Name: cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory
Uploaded: 2016-12-12T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 1 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Diese Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch eine neue Investigator Grant [2014R1A1A1005553] von der National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) zu JIL; und eine Yonsei University Zukunft Leader-Challenge Grant [2015-22-0133] zu JIL

1. Bereiten Sie Lösungen für NGT-3D und NGB-3D <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die folgenden sterilen Lösungen: 1 L von 0,1454 M NaCl - Lösung, 1 l 1 M CaCl 2, 1 l 1 M MgSO 4, LB-Medium (LB), 1 L 1 M KPO &amp; sub4 ; -Puffer (108,3 g KH &amp; sub2 ; PO 4 und 35,6 g K 2 HPO 4 und füllen H 2 O auf 1 L). Die Produktion von NGM den Einsatz dieser Lösungen können in einem früheren Protokoll 10. </li><li> Autoklaven-Lösungen bei 121 ° C, 15 min. </li><li> Vorbereitung 50 ml einer sterilen 5 mg / ml Cholesterinlösung. In einem 50 ml konischen Röhrchen, mischen 0,25 g Cholesterin und 50 ml 99,99% Ethanol und gut mischen. Sterilisieren nicht. Sterilisieren des Cholesterinlösung mit einer 50 ml-Spritze mit einer 0,45 um-Spritzenfilter. Dies wird auch jegliche ungelösten Cholesterol entfernen. </li><li> (Optional) Bereiten Sie 10 ml einer 150 mM von 2&#39;-Desoxy-5-fluoruridin (FUdR) Lager. In einem 15 ml konischen Röhrchen, mischen 0,3693 gvon FUdR und 10 ml destilliertem Wasser. Gut schütteln. </li></ol> 2. Bereiten Sie Bakterienkultur für NGT-3D und NGB-3D <ol><li> Impfen 10 ml LB-Brühe mit Bakterien. Die Standard - Bakterien für C. elegans verwendet Fütterung ist E. coli - Stamm OP50. </li><li> Kultur der Bakterieninokulation bei 37 ° C in einem Schüttelinkubator über Nacht. </li><li> In Vorbereitung für eine serielle Verdünnung Aliquot 9 ml der NaCl-Lösung in sterile 15 ml konischen Röhrchen. Zum Beispiel aliquoten 9 ml in insgesamt 7 Röhren 10 -7 Verdünnung von OP50 Stamm E. coli zu machen. </li><li> Mit einem sterilen 1000 ul Pipette Pipette 1 ml der Bakterienkultur oder verdünnte Bakterienkultur in das sterile neues Röhrchen mit 9 ml NaCl-Lösung und Vortex gut die 10 ml Mischung. Wiederholen, bis die gewünschte Bakterien Verdünnung erreicht ist. HINWEIS: Die gewünschte Bakterien Verdünnung hängt von der Art und den Zustand der Bakterien sowie die genauen experimentellen Bedingungen.Zum Beispiel kann eine 10 -6 - 10 -8 Verdünnung von OP50 Stamm E. coli war ausreichend von 1 zu produzieren - 200 Bakterienkolonien pro 6,5 ml NGT-3D - Röhre. Worms zuverlässig entwickelt und reproduziert werden normalerweise , wenn die Anzahl der Kolonien über 60 war, das bei einer Verdünnung von 10 -6 aufgetreten - 10 -7. Für NGB-3D, eine Verdünnung von 10 -8 verwenden. </li></ol> 3. Herstellung NGT-3D und NGB-3D (200 ml) <ol><li> Nachdem die Bakterienkultur vorbereitet, in einem 500 ml Kolben 0,6 g NaCl, 1 g granulierter Agar und 0,5 g Pepton mischen. Legen Sie eine Rührfisch in den Kolben. </li><li> In 195 ml destilliertem Wasser und bedecken Mund des Kolbens mit Aluminiumfolie. </li><li> Autoklaven 121 ° C für 15 min. </li><li> Setzen Sie den heißen autoklaviert Kolben auf einer Rührplatte, und rühren Sie mit mäßiger Geschwindigkeit für mindestens 2 Stunden. Kühlen des Kolbens auf 40 ° C. Achten Sie darauf, ausreichend zu kühlen, wie hier bei hohen Temperaturen weiter zu Trübungen des fertigen Agar führen kann.Jedoch niedrigere Temperaturen zu einer vorzeitigen Aushärtung des Agar führen kann. <ol><li> (Optional) Um den Kühlprozess, der Kolben wird in einem 40 ° C Wasserbad 15 Minuten vor dem Aufsetzen auf einer Rührplatte beschleunigen. </li></ol></li><li> Wenn die Temperatur des Agarmedien 40 ° C erreicht, wird mit 200 &amp; mgr; l 1 M CaCl 2, 200 &amp; mgr; l von 5 mg / ml Cholesterin - Lösung, 200 &amp; mgr; l 1 M MgSO 4 und 5 ml 1 M KPO 4 Puffer , wenn die Lösung zu rühren weiterhin bis zu Endkonzentrationen von 1 mM CaCl 2, 5 &amp; mgr; g / ml Cholesterin, 1 mM MgSO 4, 1 mM KPO 4. <ol><li> (Optional) für NGT-3D - Lebensdauer - Test hinzuzufügen 80 ul 150 mM FUdR bis zu einer Endkonzentration von 120 uM 12. </li></ol></li><li> In 6 ml der 10 ml verdünnt Bakterienkultur aus Schritt 2.4 in den Kolben direkt. <ol><li> (Optional) Für NGT-3D, entfernen Sie 6 ml Agar-Medien vor dem Schritt 3.6 und halten Sie sie separat warm. Diese Medien werden für die verwendet werden, bakterienfreioberste Schicht. </li></ol></li><li> Mit einer sterilen Verfahren verzichtet werden die Medien in eine sterile Kulturkammer. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Abdeckung der Kammer dicht schließt. <ol><li> (Optional), um Bakterienkolonien zu verhindern an der oberen Oberfläche des Agars aus, Ausbilden einer Schicht aus bakterienfreien Agarmedium aus Schritt 3.6.1 auf der Oberseite, bevor die Medien aus Schritt 3.7 vollständig aushärtet. Dies wird eine bakterienfreien Zone an der Oberseite der NGT-3D erstellen. </li><li> Für NGT-3D, gießen Sie 6,5 ml Medium in die 8 ml durchsichtigen Kunststoff-Teströhrchen eine Bakterien-Agar-Schicht zu machen, und vorsichtig 200 ul der bakterienfreien Medien auf der Oberseite der halbgehärteten 3D-Medien verzichtet werden, um eine dünne bakterien- machen freie Schicht an der Spitze. </li><li> Für NGB-3D, gießen 65 ml Medium in die 25 cm 2 durchsichtigen Kunststoff - Zellkulturflasche. Dieser Betrag sollte den Körper der 25 cm 2 Zellkulturflasche füllen. </li></ol></li><li> Verlassen Kammern vertikal bei Raumtemperatur für eine Woche Bakterienkolonien wachsen zu lassenzu einer erheblichen Größe von mindestens 1 mm Durchmesser. <ol><li> (Optional) für Lebensdauer-Test in NGT-3D, Abdeckung Kammern mit Aluminiumfolie Licht Abbau von FUdR zu verhindern. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Messen Fitness von Wurmpopulation auf NGT-3D (Relative Brood Größe Assay) <ol><li> Wählen Sie eine L4-Stadium Wurm einen Platindraht auswählen und Transfer auf eine bakterienfreie NGM Platte verwenden. Lassen Sie Wurm, sich frei für ein paar Minuten bewegen Bakterien zu entfernen, um seinen Körper befestigt. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 4.1 und stellen Sie sicher, dass der Wurm frei von Bakterien ist. Im Allgemeinen zwei Wiederholungen von 4.1 sind genug. </li><li> Legen Sie das saubere Wurm auf der Oberfläche des 3D-Medien mit einem Platindraht-Pick. Der Wurm sollte letztlich auch den Agar in die Agarmatrix 3D eingeben. </li><li> Schließen Sie die Abdeckung etwas Luft lose damit in das Rohr zu bekommen, aber der Agar-Medien zu verhindern Trocknen. </li><li> bei 20 ° C für 96 Stunden inkubieren. </li><li> Nach 4 Tagen schließen die Deckel verschließen und dieNGT-3D Kulturkammer in ein 88 ° C Wasserbad das Agar zu schmelzen. Die Hitze tötet Würmer aber ihre Körper intakt bleiben. HINWEIS: Bei Verwendung von 8 ml-Röhrchen für NGT-3D, 20 - 30 min Inkubation ist in der Regel ausreichend. </li><li> Unter Verwendung einer Glaspipette, übertragen Sie die geschmolzene Medien auf eine 9 cm Petrischale aus Kunststoff. Plastikpipetten werden nicht empfohlen, da Würmer oft bei ihnen bleiben kann. </li><li> Mit Hilfe eines Übertragungs Stereo Binokular, zählen die Anzahl der Würmer an der L3, L4 und adulten Stadien. Zählen Sie nicht Würmer, die L2-Stadium sind und jünger, als die F1 und F2 Generationen hier verwechselt werden kann. Somit ist dieser Test eine relative Brutgröße Assay anstatt insgesamt Brutgröße Assay. </li></ol> 5. Bild und Wurm Verhalten Record auf NGB-3D <ol><li> Wählen Sie eine L4-Stadium Wurm mit einem Platindraht wählen, und entfernen Sie alle an der Oberfläche stecken Bakterien auf eine bakterienfreie NGM Platte übertragen und ermöglicht es, sich frei für ein paar Minuten zu bewegen. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 5.1 sicherstellen, dass die WOrm ist frei von Bakterien. </li><li> Legen Sie das saubere Wurm auf die Mitte der Agar-Oberfläche des NGB-3D in der Nähe des Halses der Flasche mit einem Pick Platindraht. Der Wurm sollte letztlich auch den Agar in die Agarmatrix 3D eingeben. </li><li> Schließen Sie die Abdeckung etwas Luft lose damit in das Rohr zu bekommen, während das Trocknen der Agar-Medien zu verhindern. </li><li> Bild oder notieren Sie die Schnecke unter einem Transmissions-Stereo Binokular. Stellen Sie den Fokus wie der Wurm der 3D-Matrix bewegt sich durch. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Das Labor Anbau von C. elegans die klassischen Nematoden Nährmedien Platten mit entscheidend für die Hunderte von wichtigen Entdeckungen , die in C. elegans Forschung hat zur Verfügung gestellt. Hier präsentieren wir neue Methoden C. elegans in einer Umgebung zu pflegen , die genauer ihre natürliche dreidimensionale Lebensräume widerspiegelt. Obwohl auch andere Methoden verwendet wurden , 13 C. elegans in 3D zu beobachten, ist dies das erste Protokoll , das den Anbau ...

The study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in the laboratory has led to seminal discoveries in the field of biology over the last five decades1. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced in 19982, and it has been invaluable in understanding the contributions of individual genes to the development, physiology, and behavior of a whole organism. Scientists now are looking to further understand how these genes may contribute to the survival and reproductive fitness of organisms in their natural environments, asking questions about ecology and evolution at the genetic level3-5. 
C. elegans once again can provide an excellent system to answer these questions. However, little is known about C. elegans biology in natural nematode habitats, and there are no current methods to simulate controlled natural conditions of C. elegans in the laboratory. In the lab, C. elegans is cultivated on the surface of agar plates seeded with E. coli bacteria6. In nature, however, C. elegans and related nematodes can be found sparsely inhabiting soils throughout the globe, but they are specifically found thriving in rotting fruits and vegetative matter7,8. These three-dimensional (3D) complex environments are quite different from the simple 2D environments to which worms are exposed to in the laboratory. 
To begin to answer questions about the biology of nematodes in a more natural 3D setting, we have designed a 3D habitat for laboratory cultivation of nematodes we called Nematode Growth Tube 3D or NGT-3D for short9. The goal was to design a 3D growth system that allows for comparable growth, development, and fertility to the standard 2D Nematode Growth Media (NGM) plates10. This system supports the growth of bacteria and nematodes over their entire life cycles in 3D, allows worms to move and behave freely in three dimensions, and is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and employ. 
In the current study, we provide a step-by-step method to manufacture NGT-3D and evaluate worm development and fertility. In addition to assessing worm fitness in 3D, we sought to image, video, and assess worm behavior and physiology in 3D cultivation. Thus, in addition to NGT-3D, we present here an alternate method called Nematode Growth Bottle 3D or NGB-3D, for the microscopic imaging of C. elegans during 3D cultivation. This will be especially important for the study of known behaviors identified in 2D, and the identification of novel behaviors unique to 3D cultivation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>LB broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td><td>Difco</td><td>224620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>DAEJUNG</td><td>7548-4400</td><td>58.44 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Agar, Granulated</td><td>Difco</td><td>214530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peptone</td><td>Bacto</td><td>211677</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride, dihydrate</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>CD0050</td><td>2*H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O; 147.02 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Cholesterol</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>CD0122</td><td>386.67 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol</td><td>B&amp;amp;J</td><td>RP090-1</td><td>99.99%; 46.07 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate, anhydrous</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>MN1988</td><td>120.37 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>PB0445</td><td>136.09 MW</td></tr><tr><td>2&#039;-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>D2235</td><td>246.19 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>PB0447</td><td>174.18 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-Purpose Test Tubes</td><td>Stockwell Scientific</td><td>ST.8570</td><td>8 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Test Tube Closures</td><td>Stockwell Scientific</td><td>ST.8575</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Flask</td><td>SPL Lifescience</td><td>70125</td><td>25 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Research Stereo Microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High-Definition Color Camera Head</td><td>Nikon</td><td>DS-Fi2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC-Based Control Unit</td><td>Nikon</td><td>DS-U3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIS-Elements Basic Research, Microscope Imaging Software</td><td>Nikon</td><td>MQS32000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

Die Konstruktion von NGT-3D ist eine einfache und unkomplizierte Protokoll , das mit kleinen Bakterienkolonien in einem Agar gefüllte Reagenzglas führt ganzen agar (1A) angeordnet sind . Würmer können frei durch die Agarmatrix bewegen, zu finden und den Verzehr der Bakterienkolonien. Um zu bestätigen , ob C. elegans reproduzieren kann und wachsen normalerweise in NGT-3D, verglichen wir die Fruchtbarkeit und Larvenentwicklung in 3D mit Standardplatten 2D NGM...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

Wir präsentieren eine einfache Methode 3D Nematode Anbausysteme NGT-3D und NGB-3D genannt zu konstruieren. Diese können verwendet werden Nematoden Fitness und Verhaltensweisen in Lebensräume zu studieren , die mehr sind ähnlich wie natürliche Caenorhabditis elegans Lebensräume als die Standard - 2D - Labor C. elegans Kulturplatten.

der Anbau von<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; In drei Dimensionen im Labor

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

cultivation-caenorhabditis-elegans-three-dimensions

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

17.8K Aufrufe.  Yonsei University.  Wir präsentieren eine einfache Methode 3D Nematode Anbausysteme NGT-3D und NGB-3D genannt zu konstruieren. Diese können verwendet werden Nematoden Fitness und Verhaltensweisen in Lebensräume zu studieren , die mehr sind ähnlich wie natürliche Caenorhabditis elegans Lebensräume als die Standard - 2D - Labor C. elegans Kulturplatten. 

Serie: Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the intestine the primary location for disease. The nematode intestine structurally and functionally mimics mammalian intestines and is transparent making it amenable to microscopic study of colonization. Here we show that pathogens can cause disease and death. We are able to identify microbial mutants that show altered virulence. Its conserved innate response to biotic stresses makes C. elegans an excellent system to probe facets of host innate immune interactions. We show that hosts with mutations in the dual oxidase gene cannot produce reactive oxygen species and are unable to resist microbial insult. We further demonstrate the versatility of the presented survival assay by showing that it can be used to study the effects of inhibitors of microbial growth. This assay may also be used to discover fungal virulence factors as targets for the development of novel antifungal agents, as well as provide an opportunity to further uncover host-microbe interactions. The design of this assay lends itself well to high throughput whole-genome screens, while the ability to cryo-preserve worms for future use makes it a cost-effective and attractive whole animal model to study.

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

Here, we present the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a versatile host model to study microbial interaction.

Der Fadenwurm Caenorhabditis Elegans - ein vielseitig In Vivo Modell zur Host-Mikroben-Interaktionen

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the ...

Forschung

Genetik

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive method to obtain a large number of animals for the isolation of proteins to proceed with a western blot, mass spectrometry, or further proteomics analyses. Furthermore, an increase of nematode numbers for immunostainings and the integration of multiple analyses under the same culturing conditions can easily be achieved. Additionally, a transfer between plates with different experimental conditions is facilitated. Common techniques in plate culture involve the transfer of a single C. elegans using a platinum wire and the transfer of populated agar chunks using a scalpel. However, with increasing nematode numbers, these techniques become overly time-consuming. This protocol describes the large-scale culture of C. elegans including numerous steps to minimize the impact of the sample preparation on the physiology of the worm. Fluid and shear stress can alter the lifespan of and metabolic processes in C. elegans, thus requiring a detailed description of the critical steps in order to retrieve reliable and reproducible results. C. elegans is a model organism, consisting of neuronal cells for up to one-third, but lacking blood vessels, thus providing the possibility to investigate solely neuronal alterations independent of vascular control. Recently, early neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy was found prior to vascular alterations. Thus, C. elegans is of special interest for studying general mechanisms of diabetic complications. For example, an increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is observed, which are reproducibly found in C. elegans. Protocols to handle samples of adequate size for a broader spectrum of investigations are presented here, exemplified by the study of diabetes-induced biochemical alterations. In general, this protocol can be useful for studies requiring large C. elegans numbers and in which liquid culture is not suitable.

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

This protocol describes a method for the large-scale cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans on solid media. As an alternative to liquid culture, this protocol allows obtaining parameters of different scales under plate-based cultivation. This increases the comparability of results by omitting the morphological and metabolic differences between liquid and solid media culture.

Platte-basierte Large-Scale Anbau von Caenorhabditis Elegans: Probenvorbereitung für die Studie von Stoffwechselveränderungen bei Diabetes

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple ...

Biochemie

4D Microscopy: Unraveling Caenorhabditis elegans Embryonic Development Using Nomarski Microscopy

4D microscopy is an invaluable tool for unraveling the embryonic developmental process in different animals. Over the last decades, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as one of the best models for studying development. From an optical point of view, its size and transparent body make this nematode an ideal specimen for DIC (Differential Interference Contrast or Nomarski) microscopy. This article illustrates a protocol for growing C. elegans nematodes, preparing and mounting their embryos, performing 4D microscopy and cell lineage tracing. The method is based on multifocal time-lapse records of Nomarski images and analysis with specific software. This technique reveals embryonic developmental dynamics at the cellular level. Any embryonic defect in mutants, such as problems in spindle orientation, cell migration, apoptosis or cell fate specification, can be efficiently detected and scored. Virtually every single cell of the embryo can be followed up to the moment the embryo begins to move. Tracing the complete cell lineage of a C. elegans embryo by 4D DIC microscopy is laborious, but the use of specific software greatly facilitates this task. In addition, this technique is easy to implement in the lab. 4D microscopy is a versatile tool and opens the possibility of performing an unparalleled analysis of embryonic development.

4D Microscopy: Unraveling Caenorhabditis elegans Embryonic Development Using Nomarski Microscopy

Here, we present a protocol for preparing and mounting Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, recording development under a 4D microscope and tracing cell lineage.

4D-Mikroskopie: Entschlüsselung der Caenorhabditis elegans Embryonalentwicklung mittels Nomarski-Mikroskopie

4D microscopy is an invaluable tool for unraveling the embryonic developmental process in different animals. Over the last decades, Caenorhabditis elegans ...

Entwicklungsbiologie

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Grundlegende<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Methoden: Synchronisation und Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Biologie

A Simple Microfluidic Chip for Long-Term Growth and Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have proved to be a valuable model system for studying developmental and cell biological processes. Understanding these biological processes often requires long-term and repeated imaging of the same animal. Long recovery times associated with conventional immobilization methods done on agar pads have detrimental effects on animal health making it inappropriate to repeatedly image the same animal over long periods of time. This paper describes a microfluidic chip design, fabrication method, on-chip C. elegans culturing protocol, and three examples of long-term imaging to study developmental processes in individual animals. The chip, fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane and bonded on a cover glass, immobilizes animals on a glass substrate using an elastomeric membrane that is deflected using nitrogen gas. Complete immobilization of C. elegans enables robust time-lapse imaging of cellular and sub-cellular events in an anesthetic-free manner. A channel geometry with a large cross-section allows the animal to move freely within two partially sealed isolation membranes permitting growth in the channel with a continuous food supply. Using this simple chip, imaging of developmental phenomena such as neuronal process growth, vulval development, and dendritic arborization in the PVD sensory neurons, as the animal grows inside the channel, can be performed. The long-term growth and imaging chip operates with a single pressure line, no external valves, inexpensive fluidic consumables, and utilizes standard worm handling protocols that can easily be adapted by other laboratories using C. elegans.

A Simple Microfluidic Chip for Long-Term Growth and Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

The protocol describes a simple microfluidic chip design and microfabrication methodology used to grow C. elegans in presence of a continuous food supply for up to 36 h. The growth and imaging device also enables intermittent long-term high-resolution imaging of cellular and sub-cellular processes during development for several days.

Ein einfacher mikrofluidischer Chip für Langzeitwachstum und Bildgebung von Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have proved to be a valuable model system for studying developmental and cell biological processes. Understanding ...

Biotechnik

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require direct access to cells and isolation of specific cell types, could not be applied in C. elegans. This limitation was due to the fact that tissues are confined within a pressurized cuticle which is not easily digested by treatment with enzymes and/or detergents. Based on early pioneer work by Laird Bloom, Christensen and colleagues 1 developed a robust method for culturing C. elegans embryonic cells in large scale. Eggs are isolated from gravid adults by treatment with bleach/NaOH and subsequently treated with chitinase to remove the eggshells. Embryonic cells are then dissociated by manual pipetting and plated onto substrate-covered glass in serum-enriched media. Within 24 hr of isolation cells begin to differentiate by changing morphology and by expressing cell specific markers. C. elegans cells cultured using this method survive for up 2 weeks in vitro and have been used for electrophysiological, immunochemical, and imaging analyses as well as they have been sorted and used for microarray profiling.

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

We describe here a revised protocol for large-scale culture of embryonic C. elegans cells. Embryonic C. elegans cells cultured in vitro using this method, appear to differentiate and recapitulate the expression of genes in a cell specific manner. Techniques that require direct access to the cells or isolation of specific cell types from the other tissues can be applied on C. elegans cultured cells.

Ein Verfahren zur Kultivierung von embryonalen<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Zellen

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require ...

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media (mCeHR). Additionally, the steps for exposing and acclimatizing C. elegans grown on E. coli to axenic liquid media are described. Finally, downstream experiments that utilize axenic C. elegans illustrate the benefits of this procedure. The ability to analyze and determine C. elegans&#160;nutrient requirement was illustrated by growing N2 wild type worms in axenic liquid media with varying heme concentrations. This procedure can be replicated with other nutrients to determine the optimal concentration for worm growth and development or, to determine the toxicological effects of drug treatments. The effects of varied heme concentrations on the growth of wild type worms were determined through qualitative microscopic observation and by quantitating the number of worms that grew in each heme concentration. In addition, the effect of varied nutrient concentrations can be assayed by utilizing worms that express fluorescent sensors that respond to changes in the nutrient of interest. Furthermore, a large number of worms were easily produced for the generation of transgenic C. elegans using microparticle bombardment.

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

C. elegans is usually grown on solid agar plates or in liquid cultures seeded with E. coli. To prevent bacterial byproducts from confounding toxicological and nutritional studies, we utilized an axenic liquid medium, CeHR, to grow and synchronize a large number of worms for a range of downstream applications.

Die Züchtung<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em &gt; In Axenic Flüssige Medien und Erstellung von transgenen Worms durch Mikropartikelbeschuss

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media ...

Quantitative Approaches for Studying Cellular Structures and Organelle Morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans

Defining the cellular mechanisms underlying disease is essential for the development of novel therapeutics. A strategy frequently used to unravel these mechanisms is to introduce mutations in candidate genes and qualitatively describe changes in the morphology of tissues and cellular organelles. However, qualitative descriptions may not capture subtle phenotypic differences, might misrepresent phenotypic variations across individuals in a population, and are frequently assessed subjectively. Here, quantitative approaches are described to study the morphology of tissues and organelles in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using laser scanning confocal microscopy combined with commercially available bio-image processing software. A quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting synapse integrity (size and integrated fluorescence levels), muscle development (muscle cell size and myosin filament length), and mitochondrial morphology (circularity and size) was performed to understand the effects of genetic mutations on these cellular structures. These quantitative approaches are not limited to the applications described here, as they could readily be used to quantitatively assess the morphology of other tissues and organelles in the nematode, as well as in other model organisms.

Quantitative Approaches for Studying Cellular Structures and Organelle Morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans

This study outlines quantitative measurements of synaptic size and localization, muscle morphology, and mitochondrial shape in C. elegans using freely available image processing tools. This approach allows future studies in&#160;C. elegans&#160;to quantitatively compare the extent of tissue and organelle structural changes as a result of genetic mutations.

Quantitative Ansätze zur Untersuchung zellulärer Strukturen und Organelle Morphologie in Caenorhabditis elegans

Defining the cellular mechanisms underlying disease is essential for the development of novel therapeutics. A strategy frequently used to unravel these ...

Long-Term Culture of Individual Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media for Longitudinal Fluorescence Monitoring and Aversive Interventions

Caenorhabditis elegans are widely used to study aging biology. The standard practice in C. elegans aging studies is to culture groups of worms on solid nematode growth media (NGM), allowing the efficient collection of population-level data for survival and other physiological phenotypes, and periodic sampling of subpopulations for fluorescent biomarker quantification. Limitations to this approach are the inability to (1) follow individual worms over time to develop age trajectories for phenotypes of interest and (2) monitor fluorescent biomarkers directly in the context of the culture environment. Alternative culture approaches use liquid culture or microfluidics to monitor individual animals over time, in some cases including fluorescence quantification, with the tradeoff that the culture environment is contextually distinct from solid NGM. The WorMotel is a previously described microfabricated multi-well device for culturing isolated worms on solid NGM. Each worm is maintained in a well containing solid NGM surrounded by a moat filled with copper sulfate, a contact repellent for C. elegans, allowing longitudinal monitoring of individual animals. We find copper sulfate insufficient to prevent worms from fleeing when subjected to aversive interventions common in aging research, including dietary restriction, pathogenic bacteria, and chemical agents that induce cellular stress. The multi-well devices are also molded from polydimethylsiloxane, which produces high background artifacts in fluorescence imaging. This protocol describes a new approach for culturing isolated roundworms on solid NGM using commercially available polystyrene microtrays, originally designed for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, allowing the measurement of survival, physiological phenotypes, and fluorescence across the lifespan. A palmitic acid barrier prevents worms from fleeing, even in the presence of aversive conditions. Each plate can culture up to 96 animals and easily adapts to a variety of conditions, including dietary restriction, RNAi, and chemical additives, and is compatible with automated systems for collecting lifespan and activity data.

Long-Term Culture of Individual Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media for Longitudinal Fluorescence Monitoring and Aversive Interventions

Here, we present a protocol to culture isolated individual nematodes on solid media for lifelong physiological parameter tracking and fluorescence quantification. This culture system includes a palmitic acid barrier around single-worm wells to prevent animals from fleeing, allowing the use of aversive interventions, including pathogenic bacteria and chemical stressors.

Langzeitkultur einzelner Caenorhabditis elegans auf festen Medien für longitudinales Fluoreszenzmonitoring und aversive Interventionen

Caenorhabditis elegans are widely used to study aging biology. The standard practice in C. elegans aging studies is to culture groups of worms on solid ...

Long-Term Culture and Monitoring of Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media in Multi-Well Devices

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is among the most common model systems used in aging research owing to its simple and inexpensive culture techniques, rapid reproduction cycle (~3 days), short lifespan (~3 weeks), and numerous available tools for genetic manipulation and molecular analysis. The most common approach for conducting aging studies in C. elegans, including survival analysis, involves culturing populations of tens to hundreds of animals together on solid nematode growth media (NGM) in Petri plates. While this approach gathers data on a population of animals, most protocols do not track individual animals over time. Presented here is an optimized protocol for the long-term culturing of individual animals on microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices called WorMotels. Each device allows up to 240 animals to be cultured in small wells containing NGM, with each well isolated by a copper sulfate-containing moat that prevents the animals from fleeing. Building on the original WorMotel description, this paper provides a detailed protocol for molding, preparing, and populating each device, with descriptions of common technical complications and advice for troubleshooting. Within this protocol are techniques for the consistent loading of small-volume NGM, the consistent drying of both the NGM and bacterial food, options for delivering pharmacological interventions, instructions for and practical limitations to reusing PDMS devices, and tips for minimizing desiccation, even in low-humidity environments. This technique allows the longitudinal monitoring of various physiological parameters, including stimulated activity, unstimulated activity, body size, movement geometry, healthspan, and survival, in an environment similar to the standard technique for group culture on solid media in Petri plates. This method is compatible with high-throughput data collection when used in conjunction with automated microscopy and analysis software. Finally, the limitations of this technique are discussed, as well as a comparison of this approach to a recently developed method that uses microtrays to culture isolated nematodes on solid media.

Long-Term Culture and Monitoring of Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media in Multi-Well Devices

Presented here is an optimized protocol for culturing isolated individual nematodes on solid media in microfabricated multi-well devices. This approach allows individual animals to be monitored throughout their lives for a variety of phenotypes related to aging and health, including activity, body size and shape, movement geometry, and survival.

Langzeitkultur und Monitoring von isolierten Caenorhabditis elegans auf festen Medien in Multi-Well-Geräten

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is among the most common model systems used in aging research owing to its simple and inexpensive culture techniques, ...

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