to assess the functionality of our transgenic CTL utilizing live positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine tumor regression (9).
The goal of this protocol is to describe the process of generating these transgenic mice and assessing in vivo efficacy using live PET imaging. As a note, since we use human tissues and lentiviral vectors, our facilities conform to CDC NIH guidelines for Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+). In addition, the NSG mice are severely immunocompromised thus, their housing and maintenance must conform to the highest health standards (<a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html" target="_blank">http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html</a>).

The generation and characterization of tumor specific T cells using humanized mice is described here. Human thymic tissue and genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells are transplanted into immunocompromised mice. This results in the reconstitution of an engineered human immune system allowing for in vivo examination of anti-tumor immune responses.

Mit der BLT humanisierte Maus als Stem Cell based Gene Therapy Tumormodell

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human  disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of  ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

In-vivo-Imaging-Methode zu unterscheiden, akuten und chronischen Entzündungen

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

In vitro Coculture Assay zur Bewertung pathogeninduzierter Neutrophiler Transepithelmigration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative neurology. This directive has arisen from the extensive evidence that brain repair is achieved after focal or systemic NPC transplantation in several preclinical models of neurological diseases.
These experimental data have identified the cell delivery route as one of the main hurdles of restorative stem cell therapies for brain diseases that requires urgent assessment. Intraparenchymal stem cell grafting represents a logical approach to those pathologies characterized by isolated and accessible brain lesions such as spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this principle is poorly applicable to conditions characterized by a multifocal, inflammatory and disseminated (both in time and space) nature, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As such, brain targeting by systemic NPC delivery has become a low invasive and therapeutically efficacious protocol to deliver cells to the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system (CNS).
This alternative method of cell delivery relies on the NPC pathotropism, specifically their innate capacity to (i) sense the environment via functional cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine receptors; (ii) cross the leaking anatomical barriers after intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection; (iii) accumulate at the level of multiple perivascular site(s) of inflammatory brain and spinal cord damage; and (i.v.) exert remarkable tissue trophic and immune regulatory effects onto different host target cells in vivo.
Here we describe the methods that we have developed for the i.v. and i.c.v. delivery of syngeneic NPCs in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as model of chronic CNS inflammatory demyelination, and envisage the systemic stem cell delivery as a valuable technique for the selective targeting of the inflamed brain in regenerative neurology.

The transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) holds great promises in regenerative neurology. The systemic delivery of NPCs has turned into effective, low invasive, and therapeutically very efficacious protocol to deliver stem cells in the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system.

Die systemische Injektion von Neural Stem / Progenitor-Zellen in Mäusen mit chronischer EAE

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Die Induktion von Murine Darmentzündungen durch adoptiven Transfer von Effektor CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Hoch</sup&gt; T-Zellen in immundefizienten Mäusen

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions of proteins with other macromolecules in a complex sample is called co-immunoprecipitation. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to demonstrate and further investigate the interaction between the antiviral myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and one of its viral targets, the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The protocol starts with transfected mammalian cells, but it is also possible to use influenza A virus infected cells as starting material. After cell lysis, the viral NP protein is pulled-down with a specific antibody and the resulting immune-complexes are precipitated with protein G beads. The successful pull-down of NP and the co-immunoprecipitation of the antiviral Mx1 protein are subsequently revealed by western blotting. A prerequisite for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 with NP is the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the cell lysis buffer. NEM alkylates free thiol groups. Presumably this reaction stabilizes the weak and/or transient NP&#8211;Mx1 interaction by preserving a specific conformation of Mx1, its viral target or an unknown third component. An important limitation of co-immunoprecipitation experiments is the inadvertent pull-down of contaminating proteins, caused by nonspecific binding of proteins to the protein G beads or antibodies. Therefore, it is very important to include control settings to exclude false positive results. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol can be used to study the interaction of Mx proteins from different vertebrate species with viral proteins, any pair of proteins, or of a protein with other macromolecules. The beneficial role of NEM to stabilize weak and/or transient interactions needs to be tested for each interaction pair individually.

This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.

Co-Immunopräzipitation der Maus Mx1 Protein mit dem Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells are therefore characterized as an innate T cell population capable of activating and steering adaptive immune responses. The development of improved techniques for the culture and expansion of murine iNKT cells facilitates the study of iNKT cell biology in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we describe an optimized procedure for the isolation and expansion of murine splenic iNKT cells.
Spleens from C57Bl/6 mice are removed, dissected and strained and the resulting cellular suspension is layered over density gradient media. Following centrifugation, splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) are collected and CD5-positive (CD5+) lymphocytes are enriched for using magnetic beads. iNKT cells within the CD5+ fraction are subsequently stained with &#945;GalCer-loaded CD1d tetramer and purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS sorted iNKT cells are then initially cultured in vitro using a combination of recombinant murine cytokines and plate-bound T cell receptor (TCR) stimuli before being expanded in the presence of murine recombinant IL-7. Using this technique, approximately 108 iNKT cells can be generated within 18-20 days of culture, after which they can be used for functional assays in vitro, or for in vivo transfer experiments in mice.

Here we present an adapted protocol that can be used to generate a large number of murine invariant natural killer T cells from mouse spleen. The protocol outlines an approach by which splenic iNKT cells can be enriched for, isolated and expanded in vitro using a limited number of animals and reagents.

Ein optimiertes Verfahren zur Isolierung und Ausbau unveränderlichen natürlichen Killer T-Zellen aus der Milz der Maus

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We demonstrate the procedure for preparing H. influenzae inoculum, intra-tracheal instillation of H. influenzae into the lung, collection of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), analysis of immune cells in the BALF, and RNA isolation for differential gene expression analysis. This procedure can be used to study the lung inflammatory response to any bacteria, virus or fungi. Direct tracheal instillation is mostly preferred over intranasal or aerosol inhalation procedures because it more efficiently delivers the bacterial inoculum into the lower respiratory tract with less ambiguity.

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

Intratracheale Verabreichung von<em&gt; Haemophilus influenzae</em&gt; In Mausmodelle zur Untersuchung Atemwegsentzündung

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature readings is common, and they have been proven to be accurate and invaluable in this regard. However, this method of temperature measurement requires the mice to be anesthetized in order to insert the probe without injury to the animal. This limits the ability to observe other phenotypes of the mouse simultaneously. In order to investigate other phenotypes while measuring temperatures, rectal probes are not ideal, and another method is desired. Here, we introduce a noninvasive method of temperature measurement that foregoes the requirement for mouse anesthesia while maintaining equal reliability to rectal probes in measuring body temperature. We use an infrared thermometer that detects body surface temperatures at ranges between 2 and 150 mm. This method of body temperature measurement is successful in reliably replicating temperature change trends during passive system anaphylaxis experiments in mice. We show that body surface temperatures are about 2.0 &#176;C lower than rectal probe measurements, but the degree of temperature drop follows the same trend. Furthermore, we use the same technique to observe mice in a food allergy model to evaluate temperature and activity levels simultaneously.

Here we present a new method to accurately measure body temperature differences in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) and food allergy mouse models using an infrared thermometer. This procedure has been accurately duplicated in previous PSA results.

Maus-Körper-Temperaturmessung mit Infrarot-Thermometer während Passive systemische Anaphylaxie und Essen Allergieabklärung

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature ...

Effects of Taste Signaling Protein Abolishment on Gut Inflammation in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the immune-related gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, that affects the life quality of millions of people worldwide. IBD symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding, which may result from the interactions among gut microbiota, food components, intestinal epithelial cells, and immune cells. It is of particular importance to assess how each key gene expressed in intestinal epithelial and immune cells affects inflammation in the colon. G protein-coupled taste receptors, including G protein subunit &#945;-gustducin and other signaling proteins, have been found in the intestines. Here, we use &#945;-gustducin as a representative and describe a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD model to evaluate the effect of gustatory gene mutations on gut mucosal immunity and inflammation. This method combines gene knockout technology with the chemically induced IBD model, and thus can be applied to assess the outcome of gustatory gene nullification as well as other genes that may exuberate or dampen the DSS-induced immune response in the colon. Mutant mice are administered with DSS for a certain period during which their body weight, stool, and rectal bleeding are monitored and recorded. At different timepoints during administration, some mice are euthanized, then the sizes and weights of their spleens and colons are measured and gut tissues are collected and processed for histological and gene expression analyses. The data show that the &#945;-gustducin knockout results in excessive weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, tissue damage, and inflammation vs. wild-type mice. Since the severity of induced inflammation is affected by mouse strains, housing environment, and diet, optimization of DSS concentration and administration duration in a pilot experiment is particularly important. By adjusting these factors, this method can be applied to assess both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects.

Here we present a protocol to investigate the effect of the nullification of gustation-related genes on immune responses in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse model.

Auswirkungen des Geschmacks Signalisierung Protein Abschaffung auf Darm-Entzündung in eine entzündliche Darm-Krankheit-Maus-Modell

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the immune-related gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, that affects ...

Methods Article

Einem Mausmodell für Pathogen-induzierten chronischen Entzündung an lokalen und systemischen Seiten