Name: observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo
Uploaded: 2015-07-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

Die Protokolle und die Verwendung von Versuchstieren wurden von den institutionellen Tierpflege und Verwendung Ausschüsse an der University of Yamanashi und Waseda University zugelassen. Tierpflege wurde in Übereinstimmung mit den Richtlinien des Instituts durchgeführt. 1. CPEC Vorbereitung <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die folgenden Vorrichtungen und Materialien: ein Stereo-Mikroskop, vorzugsweise geeignet zur Übertragung von Beleuchtung von unten; ein Paar von Uhrmacher Pinzette (Dumont # 3 oder # 4), flammsterilisiert, gerade Betriebs Schere, flamm sterilisiert; zwei sterile 10 cm Plastikschalen mit 20 ml eiskaltem Leibovitz L-15-Medium; 35 mm Glasbodenschalen mit 2 ml RT Leibovitz L-15-Medium; ein 100 ml Becherglas, das 70% Ethanol; neonatalen Maus Welpen. </li><li> Kurz eintauchen eine neonatale Maus in 70% Ethanol und schnell einschläfern durch Enthauptung mit dem Betriebs Schere. </li><li> Platzieren Sie den Kopf sofort in eiskaltem Leibovitz L-15-Medium in das sterile 10 cm dish. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Haut von den Schädeldecke mit Hilfe der beiden Uhrmacher Zangen, schnitt den Schädel, um das Gehirn freizulegen, und dann schneiden Sie die Hirnnerven, die ganze Gehirn zu isolieren. </li><li> Übertragen Sie das Gehirn zu einem neuen Schale mit eiskaltem Leibovitz L-15-Medium und beobachten unter dem Stereomikroskop, um sicherzustellen, dass das Gehirn vollständig in das Medium eingetaucht. </li><li> Stellen Sie die Dorsalseite des Gehirns nach oben ein, und richten Sie das Gehirn, so dass die Riechkolben wohnen an der Drei-Uhr-Position (für Rechtshänder). Halten Sie das Gehirn vorsichtig mit der Pinzette in die linke Hand. </li><li> Mit den feinen Pinzette Dissektion (Dumont # 3 oder # 4) in der rechten Hand, schneiden Sie den Balken und unterhalb des Parenchyms Verbinden der Gehirnhälften, die entlang der Längsspalte des Großhirns. </li><li> Schieben Sie die Gehirnhälften entfernt an den Seiten und setzen die Querhirnspalte. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Hemisphären durch Kneifen out the Parenchym zwischen der Hemisphäre und Thalamus. </li><li> Ziehen Sie vorsichtig die seitlichen Ventrikel Plexus, die auf der lateralen Seite des Hippocampus durch die Lamina affixa angebracht ist. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die isolierten Plexus auf die 35 mm Glasbodenschale mit frischen Leibovitz L-15-Medium, und überlagern ein Gewicht (Materialliste) leicht, um das Gewebe in Position zu halten. </li></ol> 2. Live-Imaging von CPEC Cilia <ol><li> Überprüfen Sie die ordnungsgemäße ultraviolette (UV) und geschlossen (IR) Cut-Filter (n) zu sperren Licht kürzer als 400 nm und länger als 700 nm, und das Neutraldichtefilter (ND) (25% bzw. 6%) in den Strahlengang eingelegt des invertierten Mikroskops. </li><li> Stellen Sie den Fokus des Objektivs grob durch Auge und stellen Sie dann den Kondensator, so dass das Zentrum und Fokus auf die Köhler-Beleuchtung entsprechen. Legen Sie eine geeignete Differentialinterferenzkontrast (DIC) Prisma, ein DIC-Element sowie Analysator und Polarisator Elemente in der liGHT PATH um das DIC Optik entsprechen. </li><li> Stellen Sie den Kontrast der Blick von der DIC-Prisma Position, so dass die Struktur der Gewebeoberfläche ist besonders erkennbar. Wenn alle Zilien der Zielzellen sind beweglich, eine klare Sicht auf bewegliche Zilien kann nicht mit dem Auge wegen ihrer Bewegung erreicht werden. </li><li> Ändern Sie den Lichtweg zu der Videokamera und der ND-Filter zu entfernen, um die Lichtleistung zu erhöhen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Kamera in Fokusmodus, um das Sichtfeld und Fokus einzustellen. Während der Fokussierung, bei der Videobilder in Echtzeit auf dem Monitor angezeigt wird, ist eine klare Sicht auf bewegliche Zilien nicht verfügbar. </li><li> Mit der Kamera bei 200 Hz mit einer Belichtungszeit von 0,1 ms für den gewünschten Zeitraum (Sekunden bis Minuten). Nach der Übernahme des Bildstapels wird Einzelbilder klar ciliary Strukturen anzuzeigen. Wenn ciliary Kanten sind unscharf, erhöht die Bildrate oder verwenden Sie eine kürzere Belichtungszeit. </li><li> Nehmen Sie die Bewegung der Flimmerhärchen CPEC innerhalb 25-60 Minuten nach der Euthanasie in LeibovitzL-15-Medium. </li></ol> 3. Analyse der Flimmerbewegung <ol><li> Manuell verfolgen schlagen Muster jedes cilium auf dem Computermonitor. Filter ciliary Spitzenpositionen in jedem Rahmen mit dem Mauszeiger, die Flugbahn-Informationen jedes cilium zusammengesetzt werden. Entweder analysieren die Flugbahn Daten mit der gleichen Software oder den Export in andere allgemeinere Anwendungen für die weitere Analyse. Die Effizienz dieses Analyseschritt auch in der Diskussion beschrieben. </li><li> Klassifizierung der Bahnen in zwei Bewegungsarten, hin- und her bzw. Dreh, mit dem Auge. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die Zilienschlag Frequenz (CBF) mit der folgenden Formel: [CBF = (Anzahl der Bilder pro Sekunde) / (durchschnittliche Anzahl der Bilder für einen einzelnen Schlag)] 14, die aus einer ciliary Spitze Bewegungsdiagramm erhalten werden können (Abbildung 3 ). Wiederhole diese Berechnung für mehrere Zilienschlag Zyklen, weil andere Zilien auf der gleichen Zelle kann mit der Bewegung jedes ciliu interferierenm, was zu Unregelmäßigkeiten. </li><li> Um die Winkel Gleichmäßigkeit der Zilienschlag Achsen innerhalb einer einzelnen Zelle zu analysieren, definieren das Schlagen Winkel θ für jede Flugbahn (Abbildung 4). Für Hin-und-her-Trajektorien, passen die Positionen der Zilien Spitze auf eine gerade Linie, und definieren θ als Winkel der Linie macht mit x-Achse. Für Dreh Trajektorien, passen die Positionen zu einer Ellipse und definieren θ als Winkel der Hauptachse der Ellipse macht mit x-Achse. Details der Armatur sind im Repräsentative Ergebnisse beschrieben. </li><li> Zur quantitativen Beschreibung der einzelnen Flugbahn berechnen verallgemeinerte Seitenverhältnis AR. Kurz gesagt, dreht die Trajektorie durch - θ und AR definieren als das Verhältnis zwischen der Breite der Verteilung entlang x - und y-Achsen (4B). Einzelheiten sind in der Repräsentative Ergebnisse Schnitt gezeigt, und die Interpretation, Bedeutung, und die Begrenzung der Parameter sind in der Diskussion beschrieben. </li></ol> 4. Probenvorbereitung für die SEM Anmerkung: SEM ist ein wichtiges Verfahren, um den Status der Zilien auf CPECs in umfassender Weise auszuwerten. Um Proben für SEM vorzubereiten, berichtete ein Standardverfahren zuvor 15 mit geringen Modifikationen verwendet. <ol><li> Vor der Zerlegung der Gewebe aus dem Gehirn, bereiten Sie die Fixiermittel in einer 5 ml-Glasgefäß mit einer Polyethylenkappe. Das Fixiermittel besteht aus 2% Paraformaldehyd, 2,5% Glutaraldehyd (Halb Karnovsky-Lösung 16) in 0,1 M Phosphatpuffer, pH 7,4. </li><li> Präparieren Sie das Gewebe aus dem Gehirn, wie in Schritt 1 beschrieben. </li><li> Kurz abspülen isolierten Gewebes mit ausgewogener Hank-Salzlösung (HBSS) in ein neues Gericht und dann fix das Gewebe in der Fixiermittel in dem Glasfläschchen für 1 Stunde bei Raumtemperatur. Verwenden Sie Einweg-Transferpipetten und behandeln die Proben gently. Nach Spülen in HBSS, wird das Gewebe klebrig. <ol><li> Um die Proben in die Fixierungslösung zu übertragen, zu vertreiben langsam eine kleine Menge der Lösung, die das Gewebe von der Transferpipette als ein Tröpfchen und zu dem Fixiermittel. </li></ol></li><li> Nach der Fixierung, entsorgen Sie die Fixierungsmittel und spülen Sie das Gewebe mit Phosphatpuffer dreimal. </li><li> Tauchen Sie das Gewebe in einer 10% igen Saccharoselösung zum Auswaschen der verbleibenden Aldehyde. Um vollständige Beseitigung von Aldehyden zu gewährleisten, tauchen Sie die Proben in der Lösung für 10 Minuten und wiederholen Sie dann zweimal mit frischem 10% Saccharose. Dieser Schritt ist wichtig, die richtige Postfixierung in den nachfolgenden Schritten zu erreichen. </li><li> Tauchen des Gewebes in einer Lösung von 1% Osmiumtetroxid in Phosphatpuffer für 30 min und dann auf Eis für Postfixierung. Beurteilen Sie den Grad der osmification von der Probe Farbe: wenn Aldehyde vollständig entfernt ist die Probe schwarz. </li><li> Die post-fixierten Gewebeproben umfassend Waschen mit Doppel destilliertd Wasser mehrmals. </li><li> Dehydratisieren die Proben durch Eintauchen in abgestufte Konzentrationen von Ethanol, in der Regel 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 99% und 100%, für jeweils 10 min. Erhalten wasserfreiem Ethanol, indem Molekularsiebe in 99,5% Ethanol aus einer neu gekauften Flasche. Wiederholen Dehydratisierung mit wasserfreiem Ethanol dreimal. </li><li> Legen Sie die dehydrierten Proben in Isoamylacetat, einem Substitutions Reagenz zum Trocknen am kritischen Punkt, für 10 min. Wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt zweimal. Dieses Reagenz schnell verdampft und die Probe kann trocken werden, was zu einer Zerstörung durch die Oberflächenspannung. Daher nicht die Probe vollständig trocknen. </li><li> Nach dem letzten Austausch von Isoamylacetat, entfernen Sie das meiste Lösungsmittel, sofort wickeln Sie das offene Glas mit Aluminiumfolie, und legen Sie das Fläschchen auf Trockeneis. Mittels einer Nadel oder einer feinen Pinzette, stellen mehrere Löcher in die Folie für den Mund des Fläschchens, so daß flüssiges Kohlendioxid fließt leicht in die Phiole in dem kritischen Punkt Trockner. Fahren Sie mit dem nächsten Schrittso schnell wie möglich. </li><li> In diesem Schritt minimieren die Übertragung von Isoamylacetat in die Kammer des Trockners, aber lassen Sie die Probe vollständig austrocknen, bevor Trocknen am kritischen Punkt. Hinzu kommt, dass die Probe nicht auf Trockeneis verlassen unnötig lange Zeit, um die Bildung von Frost auf dem Fläschchen zu vermeiden. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Folie eingeGlasFläschchen, die die Gewebeproben in den kritischen Punkt Trockner, dass die Oberflächenstruktur des Gewebes bleibt erhalten, während das Wasser im Gewebe enthaltenen gewährleistet. Detaillierte Informationen über den Betrieb der kritischen Punkt Trockner können aus den Anweisungen des Herstellers bezogen werden. </li><li> Behandeln Sie die Proben vorsichtig mit einem Zahnstocher, um mechanische Schäden zu minimieren. Das resultierende getrocknete Gewebeproben sind zerbrechlich. Montieren Sie die Proben auf Metall Stubs und Mantel mit Gold-Palladium unter Verwendung eines Ionen Sputter. </li></ol> 5. Beobachtung durch SEM <ol><li> Beobachten von SEM und Bilder aufnehmen mit einer Digitalkamerazu Rasterelektronenmikroskop ausgestattet. </li><li> Übertragen digitaler Bilddaten auf einen PC zur Auswertung. </li></ol>

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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine konkurrierenden finanziellen Interessen. Dieses Papier zielt darauf ab, die Berichterstattung detaillierte Methodik, um die Beweglichkeit der Zilien in isolierten Plexus Gewebe zu beobachten. Scientific Neuheiten wurden in früheren Studien 1,8 berichtet.

Perspektiven dieser Methode Obwohl die hier beschriebene Technik ist eine detailliertere Analyse der Zilien als bisher veröffentlichten Verfahren liefern, die Bedeutung dieser Technik besteht in der Einfachheit des Systems und Kosteneffizienz, die leicht an jede Art von Screening Zilienmotilitätsstörungen ex vivo angewendet werden kann. Insbesondere stellt TI Workbench eine einfache und benutzerfreundliche Schnittstelle, die Forschern die Beobachtung und leichter analysieren Zili...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Required reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>17003-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoamyl acetate</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>02710-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>130-08655</td><td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td><td></td><td></td><td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and 81.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31718-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31801-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>suclose</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>30406-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>osmium tetroxide</td><td>Nisshin EM</td><td>300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Tools and materials for dissection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for both live imaging and SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>stereo microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flat paper towel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Phi;10 cm plastic dish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight operating scissors</td><td>Sansyo</td><td>S-2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>watchmaker forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>glass bottom dish</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>D110300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>alminum foil</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td><td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td><td>PS-5A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transfer pipette</td><td>Samco Scientific</td><td>SM251-1S</td><td>for specimen tranfer</td></tr><tr><td>toothpick</td><td></td><td></td><td>for specimen transfer</td></tr><tr><td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>E-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>critical point dryer</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>HCP-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopic equipment and materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lamp</td><td>Ushio</td><td>USH103D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-LWUCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrrical shutter</td><td>Vincent Associates</td><td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td><td>manual shutter can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>band-pass filter (400-700&amp;nbsp;nm, &amp;Phi;45&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>Koshin Kagaku</td><td>C10-110621-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ND filter (&amp;Phi;45 mm)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>45ND6, 45ND25</td><td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td></tr><tr><td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high-speed video camera</td><td>Allied Vision Technologies</td><td>GE680</td><td>&amp;#8805;200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td></tr><tr><td>image acquisition / analysis software</td><td>in-hous software</td><td>TI Workbench</td><td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td></tr><tr><td>PC for camera control / analysis</td><td>Apple</td><td>Mac Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vibration isolation table</td><td>Meiritsu Seiki</td><td>AD0806</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weight for tissue</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>slice anchor kits</td><td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &amp;Phi;0.5&amp;nbsp;mm platinum wire.</td></tr><tr><td>cover glass (alternative weight for tissue)</td><td>Matsunami</td><td>made-to-order</td><td>A cover glass can be used as a tissue weight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL</td><td>JSM-6510</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Ein Überblick über den Arbeitsablauf ist in Figur 1 dargestellt ist, einschließlich der Bilder der Geräte. Live Motion Beobachtungen CPECs Film 1 zeigt ein Film von CPECs aus einer perinatalen Maus isoliert und Movie 2 zeigt eine vergrößerte Ansicht der Bilder in Film 1. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass einzelne ciliary Tipps sind in Vergleich mit denen in Filmen Einzelbilder weniger klar w...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Beobachtung der Flimmerbewegung von Plexus Epithelzellen<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K Aufrufe.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Serie: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

Kultivierung der retinalen Pigment epithelialen Zellen auf einem Ex Vivo Modell der alten menschlichen Bruch-Membran

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

Live-Imaging des Ependymale Cilia in der Seitenventrikel des Maus-Gehirn-

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Neurowissenschaften

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

Ex-vivo-Verfahren für High Resolution Imaging von Cilia Motilität in Nagetier Atemwegsepithelien

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

Biologie

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

Isolation und Kultur von Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Microsurgical Dissection and Tissue Clearing for High Resolution Intact Whole Retina and Vitreous Imaging

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole retina imaging techniques compared to conventional retinal flat mount preparations and sections. However, immunofluorescent imaging of intact whole retina is hindered by the opaque coatings of the eyeball, i.e., sclera, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the light scattering properties of retinal layers that prevent full thickness high resolution optical imaging. Chemical bleaching of the pigmented layers and tissue clearing protocols have been described to address these obstacles; however, currently described methods are not suitable for imaging endogenous fluorescent molecules such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in intact whole retina. Other approaches bypassed this limitation by surgical removal of pigmented layers and the anterior segment of the eyeball allowing intact eye imaging, though the peripheral retina and hyaloid structures were disrupted. Presented here is an intact whole retina and vitreous immunofluorescent imaging protocol that combines surgical dissection of the sclera/choroid/retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layers with a modified tissue clearing method and light sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM). The new approach offers an unprecedented view of&#160;unperturbed vascular and neuronal elements of the retina as well as the vitreous and hyaloid vascular system in pathologic conditions.

Presented here is a protocol for intact whole retina imaging in which the outer opaque/pigmented layers of the eyeball are surgically removed, and optical clearing is applied to render retina transparent enabling the visualization of the peripheral retina and hyaloid vasculature in intact retina using light sheet fluorescent microscopy.

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

Vollkreiskauterisierung des limbalen Gefäßplexus bei chirurgisch induziertem Glaukom bei Nagetieren

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

Mikrodissektion und Whole-Mount-Rasterelektronenmikroskopie Visualisierung des Aderhautplexus der Maus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation assays using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or isolated primary retinal ECs are widely used in vitro models to study retinal angiogenesis. However, isolating pure murine retinal endothelial cells is technically challenging and retinal ECs may have different proliferation responses than choroidal endothelial cells and different cell/cell interactions. A highly reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay as a model of choroidal microvascular proliferation was developed. This model includes the interaction between choroid vasculature (EC, macrophages, pericytes) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mouse RPE/choroid/scleral explants are isolated and incubated in growth-factor-reduced basal membrane extract (BME) (day 0). Medium is changed every other day and choroid sprouting is quantified at day 6. The images of individual choroid explant are taken with an inverted phase microscope and the sprouting area is quantified using a semi-automated macro plug-in to the ImageJ software developed in this lab. This reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay can be used to assess compounds for potential treatment and for microvascular disease research to assess pathways involved in choroidal micro vessel proliferation using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

This protocol presents choroid sprouting assay, an ex vivo model of microvascular proliferation. This assay can be used to assess pathways involved in proliferating choroidal micro vessels and assess drug treatments using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

Ein Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay der ocular Microvascular Angiogenese

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

Choroid Sprouting Assay to Study Ocular Microvascular Proliferation Ex Vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61677">An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the development of an ex vivo model of choroidal sprouting to study ocular microvascular angiogenesis. The assay involves culturing mouse eye explants containing the choroid tissue attached to the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium under specific conditions that promote choroidal microvascular sprouting.

Aderhaut-Keimungs-Assay zur Ex-vivo-Untersuchung der okulären mikrovaskulären Proliferation

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biological Techniques

Assay Techniques

Cell-based assays

Isolating Immune Cells from Mouse Choroid Plexuses

Source: Dominguez-Belloso, et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63487">Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Cells from Micro-dissected Mouse Choroid Plexuses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the procedure of isolating immune cells from mouse choroid plexuses. This procedure is used in neuroimmunology research to understand how immune cells in the choroid plexuses impact brain health and various neurological diseases.

Isolierung von Immunzellen aus Aderhautplexusen der Maus

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board. 
1. ...

Beobachtung der Flimmerbewegung von Plexus Epithelzellen

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