The authors would like to thank Hans-Joachim Schurek for invaluable scientific advice. The authors would like to thank Monique Carrel and Mich&#232;le Heidemeyer for excellent technical assistance, David Penton Ribas and Nourdine Faresse for a critical reading of the manuscript and Carsten Wagner and J&#252;rg Biber for the NaPi-2a antibody. This work was supported by the Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney.CH" and by a project grant (310030_143929/1) from the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Alle Verfahren mit Tieren in diesem Manuskript beschrieben, wurden auf Schweizer Recht durchgeführt nach und von der Veterinärverwaltung des Kantons Zürich, Schweiz genehmigt. 1. Puffer Vorbereitung <ol><li> Herstellung von Lösungen von 1 bis 4 und der ADH (ADH) -Lösung (Tabelle 1). </li><li> Bereiten Sie die Dialysepuffer (Tabelle 1). Hinweis: Dies ist der Puffer als Dialysepuffer während der Perfusion verwendet. Später werden die Erythrozyten in diesem Puffer verdünnt, um die endgültige Perfusat zu bilden. </li><li> Erythrozyt Vorbereitung. <ol><li> Verdünnte 250 ml menschlicher Erythrozyten-Konzentrat (geprüfte Material aus der lokalen Blutbank erhalten wird) auf 500 ml mit Dialysepuffer. Zentrifuge bei 2000 × g für 8 min. Entfernen Sie den Puffer, wobei keine Erythrozyten zu entfernen. 3x wiederholen. </li></ol></li><li> Bereiten Sie das Albumin (Rinderserumalbumin, BSA) Puffer. <ol><li> In 200 ml dialysis Puffer, lösen sich 44 g BSA einen Rührstab verwenden. Filtern Sie die Lösung mit Filterpapier. </li></ol></li><li> Bereiten Sie die Perfusat. <ol><li> Filtern Sie die Erythrozyten aus Schritt 1.3.1 durch Filterpapier in den BSA-Puffer. Füllen Sie auf ein Gesamtvolumen von 800 ml mit Dialysepuffer auf. HINWEIS: Dies ist die letzte Perfusat. Der Hämatokrit sollten nun zwischen 8 und 12% liegen. Das Perfusat kann bei 4 ° C bis zu 12 Stunden gelagert werden. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Initiieren Dialyse und Oxygenation <ol><li> Schalten Sie das Wasserbad rund um den größeren Pufferbehälter, kleiner Pufferspeicher, und die feuchte Kammer (eine kleine, doppelwandige Kammer gebracht auf 37 ° C und 100% Luftfeuchtigkeit später die Nieren halten) bis 37 ° C (Abbildung 2) . </li><li> Füllen Sie den größeren Pufferspeicher mit dem Dialysepuffer und den kleineren Behälter mit dem Perfusat. </li><li> Schalten Sie die 5% CO 2/95% O 2 Gaszufluss zu dem Dialysepuffer. </li><li> Schalten Sie kontinuierliche Dialyse des Perfusat gegen den Dialysepuffer. Achten Sie darauf, Low-Flux-Dialyseschlauch zu verwenden. Gehen Sie zu Schritt 3. </li></ol><img alt="Figur 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2: Schematische Darstellung des Perfusionskreislaufes. Schema zeigt die Hauptkomponenten des Perfusionskreislaufs und die Richtung des Pufferflusses. Alle Komponenten von dunkelblau umgeben sind bei 37 ° C mit einem Wasserbad / Thermostat gehalten. 1: Dialysepuffer von mindestens 3 - fache des Volumens des Puffers Perfusion mit 95% O 2/5% CO 2 kontinuierlich geperlt. 2: Dialysepuffer und Perfusionspuffer werden gegeneinander in einen Dialyseschlauch mit einer Rollenpumpe kontinuierlich dialysiert. 3: Durch diese Dialyse, die Perfusionspuffer mit 9% O 2/5% CO 2 und der Elektrolytspiegel konstant gehalten werden througho angereichertut Perfusion. 4: Eine Rollenpumpe treibt den Perfusionspuffer in Richtung auf die Niere. 5: Ein Windkessel entfernt peristaltischen Wellen und wirkt als Blasenfalle. 6: Druckwandler (verbunden mit 4. (Rollenpumpe) Dauerdruck zu halten , während frei abwechselnd Strömung erlaubt). 7: Während der Perfusion, bleibt die Niere in einer feuchten Kammer für 100% Luftfeuchtigkeit und 37 ° C Nierentemperatur. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> 3. Chirurgische Verfahren Teil 1 (für ein Diagramm aller Ligaturen, siehe Abbildung 3) Hinweis: Führen Sie alle Ligatur mit 5-0 chirurgischen Faden. <ol><li> Anästhesieren einer Maus durch intraperitoneale Injektion (10 ul / g Körpergewicht, 20 mg / ml Ketamin und 1 mg / ml Xylazin in 0,9% NaCl gelöst). Bestätigen Sie eine ausreichende Tiefe von AnesthESIA durch die Prüfung für das Fehlen von hinteren Fuß Reflexe. </li><li> Befestigen Sie die Maus in Rückenlage in der feuchten Kammer. Schützen Sie die Augen mit vet Salbe. Legen Sie eine 1-ml-Spritze unterhalb der Wirbelsäule, die Lendengefäße zu erhöhen. </li><li> Führen Sie eine mittlere Laparotomie vom Schamkamm bis zum Brustbein Öffnung zuerst die Haut, dann die Bauchmuskeln, mit einer Schere. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den Darm und legen Sie sie auf der linken Seite der Maus seitlich aus dem Bauch. </li><li> Befreien Sie die Blase aus Bindegewebe und erforschen beide Harnleiter und die Harnröhre. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Ligatur um die linke Harnleiter (Ligatur I). Schließen Sie es. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Ligatur um die Harnröhre (Ligatur II). Schließen Sie es. </li><li> Setzen Sie ein &quot;Lasso&quot; Ligatur um die ganze Blase (Ligatur III). </li><li> Inzision der Blase 1 mm. </li><li> Kanülieren die Öffnung mit 2 cm PE 50 Schläuchen. </li><li> Schließen Ligatur III um das Rohr. </li><li> Schneiden Sie die linke Harnleiter und Harnröhre entfernt von der Ligatur. Die bladder wird jetzt nur auf der rechten Seite Harnleiter befestigt und frei bewegen. </li><li> Deaktivieren Sie die Bauchaorta von Bindegewebe und Fett. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Bauch Mitte Aorta Ligatur (Ligatur IV). </li><li> Legen Sie eine Ligatur um die Aorta unterhalb der Membran zwischen der A. mesenterica superior und der Zöliakie-Stamm (Ligatur V). </li><li> Legen Sie eine Ligatur um die A. mesenterica superior (Ligatur VI). </li><li> Legen Sie eine Aorten-Ligatur direkt unter dem rechten und über dem linken Nierenarterie (Ligatur VII). </li><li> Legen Sie eine Ligatur um die Schwanzvene Paket (Cava) (Ligatur VIII). Gehen Sie zu Schritt 4. </li></ol><img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig3.jpg" /> Abbildung 3: Schematische Darstellung der Ligatures während der Operation gegeben. Mit Blick auf das offene Bauch nach der Laparotomie. Der Darm wird nach links ausgezogen. L und R zeigen die linke und die rechte Niere. Dasschwarze Linien zeigen den Bereich der jeweiligen Ligatur. Ligatures werden immer zuerst gesetzt und dann geschlossen, in der im Text angegebenen Reihenfolge. X markiert die Lage des Einschnitts für Aorta Kanülierung. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> 4. Priming des Perfusionskreislaufes <ol><li> Starten Sie die Kreiselpumpe und füllen Sie den Schlauch mit Perfusat. Achten Sie darauf, alle Luftblasen aus sie zu leeren. </li><li> Füllen Sie das Windkessel Gerät etwa der mittleren Ebene mit Perfusat. </li><li> Kalibrieren Sie den Druckwandler auf 0 mm Hg, wenn alle Rohre gefüllt und Strömung ist 0. während dieser Zeit die Perfusion Nadel bei Nieren Niveau zu halten. </li><li> Halten Sie Fluss auf einem konstanten minimalen Niveau (0,6 ml / min) und gehen Sie zu Schritt 5. </li></ol> 5. Chirurgisches Verfahren Teil 2 <ol><li> Legen Sie eine Klammer zwischen Ligatur IV und der Verzweigung des linken renal Arterie. </li><li> Machen Sie einen kleinen Schnitt in der Aorta Schwanz- der Ligatur IV, dabei nicht die Rückwand zu schneiden. </li><li> Dilatieren die Öffnung in der Aorta mit einem Gefäß Dilatator. </li><li> nur an der Klemme kanülieren die Aorta mit einer Nadel (2 cm lang, zog 50 PE), die Spitze schieben. </li><li> Öffnen Sie die Klemme. </li><li> Schieben Sie die Spitze der Nadel kranial, bis sie die Kreuzung der rechten Nierenarterie und der Aorta erreicht. </li><li> Schließen Ligatur VII. </li><li> Schließen Ligatur IV. </li><li> Öffnen Sie die Brust mit einer Schere durch die Membran zu sezieren. Mit einem einzigen Schnitt, trennen Sie die Aorta, Hohlvene, Herz und vegetative Nerven. Mit diesem Schritt wird das Tier über eine schnelle Ausbluten unter kontinuierlicher tiefer Narkose getötet. </li><li> Starten Drucksteuerung der Perfusionspumpe. Pflegen Sie den mittleren Druck zwischen 80 und 100 mmHg. </li><li> Schließen Ligatur V. </li><li> Schließen Ligatur VI. </li><li> Schließen Ligatur VIII. </li><li> Freie die rechte Niere von Binde- tissue und seine Einbettung in die adipösen Kapsel mit einer Schere. </li><li> Schneiden proximal die Aorta V. Ligatur </li><li> Schneiden Sie die A. mesenterica superior distal VI Ligatur. </li><li> Schneiden Sie die Niere tragende Gefäßbündel aus, dabei nicht in die Gefäße selbst zu schneiden. </li><li> Schneiden die Leber an der Verbindung mit der Niere. Achten Sie darauf, die Niere zu befreien, aber ein kleiner Teil der Leber verwachsen sie verlassen, so dass die Hohlvene wird durch sie offen gehalten. </li><li> Nehmen Sie die Niere Bündel aus der Maus. Entfernen Sie die Maus aus der feuchten Kammer. </li><li> Setzen Sie ein &quot;Lasso&quot; Ligatur um die Verbindung von Leber und Niere (Ligatur IX). </li><li> Kanülieren die Hohlvene mit einer venösen Leitung (2 cm PE 50). </li><li> Schließen Ligatur IX. Venöse Abfluss durch die venöse Leitung sollte sofort beginnen. </li><li> Schließen Sie die feuchte Kammer. </li></ol> 6. Downstream-Analysen <ol><li> Während der folgenden Stunde, überwachen kontinuierlich den Blutfluss und intravascular Druck 15. Sammeln Sie venösen Abfluss, die 7 für die Analyse von zum Beispiel Nierenreninfreisetzung verwendet werden kann. Sammeln Sie Urin für die Analyse der Elektrolytkonzentration und der glomerulären Filtrationsrate 14. Nach 1 Stunde Perfusion kann Nieren für Western - Blot werden schockgefroren oder für die Bildgebung Ansätze 16 festgelegt werden. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have no competing financial interests and nothing else to disclose.

Die Maus perfundierte Niere isoliert ist ein Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der Nierenfunktion in einer kontrollierten Umgebung ex vivo für 1 h, die Lücke zwischen den in vivo Experimenten in intakten Tieren, die durch die Wirkung zahlreicher systemischer Faktoren fehlerhaft sein kann, und in vitro - Experimenten in isoliert nephron Segmente oder kultivierten Zellen, die notwendigerweise die Auswirkungen der intakten Organstruktur auf Funktion vernachlässigen. Es ist, nach Kenntnis der Auto...

Die isolierte Perfusion von Organen hat unter Physiologen seit vielen Jahrzehnten ein Gegenstand einer laufenden Bemühungen gewesen. Die Technik ermöglicht es, die Funktion des Organs, ohne systemische Einflüsse wie Blutdruck, Hormone oder Nerven, untersucht werden. Carl Eduard Loebell gilt als der erste sein , um die erfolgreiche Perfusion eines isolierten Niere beschrieben haben, im Jahr 1849 2. Seitdem hat sich die Perfusionsgerät erhebliche Verfeinerung erfahren. Frey und Gruber führte eine künstliche Lunge für die Sauerstoffversorgung und pulsatile Pumpen für kontinuierliche Perfusion 2. Während frühe Forscher vor allem die Nieren von großen Säugetieren nämlich sucht, Schweine und Hunde 2 3 -der erste Bericht über die Verwendung von Rattennieren, die von Weiss et al. , War in der Studie der kleinen Säuger-Organperfusion 4 ein Meilenstein. Schurek et al. die Notwendigkeit der Zugabe von Säugetieren Erythrozyten zu dem Perfusat, wenn eine ausreichende renale tubuläre berichtetOxygenierung wurde auf 5 erreicht werden. Kritisch für Langzeitversuchen war die Einführung der kontinuierlichen Dialyse des Puffers von der gleichen Arbeitsgruppe 6. Im Jahr 2003 Schweda et al. waren die ersten , eine funktionelle Maus isoliert perfundierten Niere (MIPK) 7, verfeinert später von Rahgozar et al berichten. 18 und Lindell et al. 14. Während technisch schwieriger als die Ratte perfundierten Nieren isoliert, trägt die Verwendung des MIPK den Vorteil, die Verwendung einer Vielzahl von genetisch veränderten Mäusen ermöglichen. Dieses Papier stellt die Einzelheiten des Verfahrens der Autoren für die Perfusion von isolierten Maus-Nieren für 1 Stunde. Das Verfahren ermöglicht die kontinuierliche Messung der Nierendurchflussrate, Gefäßwiderstand, Hormonfreisetzung, Blutgasanalyse, Urinanalyse und die Anwendung von Medikamenten. Nach dem Verfahren könnte Nieren für molekulare und biochemische Analyse verarbeitet werden, für die Mikroskopie festgelegt werden, odertransplantierten in eine Empfängermaus (Abbildung 1). <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1: Übersicht über die möglichen Input / Output an den isolierten perfundierten Nieren. BGA: Blutgasanalyse. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54712/54712fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> Diese Technik wird wahrscheinlich erhalten Aufmerksamkeit in den kommenden Jahren zu erhöhen, da viele innovative Anwendungen sind mit dem Beginn der verlängerten normothermic Nierenperfusion vor der Transplantation diskutiert (mit oder ohne die Anwendung von Anti-Ablehnung oder Genom-Bearbeitung Drogen) 8, 9, 10 , 11, die Bioengineering von ganzen Nieren von dezellularisierten Gerüste 12 und die Anwendung von hohen Dosen von fluoreszierenden Farbstoffen für Mehrphotonenabbildungs 13 </sup&gt;. Es ist auch ein ideales Modell , mit dem 14 die Rolle spezifischer Gene während der akuten Nierenschädigung zu untersuchen. Ein Schritt-für-Schritt-Protokoll gegeben anderen Labors zu ermöglichen isolierten Maus Nierenperfusion erfolgreich durchzuführen. Zuerst wird die Zusammensetzung und die Herstellung des Puffers spezifiziert. Dann wird die Operation im Detail beschrieben und die kritischen Schritte gezeigt. Drittens werden Daten vorgestellt, die repräsentativ für eine erfolgreiche Vorbereitung: Nierendurchblutung, Gefäßwiderstand, glomeruläre Filtrationsrate und fraktionierte Elektrolytausscheidung-alle als funktionelle Messungen der Lebensfähigkeit-und transmissionselektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen der Morphologie verschiedener nephron Segmente perfundiert Nieren nach 1 Stunde der Perfusion fixiert.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="906">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Perfusion Circuit:</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Moist chamber 834/8</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-2901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Cannular with basket and side port</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-2947</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Thermostat TC120-ST5&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-4544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">ISM 827/230V Roller Pump Reglo Analogue</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-0114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Reservoir jacketed for buffer solution 1L</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-3438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Reservoir jacketed for buffer solution 0.5L</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-3436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Pressure Transducer APT300&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-3862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">TAM-D Plugsys Transducer</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-1793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">SCP Plugsys servo controller</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-2806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">Windkessel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-3717</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;">HSE-USB data acquisition</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Harvard Apparatus/Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">73-3330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Low-Flux Dialysator Diacap Polysulfone</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">B.Braun</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">7203525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:447px;">PE-Tubing for aorta cannulation 1.19mm I.D. x 1.70mm O.D.</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Scientific Commodities Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BB31695-PE/8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:447px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Buffer reagents:</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Aminoplasmal 10%</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">B.Braun</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">134518064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P2256-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1626-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">L-(-)-Malic acid sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M1125-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Sodium-L-Lactate</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L7022-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">alpha-Ketoglutaric acid sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K1875-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31434-1KG-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60130-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">U5378-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Creatinine</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C4255-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">10835242001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">MgCl2 * 6H2O</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2393-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G8270-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">CaCl2 * 6H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Riedel-de-Ha&#235;n</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">12074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9638-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0876-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Antidiuretic Hormone dDAVP</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">V2013-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">FITC-Inulin</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Filter used for erythrocyte filtration</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MN 615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">BGA Analysis:</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">ABL 80 flex</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Radiometer Medical ApS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Electron Microscope:</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Philips CM100 TEM</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">FEI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the mouse isolated perfused kidney technique

Die Maus isoliert perfundierten Nieren (MIPK) ist eine Technik zum Halten einer Mausniere unter ex vivo - Bedingungen durchbluteten und funktionell für 1 Std. Dies ist eine Voraussetzung für die Physiologie des isolierten Organs zu studieren und für viele innovative Anwendungen, die in der Zukunft möglich sein, einschließlich Perfusion Dezellularisierung für Nieren Biotechnik oder die Verabreichung von anti-Ablehnung oder Genom-Bearbeitung Medikamente in hohen Dosen zu grundieren der Niere für die Transplantation. Während der Zeit der Perfusion kann die Niere manipuliert werden, kann die Nierenfunktion bewertet werden, und verschiedene Arzneimittel verabreicht. Nach dem Verfahren kann die Niere für die Molekularbiologie, biochemische Analyse oder Mikroskopie transplantierten oder verarbeitet werden. Dieses Papier beschreibt die Perfusat und die chirurgische Technik für die ex vivo Perfusion von Mausnieren benötigt. Einzelheiten der Perfusionsgerät gegeben und Daten vorgestellt, die v zeigtAFTUNG der Zubereitung der Niere: Nierendurchblutung, Gefäßwiderstand und Urin Daten als funktionelle, Transmissionselektronenmikrographien verschiedener nephron Segmente als morphologische Ablesungen und Western-Blots von Transportproteinen verschiedener nephron Segmente als molekulare Anzeige.

Mit dem Verfahren isolierten Maus-Nieren beschrieben, kann für mindestens 1 h lebensfähig bleiben. Wir testeten die Gewebelebensfähigkeit nach 1 Stunde der kontinuierlichen Perfusion mit funktionellen (Nierendurchblutung und Gefäßwiderstand, Blutgasanalyse von venösen Abflusses, der glomerulären Filtrationsrate, Harn- fraktionierte Na + und K + -Ausscheidung und Urinosmolalität) und morphologischen (Transmissionselektronenmikroskop Mikroskopie TEM) Methods i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique at JoVE.com

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

Die Maus isoliert perfundierten Nieren (MIPK) ist eine Technik zum Halten einer Mausniere unter ex vivo - Bedingungen durchbluteten und funktionell für 1 Std. Die Puffer und die chirurgische Technik werden ausführlich beschrieben.

Die Maus isoliert perfundierten Nieren-Technik

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

the-mouse-isolated-perfused-kidney-technique

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

21.5K Aufrufe.  University of Zürich.  Die Maus isoliert perfundierten Nieren (MIPK) ist eine Technik zum Halten einer Mausniere unter ex vivo - Bedingungen durchbluteten und funktionell für 1 Std. Die Puffer und die chirurgische Technik werden ausführlich beschrieben. 

Serie: The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

Chip-based Three-dimensional Cell Culture in Perfused Micro-bioreactors

We have developed a chip-based cell culture system for the three-dimensional cultivation of cells. The chip is typically manufactured from non-biodegradable polymers, e.g., polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate by micro injection molding, micro hot embossing or micro thermoforming. But, it can also be manufactured from bio-degradable polymers. Its overall dimensions are 0.7 1 x 20 x 20 x 0.7 1 mm (h x w x l). The main features of the chips used are either a grid of up to 1156 cubic micro-containers (cf-chip) each the size of 120-300 x 300 x 300 &mu; (h x w x l) or round recesses with diameters of 300 &mu; and a depth of 300 &mu; (r-chip). The scaffold can house 10 Mio. cells in a three-dimensional configuration. For an optimal nutrient and gas supply, the chip is inserted in a bioreactor housing. The bioreactor is part of a closed steril circulation loop that, in the simplest configuration, is additionaly comprised of a roller pump and a medium reservoir with a gas supply. The bioreactor can be run in perfusion, superfusion, or even a mixed operation mode. We have successfully cultivated cell lines as well as primary cells over periods of several weeks. For rat primary liver cells we could show a preservation of organotypic functions for more than 2 weeks. For hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines we could show the induction of liver specific genes not or only slightly expressed in standard monolayer culture. The system might also be useful as a stem cell cultivation system since first differentiation experiments with stem cell lines were promising.

We describe a chip-based platform for the three-dimensional cultivation of cells in micro-bioreactors. One chip can house up to 10 Mio. cells that can be cultivated under precisely defined conditions with regard to fluid flow, oxygen tension etc. in a sterile, closed circulation loop.

Chip-basierte dreidimensionale Zellkultur in perfundierten Micro-Bioreaktoren

We have developed a chip-based cell culture system for the three-dimensional cultivation of cells. The chip is typically manufactured from ...

Forschung

Biologie

Optical Mapping of Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

Optical mapping of the cardiac surface with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes has become an important tool to investigate electrical excitation in experimental models that range in scale from cell cultures to whole-organs[1, 2]. Using state-of-the-art optical imaging systems, generation and propagation of action potentials during normal cardiac rhythm or throughout initiation and maintenance of arrhythmias can be visualized almost instantly[1]. The latest commercially-available systems can provide information at exceedingly high spatiotemporal resolutions and were based on custom-built equipment initially developed to overcome the obstacles imposed by more conventional electrophysiological methods[1]. Advancements in high-resolution and high-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and intensely-bright, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as well as voltage-sensitive dyes, optics, and filters have begun to make electrical signal acquisition practical for cardiovascular cell biologists who are more accustomed to working with microscopes. Although the newest generation of CMOS cameras can acquire 10,000 frames per second on a 16,384 pixel array, depending on the type of sample preparation, long-established fluorescence acquisition technologies such as photodiode arrays, laser scanning systems, and cooled charged-coupled device (CCD) cameras still have some distinct advantages with respect to dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, and quantum efficiency[1, 3]. In the present study, Lewis rat hearts were perfused ex vivo with a crystalloid perfusate (Krebs-Henseleit solution) at 37&deg;C on a modified Langendorff apparatus. After a 20 minute stabilization period, the hearts were intermittently perfused with 11 mMol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime to eliminate contraction-associated motion during image acquisition. For optical mapping, we loaded hearts with the fast-response potentiometric probe di-8-ANEPPS[4] (5 &mu;Mol/L) and briefly illuminated the preparation with 475&plusmn;15 nm excitation light. During a typical 2 second period of illumination, &gt;605 nm light emitted from the cardiac preparation was imaged with a high-speed CMOS camera connected to a horizontal macroscope. For this demonstration, hearts were paced at 300 beats per minute with a coaxial electrode connected to an isolated electrical stimulation unit. Simultaneous bipolar electrographic recordings were acquired and analyzed along with the voltage signals using readily-available software. In this manner, action potentials on the surface of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts can be visualized and registered with electrographic signals.

This article describes a high temporal and spatial resolution technique to optically image action potential movement on the surface of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts using a potentiometric dye (di-8-ANEPPS).

Optische Abbildung von Langendorff-perfundierten Rattenherzen

Optical mapping of the cardiac surface with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes has become an important tool to investigate electrical excitation in ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In-vivo-Imaging und therapeutische Behandlungen in einem orthotopen Mausmodell des Eierstockkrebs

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and to gain understanding of the origins of congenital kidney disease. More recently, the possibility of steering na&iuml;ve embryonic stem cells toward nephrogenic fates has been explored in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Genetic studies in the mouse have identified several pathways required for kidney development, and a global catalog of gene transcription in the organ has recently been generated <a href="http://www.gudmap.org/">http://www.gudmap.org/</a>, providing numerous candidate regulators of essential developmental functions. Organogenesis of the rodent kidney can be studied in organ culture, and many reports have used this approach to analyze outcomes of either applying candidate proteins or knocking down the expression of candidate genes using siRNA or morpholinos. However, the applicability of organ culture to the study of signaling that regulates stem/progenitor cell differentiation versus renewal in the developing kidney is limited as cultured organs contain a compact extracellular matrix limiting diffusion of macromolecules and virus particles. To study the cell signaling events that influence the stem/progenitor cell niche in the kidney we have developed a primary cell system that establishes the nephrogenic zone or progenitor cell niche of the developing kidney ex vivo in isolation from the epithelial inducer of differentiation. Using limited enzymatic digestion, nephrogenic zone cells can be selectively liberated from developing kidneys at E17.5. Following filtration, these cells can be cultured as an irregular monolayer using optimized conditions. Marker gene analysis demonstrates that these cultures contain a distribution of cell types characteristic of the nephrogenic zone in vivo, and that they maintain appropriate marker gene expression during the culture period. These cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which greatly facilitates the study of candidate stem/progenitor cell regulator effects. Basic cell biological parameters such as proliferation and cell death as well as changes in expression of molecular markers characteristic of nephron stem/progenitor cells in vivo can be successfully used as experimental outcomes. Ongoing work in our laboratory using this novel primary cell technique aims to uncover basic mechanisms governing the regulation of self-renewal versus differentiation in nephron stem/progenitor cells.

In this report we describe a method for the isolation and culture of the progenitor cell niche from the embryonic mouse kidney that can be used to study signaling pathways regulating stem/progenitor cells of the developing kidney. These cultured cells are highly accessible to small molecule and recombinant protein treatment, and importantly also to viral transduction, which allows efficient manipulation of candidate pathways.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Zellen aus dem Nephrogene Zone der embryonalen Maus Niere

Embryonic development of the kidney has been extensively studied both as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in organogenesis and  to gain ...

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured with independent control over pulmonary arterial flow rate, flow rate waveform, airway pressure and left atrial pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance is calculated based on multi-point, steady pressure-flow curves; pulmonary vascular impedance is calculated from pulsatile pressure-flow curves obtained at a range of frequencies. As now recognized clinically, impedance is a superior measure of right ventricular afterload than resistance because it includes the effects of vascular compliance, which are not negligible, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Three important metrics of impedance - the zero hertz impedance Z0, the characteristic impedance ZC, and the index of wave reflection RW - provide insight into distal arterial cross-sectional area available for flow, proximal arterial stiffness and the upstream-downstream impedance mismatch, respectively. All results obtained in isolated, ventilated and perfused lungs are independent of sympathetic nervous system tone, volume status and the effects of anesthesia. We have used this technique to quantify the impact of pulmonary emboli and chronic hypoxia on resistance and impedance, and to differentiate between sites of action (i.e., proximal vs. distal) of vasoactive agents and disease using the pressure dependency of ZC. Furthermore, when these techniques are used with the lungs of genetically engineered strains of mice, the effects of molecular-level defects on pulmonary vascular structure and function can be determined.

The following protocol outlines the process of isolating, ventilating and instrumenting mouse lungs to measure steady or pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships in order to quantify the effects of blood flow, airflow, airway changes and vascular changes on right ventricular afterload.

Charakterisierung der isolierten, ventilierten und Instrumented Maus Lung mit pulsatilen Fluss perfundierten

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured ...

Transplantation of Cells Directly into the Kidney of Adult Zebrafish

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic diseases1. However, most organs are not easily accessible, necessitating the need to develop surgical methods to gain access to these structures. In this video article, we describe a method for transplanting cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish, a popular model to study regeneration and disease2. Recipient fish are pre-conditioned by irradiation to suppress the immune rejection of the injected cells3. We demonstrate how the head kidney can be exposed by a lateral incision in the flank of the fish, followed by the injection of cells directly in to the organ. Using fluorescently labeled whole kidney marrow cells comprising a mixed population of renal and hematopoietic precursors, we show that nephron progenitors can engraft and differentiate into new renal tissue - the gold standard of any cell-based regenerative therapy. This technique can be adapted to deliver purified stem or progenitor cells and/or small molecules to the kidney as well as other internal organs and further enhances the zebrafish as a versatile model to study regenerative medicine.

Cell transplantation is an essential technique for studying tissue regeneration and for developing cell-based therapies of disease. We demonstrate here a microsurgical technique that permits the transplantation of genetically labeled cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish fish.

Die Transplantation von Zellen direkt in die Niere von Adult Zebrafisch

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

Präparation des Adult Zebrafisch Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generation der Mäuse aus induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with a molecular mass smaller than 1.5 kDa. Although the definitive molecular identity of the pore is still under debate, proteins such as cyclophilin D, VDAC and ANT contribute to mtPTP formation. While the involvement of mtPTP opening in cell death is well established1, accumulating evidence indicates that the mtPTP serves a physiologic role during mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis2, bioenergetics and redox signaling 3.
mtPTP opening is triggered by matrix Ca2+ but its activity can be modulated by several other factors such as oxidative stress, adenine nucleotide depletion, high concentrations of Pi, mitochondrial membrane depolarization or uncoupling, and long chain fatty acids4. In vitro, mtPTP opening can be achieved by increasing Ca2+ concentration inside the mitochondrial matrix through exogenous additions of Ca2+ (calcium retention capacity). When Ca2+ levels inside mitochondria reach a certain threshold, the mtPTP opens and facilitates Ca2+ release, dissipation of the proton motive force, membrane potential collapse and an increase in mitochondrial matrix volume (swelling) that ultimately leads to the rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and irreversible loss of organelle function.
Here we describe a fluorometric assay that allows for a comprehensive characterization of mtPTP opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of 3 mitochondrial parameters that are altered when mtPTP opening occurs: mitochondrial Ca2+ handling (uptake and release, as measured by Ca2+ concentration in the assay medium), mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial volume. The dyes employed for Ca2+ measurement in the assay medium and mitochondrial membrane potential are Fura FF, a membrane impermeant, ratiometric indicator which undergoes a shift in the excitation wavelength in the presence of Ca2+, and JC-1, a cationic, ratiometric indicator which forms green monomers or red aggregates at low and high membrane potential, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial volume are measured by recording light scattering by the mitochondrial suspension. Since high-quality, functional mitochondria are required for the mtPTP opening assay, we also describe the steps necessary to obtain intact, highly coupled and functional isolated heart mitochondria.

A spectrofluorometric protocol for the measurement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria is presented here. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of mitochondria Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial volume. The procedure for obtaining high-quality and functional heart mitochondria is also described.

Multi-Parameter-Messung der Durchlässigkeit Transition Pore Opening in isolierten Maus-Mitochondrien

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with ...

Quantifying Single Microvessel Permeability in Isolated Blood-perfused Rat Lung Preparation

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with real time imaging, it becomes feasible to determine permeability changes in individual pulmonary microvessels. Herein we describe steps to isolate rat lungs and perfuse them with autologous blood. Then, we outline steps to infuse fluorophores or agents via a microcatheter into a small lung region. Using these procedures described, we determined permeability increases in rat lung microvessels in response to infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data revealed that lipopolysaccharide increased fluid leak across both venular and capillary microvessel segments. Thus, this method makes it possible to compare permeability responses among vascular segments and thus, define any heterogeneity in the response. While commonly used methods to define lung permeability require postprocessing of lung tissue samples, the use of real time imaging obviates this requirement as evident from the present method. Thus, the isolated lung preparation combined with real time imaging offers several advantages over traditional methods to determine lung microvascular permeability, yet is a straightforward method to develop and implement.

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation makes it feasible to visualize microvessel networks on the lung surface. Here we describe an approach to quantify permeability of single microvessels in isolated lungs using real time fluorescence imaging.

Quantifizierung der Mikrogefäßdurchlässigkeit im Einzel isolierten Blutdurchbluteten Lungen Rat Vorbereitung

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with ...