We acknowledge Dr. Jean-Claude Sirard from the Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille-France, for kindly providing the purified flagellin and Dr. Teresa Camou, Director of the National Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health of Uruguay for kindly providing the pneumococcal strain. 
The authors would like to express their acknowledgement to Mr. Diego Acosta and Mr. Ignacio Turel form BichoFeo Producciones-Uruguay for their commitment and hard work during the entire video production and edition. 
This work was supported by the grants PR_FCE_2009_1_2783 and BE_POS_2010_1_2544 from the National Agency of Research and Innovation, ANII from Uruguay, the Program for Development of Basic Sciences, PEDECIBA of Uruguay and Sectoral Commission of Scientific research, CSIC-Universidad de la Rep&#250;blica, Uruguay.

<ol>
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+sublingual+route+for+administration+of+influenza+H5N1+virosomes+in+combination+with+the+bacterial+second+messenger+c-di-GMP.">Evaluation of the sublingual route for administration of influenza H5N1 virosomes in combination with the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP.</a> PLoS One. 25, 1-12 (2011).</li><li>Song, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sublingual+vaccination+with+influenza+virus+protects+mice+against+lethal+viral+infection.">Sublingual vaccination with influenza virus protects mice against lethal viral infection.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105, 1644-1649 (2008).</li><li>Cogo, R., Ramponi, A., Scivoletto, G., Rippoli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prophylaxis+for+acute+exacerbations+of+chronic+bronchitis+using+an+antibacterial+sublingual+vaccine+obtained+through+mechanical+lysis:+a+clinical+and+pharmacoeconomic+study.">Prophylaxis for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis using an antibacterial sublingual vaccine obtained through mechanical lysis: a clinical and pharmacoeconomic study.</a> Acta Biomed. 74, 76-87 (2003).</li><li>Rosaschino, F., Cattaneo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+optimizing+compliance+of+paediatric+patients+for+seasonal+antibacterial+vaccination+with+sublingually+administered+Polyvalent+Mechanical+Bacterial+Lysates+(PMBL).">Strategies for optimizing compliance of paediatric patients for seasonal antibacterial vaccination with sublingually administered Polyvalent Mechanical Bacterial Lysates (PMBL).</a> Acta Biomed. 75, 171-178 (2004).</li><li>Senna, G., Caminati, M., Canonica, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+tolerability+of+sublingual+immunotherapy+in+clinical+trials+and+real+life.">Safety and tolerability of sublingual immunotherapy in clinical trials and real life.</a> Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 13, 656-662 (2013).</li><li>Mascarell, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+dendritic+cells+mediate+antigen-specific+tolerance+by+stimulating+TH1+and+regulatory+CD4++T+cells.">Oral dendritic cells mediate antigen-specific tolerance by stimulating TH1 and regulatory CD4+ T cells.</a> J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122, 603-609 (2008).</li><li>Mascarell, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+of+the+lingual+immune+system+reveals+the+presence+of+both+regulatory+and+effector+CD4++T+cells.">Mapping of the lingual immune system reveals the presence of both regulatory and effector CD4+ T cells.</a> Clin Exp Allergy. 39, 1910-1919 (2009).</li><li>Mascarell, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+macrophage-like+cells+play+a+key+role+in+tolerance+induction+following+sublingual+immunotherapy+of+asthmatic+mice.">Oral macrophage-like cells play a key role in tolerance induction following sublingual immunotherapy of asthmatic mice.</a> Mucosal Immunology. 4, 638-647 (2011).</li><li>Hervouet, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen-bearing+dendritic+cells+from+the+sublingual+mucosa+recirculate+to+distant+systemic+lymphoid+organs+to+prime+mucosal+CD8+T+cells.">Antigen-bearing dendritic cells from the sublingual mucosa recirculate to distant systemic lymphoid organs to prime mucosal CD8 T cells.</a> Mucosal Immunology. 7, 280-291 (2014).</li><li>Munoz, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucosal+administration+of+flagellin+protects+mice+from+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+lung+infection.">Mucosal administration of flagellin protects mice from Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection.</a> Infect Immun. 78, 4226-4233 (2010).</li><li>Hayashi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+innate+immune+response+to+bacterial+flagellin+is+mediated+by+Toll-like+receptor+5.">The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5.</a> Nature. 410, 1099-1103 (2001).</li><li>Lightfield, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+function+for+Naip5+in+inflammasome+activation+by+a+conserved+carboxy-terminal+domain+of+flagellin.">Critical function for Naip5 in inflammasome activation by a conserved carboxy-terminal domain of flagellin.</a> Nature Immunology. 9, 1171-1178 (2008).</li><li>Lightfield, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+requirements+for+NAIP5+in+activation+of+the+NLRC4+inflammasome.">Differential requirements for NAIP5 in activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome.</a> Infect Immun. 79, 1606-1614 (2011).</li><li>Honko, A. N., Mizel, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucosal+administration+of+flagellin+induces+innate+immunity+in+the+mouse+lung.">Mucosal administration of flagellin induces innate immunity in the mouse lung.</a> Infect Immun. 72, 6676-6679 (2004).</li><li>Janot, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radioresistant+cells+expressing+TLR5+control+the+respiratory+epithelium's+innate+immune+responses+to+flagellin.">Radioresistant cells expressing TLR5 control the respiratory epithelium's innate immune responses to flagellin.</a> Eur J Immunol. 39 (6), 1587-1596 (2009).</li><li>Van Maele, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TLR5+signaling+stimulates+the+innate+production+of+IL-17+and+IL-22+by+CD3(neg)CD127++immune+cells+in+spleen+and+mucosa.">TLR5 signaling stimulates the innate production of IL-17 and IL-22 by CD3(neg)CD127+ immune cells in spleen and mucosa.</a> J Immunol. 185, 1177-1185 (2010).</li><li>Lee, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurologic+adverse+events+following+influenza+A+(H1N1)+vaccinations+in+children.">Neurologic adverse events following influenza A (H1N1) vaccinations in children.</a> Pediatrics international: official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 54, 325-330 (2012).</li><li>Lewis, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+facial+nerve+paralysis+(Bell's+palsy)+following+intranasal+delivery+of+a+genetically+detoxified+mutant+of+Escherichia+coli+heat+labile+toxin.">Transient facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) following intranasal delivery of a genetically detoxified mutant of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6999 (2009).</li><li>Mutsch, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+inactivated+intranasal+influenza+vaccine+and+the+risk+of+Bell's+palsy+in+Switzerland.">Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland.</a> N Engl J Med. 350, 896-903 (2004).</li><li>Kuo, C. H., Wang, W. L., Chu, Y. T., Lee, M. S., Hung, C. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titering+antibodies.">Titering antibodies.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. 4, Unit 4.1 (2001).</li><li>Kubista, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+real-time+polymerase+chain+reaction.">The real-time polymerase chain reaction.</a> Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 27, 95-125 (2006).</li><li>Pedersen, G., Cox, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mucosal+vaccine+quandary:+intranasal+vs.+sublingual+immunization+against+influenza.">The mucosal vaccine quandary: intranasal vs. sublingual immunization against influenza.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 8, 689-693 (2012).</li><li>Vitaliti, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucosal+immunity+and+sublingual+immunotherapy+in+respiratory+disorders.">Mucosal immunity and sublingual immunotherapy in respiratory disorders.</a> Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 26, S85-S93 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Sublinguale Verabreichung von therapeutischen Mitteln ist ein nützliches Mittel, um die Immunreaktion in den Atemtrakt modulieren bewährt. Der Hauptvorteil der Schlitz zur Behandlung von Erkrankungen der Atemwege ist, dass es keine direkte Bereitstellung von Verbindungen in die Lungen oder die Nasenlöcher, wobei sicherer als Behandlungen auf die intranasale Verabreichung 31. Sublinguale Immuntherapie verwendet werden, um die Immunantwort auf unterschiedliche Weise modulieren, entweder zur Induktion von regulatorischen Reaktionen, die die Symptome der allergischen Entzündung und Asthma zu lindern kann 32 oder transiente Aktivierung der angeborenen Immunmechanismen zu induzieren, um akute Lungeninfektionen zu behandeln, wie hier dargestellt. Das Maus-Modell in diesem Video dargestellt ist eine bequeme Methode zum Screening von verschiedenen Verbindungen als therapeutische Mittel zur geschnitten. Dieses Tiermodell bietet ein nützliches Mittel, um die Auswirkungen zu ermittelnder Schlitz in der Lunge Immunantwort als auch in anderen Organen (zB., Lymphknoten oder entfernten Schleimhautstellen), die nicht durch die Verwendung von in vitro-Modellen nachgeahmt werden kann. Obwohl es mehrere Arbeiten, die Ergebnisse mit sublingualen Immuntherapie gewonnen werden, detaillierte Methoden für die Verfahren der sublingualen Verabreichung haben noch nicht verfügbar gemacht worden. Zusätzlich kann das Modell für die Bewertung der sublingualen Impfstoffe Ziel, systemische als auch lokale Schutz der Atemwege übertragen werden. Wie in der begleitenden Video gezeigt, ist die sublinguale Verabreichung von Verbindungen ein einfaches Verfahren, das einfach und ohne die Notwendigkeit von umfangreichen Ausbildung durchgeführt werden kann. Typischerweise wird eine Person beherrschen Tier Handhabung erfordern 1 h bis SLIT in einer Gruppe von 10 Mäusen mit injizierbaren Anästhetika, wie in diesem Protokoll beschrieben durchzuführen. Wenn Pneumokokken Herausforderung wird ebenfalls durchgeführt, werden 90 zusätzliche Minuten zur Vorbereitung werdenDie Bakteriensuspension und führen intranasale Herausforderung der Tiere. Die hier vorgestellten FACS Protokolle ermöglichen eine bequeme Charakterisierung der Auswirkungen der SLIT am lokalen Standort der Verwaltung, Lymphknoten sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Zelldynamik der Lunge. Separate Analyse der bronchoalveolären Inhalt und Lungenparenchym ist wichtig, um die Atemwege &quot;Immun Wohnsitz und Infiltrieren Zelltypen von denen, die im Gewebe bleiben diskriminieren. Analyse der BAL Inhalt ermöglicht die Untersuchung von Alveolarmakrophagen Umsatz sowie die Dynamik von Zellen Rekrutierung in die Alveolen durch verschiedene Behandlungen induziert, zB., PMN, Eosinophile, Monozyten. BAL kann auch verwendet werden, um die Anwesenheit von sezernierten Zytokine und Chemokine durch Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) oder den Nachweis von IgA-Antikörper sekretiert nach sublingualer Impfung ausgelöste bewerten. Untersuchung der Lunge Gewebewird Charakterisierung von anderen Zelltypen, klassisch dendritischen Zellen, T-Zellen und B-Zellen zu ermöglichen. Vorbereitung der BAL-Proben und Lymphknoten für FACS-Analyse ist einfach. Nach der Probenahme werden in der Regel 60 Minuten benötigt, um den Färbungsprotokoll für 10-20 Proben abzuschließen. Im Gegensatz dazu wird die Isolation von Zellen aus Lungen oder sublingual Gewebe mehr Zeit erfordern, da die Verdauung der extrazellulären Matrix ist nicht erforderlich. Absorption des therapeutischen Mittels durch sublinguale geliefert durch Verfolgung von fluoreszierend oder radioaktiv markierte Moleküle mit in vivo-Bildgebungssysteme behandelt werden. Sublinguale Immuntherapie ist eine attraktive Methode effektiv induzieren Immunreaktionen in den Atemwegen als auch systemisch verwendet werden können, zu behandeln oder zu verhindern Atemwegserkrankungen. Aufklärung der Mechanismen, die die Aktivierung vs Toleranz der Immunreaktion in den Atemtrakt nach SLIT is entscheidend für das rationale Design von neuen therapeutischen Strategien, die allein oder in Kombination mit verfügbaren Behandlungen gegen verschiedene Erkrankungen der Atemwege verwendet werden könnte, zu ermöglichen.

The overall goal of this work is to illustrate the benefits of sublingual immunotherapy for the treatment of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and present the advantages of this delivery route compared to other routes of administration, namely intranasal.
ARI cause millions of deaths every year especially in children under five. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains as one of the major etiological agents of bacterial pneumonia in infants and the elderly1,2. To present, the main available treatment relies on the use of antibiotics but resistant strains are continuously arising3,4.
SLIT induces broad responses at systemic and also mucosal level, particularly at the respiratory tract5. It has proven effectiveness against influenza infection, promoting long term protection with production of humoral and cellular responses6,7. Besides, it has been shown that prophylactic treatment with bacterial lysates delivered by sublingual route reduced exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchitis in the elderly8 and prevented recurrent respiratory infections in children9. SLIT has been widely used for the treatment of allergies and asthma. Clinical studies had not only demonstrated its efficacy to modulate the immune response in the respiratory tract but also its safety10. Despite the growing interest of pharmaceutical companies and researchers in SLIT, the mechanisms involved in the induction of mucosal immune responses after sublingual delivery of compounds remain obscure. Recently, attention has been focused on the mechanisms promoting tolerance associated with allergen desensitization. It has been proposed that resident and recruited cells at the sublingual mucosa, like dendritic cells and macrophages, can promote tolerance after SLIT11-13. Dendritic cells of the oral mucosa can promote IFN-gamma and IL-10 producing T helper cells11 as well as recirculate to the distal genital mucosa and promote CD8+ T cells14. However, little is known about the impact of SLIT on innate cells or its capacity to improve pathogen clearance during acute respiratory infections.
The natural control of pneumococcal infection in the lungs greatly depends on the efficient and swift activation of local innate defences. We previously showed that enhancement of lungs&#8217; innate immunity by a single intranasal dose of flagellin (FliC), a TLR5 and NLRC4 agonist, protects 75-100% of mice challenged with a lethal dose of a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1. This protection was shown to be dependent on local recruitment of GR1+ cells (likely polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMNs) and not dependent on antibodies, B or T cells15. 
Flagellin is the structural component of the bacterial flagellum. In its monomeric form it is recognized by two Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), TLR5 that senses extracellular FliC16 and NLRC4/NAIP5 inflammasome that detects intracellular flagellin17,18. When FliC is sensed by the PRRs an important inflammatory response is triggered. We and others have demonstrated that instillation of purified FliC from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium into the lungs drives swift production of chemokines and cytokines specially when recognized by the lungs&#8217; epithelium that in turn orchestrate the recruitment of immune cells into the airways, mainly PMNs15,19-21. Although transient, the substantial neutrophil infiltration that takes place into the airways after nasal delivery of FliC could be a concern if moving towards clinical therapies for human use. Excessive inflammation could be detrimental for the lungs&#8217; function. Moreover, it has been shown that intranasal delivery of immunostimulatory molecules may cause facial paralysis and/or brain toxicity22-24. 
Sublingual immunotherapy offers a safer alternative to modulate the immune response in the respiratory tract compared to the intranasal route. It is non-invasive, painless, simple and has good patient compliance25. Furthermore, as mentioned before, it can induce protective responses in the respiratory mucosa without the risks associated to direct intranasal or intrapulmonary delivery of formulations. Sublingual route could be alternatively used to deliver molecules that have great effects onto the lung&#8217;s immune system but that have been proven to be toxic or to elicit great inflammation when administered intranasally. Besides these advantages, formulations for sublingual immunotherapy have lower cost of manufacture since non-sterile products can be delivered by this route and endotoxic shock is not a concern for SLIT. On the other hand, it is worth noticing that higher doses of the immunostimulatory compounds compared to those used by intranasal or parenteral routes are necessary to induce an immune response in the lungs; also highly concentrated solutions are needed when using the mouse model of SLIT since the anatomical site where the formulations are deposited is small. 
Based on our previous published data, we developed a model of protection using sublingual immunotherapy with flagellin as model immunostimulant. We demonstrated that a single dose of flagellin induced 60% survival against invasive pneumococcal pneumonia caused by the serotype 1 strain while all mice in the control group died of infection within 5 days. Flow cytometry analysis showed that higher numbers of PMN are recruited into the airways of protected animals after sublingual treatment with flagellin suggesting that these cells might be involved in the mechanism of protection induced by sublingual immunotherapy. 
This video shows in detail how to perform sublingual immunotherapy and also how to recover relevant tissue from the sublingual mucosa, draining lymph nodes as well as lungs and airways to perform further analysis. Additionally, it illustrates the general technique of cell preparation for FACS analysis and briefly shows how to prepare Streptococcus pneumoniae suspensions and how to perform intranasal infections in mouse to set up the acute infection model.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="992">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Ketamine solution (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Pharma Service, Uruguay</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Xilacine solution (2 %)</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Portinco S.A., Uruguay</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile 1ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Modern, Uruguay</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile 27G needle</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Modern, Uruguay</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">General Electric Health Care</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">E15885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">302020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Penicillin/Streptimycin Solution</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:395px;">Sterile PBS without Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">H21002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Type-I Collagenase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies/Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">17100017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Deoxyribonuclease I (DNAse-I)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">D4513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Dispase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies/Gibco</td>
			<td>17105041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">PerCP-Cy5.5 conjugated rat anti mouse IgG2b anti CD11b</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">550993</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Clone M1/70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">APC conjugated hamster anti mouse IgG1 anti CD11c</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">550261</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Clone HL3&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">APC-Cy7 conjugated rat anti mouse IgG2a anti Ly6G</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">560600</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Clone 1A8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:395px;">Sterile Saline Solution</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Laboratorio Farmaco Uruguayo, Uruguay</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Tryptic Soy Agar</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BD Difco, France</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">236950</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Defibrinated Sheep Blood</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Biokey, Uruguay</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">633180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">p10 Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">F144802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">P20 Pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">3120000097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p200 Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p200 Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Capp</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">C200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p200 Pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">3120000054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">p1000 Pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">3120000062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Filter Tips P10</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>771288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Filter Tips P200</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>739288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Filter Tips P1000</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>750288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vortex</td>
			<td>BIOSAN</td>
			<td>V1-plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stainless steel fine tip forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>Z168785/Z168777</td>
			<td>curved and straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dressing tissue forceps</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>F4392</td>
			<td>length 8 inches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-dissecting forceps</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>F4017</td>
			<td>straight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-dissecting forceps</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>F4142&#160;</td>
			<td>Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mayo Scissors</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>Z265993&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td>SAKIRA MEDICAL</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Biopsy Punch &#216; 3mm</td>
			<td>Stiefel Laboratories Ltd.</td>
			<td>2079D</td>
			<td>5mm diameter can also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile 1.5ml Tubes</td>
			<td>Deltalab</td>
			<td>200400P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile 15ml Tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile 50ml Tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile serological pipettes 5 ml</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>606160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile serological pipettes 10 ml</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>607160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile serological pipettes 25 ml</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>760180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biological safety cabinet, class II</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>1300 series, type A2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-Isolator&#160;Rack</td>
			<td>RAIR&#160;IsoSystem&#160;</td>
			<td>76144W</td>
			<td>Super&#160;Mouse&#160;1800 AllerZone&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Refrigerated Microcentfifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Legend Micro 21R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microcentfifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>Biofuge-pico</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Sorval ST40R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">CO2 Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Model&#160; 3111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Thin-tip pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td>Deltalab</td>
			<td>D210022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td>Deltalab</td>
			<td>200007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile 24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan Blue Solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Automatic Cell Counter - Cuntess</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C10227&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C10312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow Cytometry Tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>343675</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow Cytometer - FACS Canto-II</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Real Time PCR Instrument - Rotor Gene Q or ABI 7900</td>
			<td>Qiagen / Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trizol Reagent</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNAse-I</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>18068-015</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNAse-I Buffer 10X</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>18068015</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA 25 mM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>18068015</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra-Pure Water</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10977</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNAse Out</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>100000840</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rndom Hexamer Primers</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>N8080127</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">M-MLV-RT buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>18057-018</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">M-MLV-RT enzime</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>28025-021</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantiTect Syber Green PCR Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>204143</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Specific primers&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sublingual immunotherapy as an alternative to induce protection against acute respiratory infections

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been shown to effectively induce humoral and cellular responses at systemic and mucosal sites, namely the lungs and urogenital tract. Sublingual vaccination can promote protection against infections at the lower and upper respiratory tract; it can also promote tolerance to allergens and ameliorate asthma symptoms. Modulation of lung&#8217;s immune response by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safer than direct administration of formulations by intranasal route because it does not require delivery of potentially harmful molecules directly into the airways. In contrast to intranasal delivery, side effects involving brain toxicity or facial paralysis are not promoted by SLIT. The immune mechanisms underlying SLIT remain elusive and its use for the treatment of acute lung infections has not yet been explored. Thus, development of appropriate animal models of SLIT is needed to further explore its potential advantages. 
This work shows how to perform sublingual administration of therapeutic agents in mice to evaluate their ability to protect against acute pneumococcal pneumonia. Technical aspects of mouse handling during sublingual inoculation, precise identification of sublingual mucosa, draining lymph nodes and isolation of tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs are illustrated. Protocols for single cell suspension preparation for FACS analysis are described in detail. Other downstream applications for the analysis of the immune response are discussed. Technical aspects of the preparation of Streptococcus pneumoniae inoculum and intranasal challenge of mice are also explained.
SLIT is a simple technique that allows screening of candidate molecules to modulate lungs&#8217; immune response. Parameters affecting the success of SLIT are related to molecular size, susceptibility to degradation and stability of highly concentrated formulations.

Sublinguale Immuntherapie erfolgreich zur Lunge Immunantwort zu modulieren. Wir haben gezeigt, dass eine Einzeldosis von Flagellin, das TLR5 und NLRC4 Agonist kann eine signifikante Hochregulation der mRNA induzieren die Chemokine CXCL1, CCL20 und das Zytokin IL-6 im Vergleich zu Kochsalzlösung behandelten Kontrollen kodiert. Fach Induktion der mRNA-Spiegel erreichte bei 8 h nach SLIT und zurück zum Basisspiegel nach 20 h (Abbildung 1). Allerdings, wenn SLIT wurde 2 Stunden vor intranasale Infektion mit S. Pneumoniae durchgeführt, Ebenen und IL-6 mRNA CXCL1 blieb deutlich sogar 24 Stunden nach der SLIT hochreguliert im Vergleich zu nicht behandelten Tieren (Abbildung 2). Analyse der Zellpopulationen in BAL und Lungengewebe durch FACS zeigte, dass die Tiere mit FliC durch sublinguale behandelt hatte Anzahl von Neutrophilen in die Atemwege in der Lunge Gewebe (3) angehoben, jedoch nicht. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Schließlich wurde das Überleben nach Pneumokokken-Herausforderung in Tieren, die vorher mit FliC durch sublinguale oder mit Salzlösung als Kontrolle behandelt wurden, verglichen. Wie in Abbildung 4 dargestellt, SLIT mit Flagellin gefördert Schutz und erhöhte Überlebens gegen akute Pneumokokken-Lungenentzündung. <img alt="Figur 1" fo:content-width="6.7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52036/52036fig1highresV2.jpg" width="680" /> Abbildung 1. Kinetik der Transkriptionsprofils der Lunge nach der sublingualen Immuntherapie mit Flagellin. Acht bis 10 Wochen alte BALB / c-Mäuse (n = 4) wurden mit 10 ug des Flagellin-oder Kochsalzlösung durch sublinguale unter Anästhesie behandelt. Lungen wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten gesammelt und Nukleinsäurekonservierungs platziert. Gesamt-RNA-Extraktion durchgeführt und cDNA synthetisiert. mRNA-Spiegel wurden durch Echtzeit-PCR mit spezifischen Primern in Tabl aufgeführt ausgewertetE 1. Die relative Quantifizierung wurde nach ACt Methode mit actb mRNA-Spiegel für die Normalisierung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden als fache Steigerung im Vergleich zu Kochsalzlösung behandelten Gruppe als Median ± SEM dargestellt. Sternchen zeigen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (p &lt;0,05) nach Mann-Whitney-Test berechnet. Ergebnisse sind repräsentativ für 2 unabhängige Experimente. <img alt="Figur 2" fo:content-width="6.2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52036/52036fig2highresV2.jpg" width="660" /> Transkriptionsprofils Figur 2. Lungen während Pneumokokkenpneumonie nach sublingualer Immuntherapie mit Flagellin Acht bis 10 Wochen alte BALB / c-Mäuse (n = 4 n = 7 für Kontrollgruppe und behandelte Gruppe). Wurden mit 10 ug des Flagellin-oder Kochsalzlösung durch die behandelte sublinguale unter Narkose. 2 h später wurden die Mäuse intranasal mit der minimalen letalen Dosis (MLD) Bewirken 10 gefordert0% Mortalität einer klinischen Isolat von S. pneumoniae-Serotyp 1 E1585 entsprechend 4x10 5 CFU / 50 ul. Lungen wurden gesammelt von 24 Stunden nach der Herausforderung und Nukleinsäurekonservierungsmittel gelagert, bis RNA-Extraktion und cDNA-Synthese durchgeführt. Echtzeit-PCR durchgeführt (siehe Primer Liste in Tabelle 1) und relative Quantifizierung wurde nach ACt Methode mit actb mRNA-Spiegel für die Normalisierung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden als fache Steigerung im Vergleich zu Kochsalzlösung behandelten Gruppe als Median ± SEM dargestellt. Sternchen zeigen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (p &lt;0,05) nach Mann-Whitney-Test berechnet. <img alt="Figur 3" fo:content-width="6.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52036/52036fig3highresV2.jpg" width="680" /> Abbildung 3. Analyse der polymorphkernigen Neutrophilen (PMN) Rekrutierung in Lunge und der Atemwege Gewebe nach SLIT. Acht bis10 Wochen alt BALB / c-Mäuse (n = 4) wurden mit 10 ug von Flagellin oder Kochsalzlösung durch sublinguale unter Anästhesie behandelt. 2 Stunden später wurden die Mäuse durch intranasale Route mit der MLD von S. herausgefordert pneumoniae Serotyp 1 E1585. 24 Stunden nach der Herausforderung, BAL wurde durchgeführt, und die Lungen wurden für die FACS-Analyse verarbeitet. PMN wurden als Ly6G hoch / CD11b hoch / CD11c negativen Zellen identifiziert und basierend auf der FCS-SSC-Profil. Die Ergebnisse sind als Prozentsatz der PMN bezüglich der Gesamtzellzahl in BAL oder der Lunge exprimiert. Balken stellen Median ± SEM. Sternchen zeigen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (p &lt;0,05) nach einem Wege Mann-Whitney-Test berechnet. <img alt="Figur 4" fo:content-width="5.3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52036/52036fig4highresV2.jpg" width="530" /> Abbildung 4. SLIT mit Flagellin schützt Mäuse gegen akute Pneumokokken-Lungenentzündung. </strong&gt; Acht bis 10 Wochen alte BALB / c-Mäuse (n = 8) wurden mit 10 ug von Flagellin oder Kochsalzlösung durch sublinguale unter Anästhesie behandelt. 2 Stunden später wurden die Mäuse durch intranasale Route mit der MLD von S. herausgefordert pneumoniae Serotyp 1 E1585. Überlebensrate wurde täglich bewertet. Kaplan-Meier-Kurven wurden nach Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox) Test verglichen. Sternchen zeigen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (p &lt;0,05) .Results Vertreter von 2 unabhängigen Experimenten. <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody align="center"><tr><td> Name </td><td> Sequenz 5&#39;-3 &#39; </td><td> PCR Produktlänge (bp) </td></tr><tr><td> mB-actin_F </td><td> GCTTCTTTGCAGCTCCTTCGT </td><td rowspan="2"> 68 </td></tr><tr><td> mB-actin_R </td><td> CGTCATCCATGGCGAACTG </td></tr><tr><td>mCCL20_F </td><td> TTTTGGGATGGAATTGGACAC </td><td rowspan="2"> 69 </td></tr><tr><td> mCCL20_R </td><td> TGCAGGTGAAGCCTTCAACC </td></tr><tr><td> mCXCL1_F </td><td> CTTGGTTCAGAAAATTGTCCAAAA </td><td rowspan="2"> 84 </td></tr><tr><td> mCXCL1_R </td><td> ACGGTGCCATCAGAGCAGTCT </td></tr><tr><td> mIL-6_F </td><td> GTTCTCTGGGAAATCGTGGAAA </td><td rowspan="2"> 78 </td></tr><tr><td> mIL-6_R </td><td> AAGTGCATCATCGTTGTTCATACA </td></tr><tr><td> mTNFalpha_F </td><td> CATCTTCTCAAAATTCGAGTGACAA </td><td rowspan="2"> 63 </td></tr><tr><td> mTNFalpha_R </td><td> CCTCCACTTGGTGGTTTGCT </td></tr><tr><td> mCxcl2_F </td><td> CCCTCAACGGAAGAACCAAA </td><td rowspan="2"> 72 </td></tr><tr><td> mCxcl2_R </td><td> CACATCAGGTACGATCCAGGC </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 1. Liste Primer für Echtzeit-PCR-Analyse verwendet. Spezifische Primer-Sequenzen für die qPCR-Analyse verwendet. Vorwärts und Rückwärts-Primer für Maus actb werden Cccl20, CXCL1, IL-6, TNFa und CXCL1 als 5&#39;-3&#39;-Sequenzen präsentiert und erwartete Produkt Länge in Basenpaaren (bp) angegeben.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections at JoVE.com

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

The present work illustrates the convenience of using sublingual immunotherapy to boost the innate immune response in the lungs and confer protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse.

Sublinguale Immuntherapie als Alternative zum Schutz vor akuten Atemwegsinfektionen ausgelöst werden

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been ...

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16.7K Aufrufe.  Universidad de la República. The present work illustrates the convenience of using sublingual immunotherapy to boost the innate immune response in the lungs and confer protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse.

Serie: Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Pressure Controlled Ventilation zu Acute Lung Injury in Mäusen zu induzieren

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

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Medizin

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We have established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in C57Bl6/J mice. In this video, we will demonstrate the methodology used for this study.

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning (PC) &#x2013; a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance (IT) to transient focal cerebral ischemia (induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) in C57Bl6/J mice.

Bilaterale Arteria carotis communis Occlusion als adäquate Vorbehandlung Stimulus zu frühe ischämische Toleranz zu Focal zerebraler Ischämie induzieren

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a ...

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1 receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling protein found on the surface of melanocytes. Mc1r stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production which, in turn, up-regulates melanocytic production of melanin in the skin. In order to study the mechanisms by which Mc1r signaling protects the skin against UV injury, this study relies on a mouse model with "humanized skin" based on epidermal expression of stem cell factor (Scf). K14-Scf transgenic mice retain melanocytes in the epidermis and therefore have the ability to deposit melanin in the epidermis. In this animal model, wild type Mc1r status results in robust deposition of black eumelanin pigment and a UV-protected phenotype. In contrast, K14-Scf animals with defective Mc1r signaling ability exhibit a red/blonde pigmentation, very little eumelanin in the skin and a UV-sensitive phenotype. Reasoning that eumelanin deposition might be enhanced by topical agents that mimic Mc1r signaling, we found that direct application of forskolin extract to the skin of Mc1r-defective fair-skinned mice resulted in robust eumelanin induction and UV protection 1. Here we describe the method for preparing and applying a forskolin-containing natural root extract to K14-Scf fair-skinned mice and report a method for measuring UV sensitivity by determining minimal erythematous dose (MED). Using this animal model, it is possible to study how epidermal cAMP induction and melanization of the skin affect physiologic responses to UV exposure.

Epidermal melanin is induced by topical application of forskolin in a murine model of the fair-skinned UV-sensitive human. Pharmacologic manipulation of cAMP levels in the skin and epidermal darkening strongly protect against UV-mediated inflammation (sunburn) as measured by the minimum erythematous dose (MED) assay.

Pharmakologische Induktion der epidermalen Melanin und Schutz vor Sonnenbrand in einem humanisierten Mausmodell

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer  risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1  receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling ...

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future therapies. Severe lung injury with a reproducible deterioration of pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics can be induced in anesthetized pigs using repeated lung lavages with warmed 0.9% saline (50 ml/kg body weight). Including standard respiratory and hemodynamic monitoring with clinically applied devices in this model allows the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies (drugs, modern ventilators, extracorporeal membrane oxygenators, ECMO), and bridges the gap between bench and bedside. Furthermore, induction of lung injury with lung lavages does not require the injection of pathogens/endotoxins that impact on measurements of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A disadvantage of the model is the high recruitability of atelectatic lung tissue. Standardization of the model helps to avoid pitfalls, to ensure comparability between experiments, and to reduce the number of animals needed.

Lavage-induced Surfactant Depletion in Pigs As a Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS

Repeated pulmonary lavages in anesthetized pigs induce lung injury resembling major aspects of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For this purpose the lungs are repeatedly lavaged with 0.9% saline at 37 &#176;C. The goal of the protocol is a reproducible mitigation of gas exchange and hemodynamics for research in ARDS.

Lavage-induzierte Surfactant Depletion in Schweine als Modell des Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Various animal models of lung injury exist to study the complex pathomechanisms of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and evaluate future ...

Oleic Acid-Injection in Pigs As a Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit patients. Despite treatment advances over the last decades, ARDS patients still suffer mortality rates between 35 and 40%. There is still a need for further research to improve the outcome of patients suffering from ARDS. One problem is that no single animal model can mimic the complex pathomechanism of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, but several models exist to study different parts of it. Oleic acid injection (OAI)-induced lung injury is a well-established model for studying ventilation strategies, lung mechanics and ventilation/perfusion distribution in animals. OAI leads to severely impaired gas exchange, deterioration of lung mechanics and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier. The disadvantage of this model is the controversial mechanistic relevance of this model and the necessity for central venous access, which is challenging especially in smaller animal models. In summary, OAI-induced lung injury leads to reproducible results in small and large animals and hence represents a well-suited model for studying ARDS. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to find a model that mimics all parts of ARDS and lacks the problems associated with the different models existing today.

In this article, we present a protocol to induce acute lung injury in pigs by central-venous injection of oleic acid. This is an established animal model for studying the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Ölsäure-Injektion bei Schweinen als Modell für Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit ...

Subclavian Vein Puncture As an Alternative Method of Blood Sample Collection in Rats

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful compared to other more aggressive methods such as retro-orbital plexus sample collection. However, this blood collection method is sometimes limited by an unsatisfactory success rate. Here, we introduce a method for blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture. The subclavian vein is located just under the clavicle and this vein is large enough to fulfill the volume requirements of blood collection. Our results show that this method is safe and applicable for blood collection sampling with the required blood volume. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture could serve as an alternative blood collection method in case of failed tail vein blood sampling in rats.

Here, we present a protocol to collect blood samples from the rat subclavian vein.

Vene subclavia Punktion als eine Alternative Methode zur Probe Blutentnahme bei Ratten

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful ...

Implantation of an Isoproterenol Mini-Pump to Induce Heart Failure in Mice

Isoproterenol (ISO), is a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist, that is used widely to induce cardiac injury in mice. While the acute model mimics stress-induced cardiomyopathy, the chronic model, administered through an osmotic pump, mimics advanced heart failure in humans. The purpose of the described protocol is to create the chronic ISO-induced heart failure model in mice using an implanted mini-pump. This protocol has been used to induce heart failure in 100+ strains of inbred mice. Techniques on surgical pump implantation are described in detail and may be relevant to anyone interested in creating a heart failure model in mice. In addition, the weekly cardiac remodeling changes based on echocardiographic parameters for each strain and expected time to model development are presented. In summary, the method is simple and reproducible. Continuous ISO administered via the implanted mini-pump over 3 to 4 weeks is sufficient to induce cardiac remodeling. Finally, the success for ISO model creation may be assessed in vivo by serial echocardiography demonstrating hypertrophy, ventricular dilation, and dysfunction.

The chronic administration of isoproterenol via an implanted osmotic pump has been used widely to mimic advanced heart failure in mice. Here, we describe detailed methods in surgical mini-pump implantation for the continuous isoproterenol administration over 3 weeks, as well as, echocardiographic assessment for the successful model creation.

Implantation einer Isoproterenol Mini-Pumpe zur Induzieren von Herzinsuffizienz bei Mäusen

Isoproterenol (ISO), is a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist, that is used widely to induce cardiac injury in mice. While the acute model mimics ...

The Rigid Tube as an Alternative in Controlling the Problematic Airway

The unexpected problematic airway represents a large proportion of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. The retromolar or paraglossal approach is an alternative to the majority of the rigid instruments used for tracheal intubation, which follow the midline to access the glottis. This single-center, prospective case-series study offers an option to conventional laryngoscopy in case of a poor glottic view, introducing an instrument (the rigid tube for laryngoscopy) that uses the retromolar approach to accomplish tracheal intubation. If after anesthesia induction, the modified Cormack-Lehane glottis view grade &#62;2b, the intubation is carried further with the rigid tube. The tube follows the direction of the thyroid cartilage while advancing from the labial commissure, displacing the tongue to the contralateral side. Adjusting the position of the larynx with the nondominant hand by gently pushing the thyroid cartilage and following an imaginary line towards it while advancing it improves the time needed for proper glottis visualization. Once the epiglottis is in sight, the practitioner progresses slowly, lifting the epiglottis and aiming the tip of the tube more anteriorly. When the glottis appears in the visual field, the intubating tube introducer is placed in the trachea, and a lubricated cuffed intubating tube is advanced over the introducer after the rigid tube is extracted. This tool was tested on 30 patients with an unsatisfactory glottic view when using the Macintosh laryngoscope and obtained excellent results with respect to intubation time and complications. The reduced visual field is the main limitation of this method, which requires a training period for reasonable expertise. This simple, robust, and cheap instrument could be a rescue option in case of a difficult airway.

Presented here is a protocol of tracheal intubation over an intubating tube introducer using a rigid tube for laryngoscopy with an attached light source. The main characteristics of this maneuver are the retromolar approach and the use of the thyroid cartilage as a landmark while advancing the rigid tube.

Die Stare Röhre als Alternative zur Steuerung der problematischen Atemwege

The unexpected problematic airway represents a large proportion of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. The retromolar or paraglossal approach is ...

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent need to find effective therapies. Preclinical studies have shown that inhaled halogenated agents may have beneficial effects in animal models of ARDS. The development of new devices to administer halogenated agents using modern intensive care unit (ICU) ventilators has significantly simplified the dispensing of halogenated agents to ICU patients. Because previous experimental and clinical research suggested potential benefits of halogenated volatiles, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, for lung alveolar epithelial injury and inflammation, two pathophysiologic landmarks of diffuse alveolar damage during ARDS, we designed an animal model to understand the mechanisms of the effects of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair. After general anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and the initiation of mechanical ventilation, ARDS was induced in piglets via the intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid. Then, the piglets were sedated with inhaled sevoflurane or isoflurane using an ICU-type device, and the animals were ventilated with lung-protective mechanical ventilation during a 4 h period. During the study period, blood and alveolar samples were collected to evaluate arterial oxygenation, the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, alveolar fluid clearance, and lung inflammation. Mechanical ventilation parameters were also collected throughout the experiment. Although this model induced a marked decrease in arterial oxygenation with altered alveolar-capillary permeability, it is reproducible and is characterized by a rapid onset, good stability over time, and no fatal complications.
We have developed a piglet model of acid aspiration that reproduces most of the physiological, biological, and pathological features of clinical ARDS, and it will be helpful to further our understanding of the potential lung-protective effects of halogenated agents delivered through devices used for inhaled ICU sedation.

We describe a model of hydrochloric acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in piglets receiving sedation with halogenated agents, isoflurane and sevoflurane, through a device used for inhaled intensive care sedation. This model can be used to investigate the biological mechanisms of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair.

Halogenierte Wirkstoffabgabe im Schweinemodell des akuten Atemnotsyndroms über ein Gerät vom Typ Intensivstation

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent ...

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting

Respiratory oscillometry is a different modality of pulmonary function testing that is increasingly used in a clinical and research setting to provide information regarding lung mechanics. Respiratory oscillometry is conducted through three acceptable measurements of tidal breathing and can be performed with minimal contraindications. Young children and patients who cannot perform spirometry due to cognitive or physical impairment can usually complete oscillometry. The main advantages of respiratory oscillometry are that it requires minimal patient cooperation and is more sensitive in detecting changes in small airways than conventional pulmonary function tests. Commercial devices are now available. Updated technical guidelines, standard operating protocols, and quality control/assurance guidelines have recently been published. Reference values are also available. 
We conducted oscillometry test audits before and after implementing a formal respiratory oscillometry training program and standard operating protocol. We observed improvement in the quality of tests completed, with a significant increase in the number of acceptable and reproducible measurements. 
The current paper outlines and demonstrates a standard operating protocol to conduct respiratory oscillometry in an outpatient setting. We highlight the key steps to ensuring acceptable and reproducible quality measurements according to the recommended European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines, as quality control is critical to measurement accuracies. Potential problems and pitfalls are also discussed with suggestions to resolve technical errors.

We demonstrate a standard operating protocol to conduct respiratory oscillometry, highlighting key quality control and assurance procedures.

Durchführung der respiratorischen Oszillometrie im ambulanten Bereich

Respiratory oscillometry is a different modality of pulmonary function testing that is increasingly used in a clinical and research setting to provide ...