Alle hier beschriebene Methoden wurden vom zuständigen Veterinär Regierung (Forschungsdefizite Für Landwirtschaft, Lebensmittelsicherheit Und Fischerei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LALLF M-V)) genehmigt.
1. präoperative Pflege und Vorbereitung des Tieres
<ol><li>Bei der Ankunft in der Tierstation Teile von Tieren (C57Bl/6) in Gruppen von ähnlicher Größe, Käfig jede Gruppe zusammen und Gruppen während der Experimente konstant zu halten. Hinweis: Verwenden Sie Tiere des gleichen Geschlechts. Beschriebenen Ergebnisse wurden bei männlichen Mäusen. Hinweis: Wenn männliche Tiere verwendet werden, Käfig Gruppen zusammen ab, wenn sie 7 Wochen alt sind, so dass eine Hierarchie aufgebaut werden kann, minimiert so das Risiko von aggressivem Verhalten während der Experimente.</li>
	<li>Mindestens eine Woche vor der Operation zu wechseln, um eine hohe Energie (> 14 MJ/kg) und proteinreiche (> 20 %) feed mit allen essentiellen Spurenelementen und Vitaminen (siehe Materialliste). Hinweis: Versichern Sie alle Mäuse wiegen mindestens 25 g, wenn Chirurgie durchgeführt wird.</li>
	<li>Anästhesie und Analgesie durch intraperitoneale Injektion von Ketamin (87 mg/kg i.p) und Xylazin-Hydrochlorid (13 mg/kg i.p) induzieren. Warten Sie, bis die Maus mechanische Stimulation, z.B. Zehe Stellplatz ohne motorische Reaktion toleriert.</li>
	<li>Sichern Sie die narkotisierte Maus mit Bändern in Rückenlage auf einer Wärme-Unterlage aufgestellt am Schreibtisch Betrieb garantieren stabile Positionierung während des Betriebs und die Vermeidung von einem überwältigenden Verlust von Körperwärme. Hinweis: Die Hitze-Unterlage sollte eine Temperatur von 36 ° C bis 40 ° C haben; die Operating Raumtemperatur sollte 21 ° C.</li>
</ol>(2) distale Kolostomie Betrieb
<ol><li>Der Bauch Haare zu rasieren. Desinfizieren Sie vor Beginn der Operation das Operationsfeld dreimal mit Alkohol 70 % und eine jodophor. Drapieren Sie das Operationsfeld zu aseptischen Bedingungen garantieren.</li>
	<li>Führen Sie eine 15 mm mediane Laparotomie durch Einritzen der Bauchmuskulatur und das Bauchfell entlang der Linea Alba, Blutverlust minimiert.</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie zwei DeBakey atraumatische Pinzetten, ziehen Sie vorsichtig den Blinddarm, terminal Ileum und aufsteigend und Colon transversum aus der Bauchhöhle. Hinweis: Seien Sie vorsichtig, mechanische Manipulation des Darms zum Schutz vor Verletzungen, mesenterialen Strukturen strikt zu begrenzen.</li>
	<li>Identifizieren Sie den cecal Mast, der aufsteigende Dickdarm und Dünndarm (Abbildungen 1a und 1 b). Hinweis: Korrekte Identifizierung des aufsteigenden Dickdarms ist von grundlegender Bedeutung für die korrekte Platzierung der Kolostomie. In Fällen, wo die Anatomie der Ileocecal Region nicht eindeutig ist, das Vorhandensein von Peyer Patches identifiziert den Dünndarm, und das Vorhandensein von geformten Stuhl kennzeichnet den Doppelpunkt.</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie ein Lineal, um die Position der zukünftigen Kolostomie bestimmen. Es sollte 20 mm distal der Ileocecal Ventil für eine distale Kolostomie platziert werden.</li>
	<li>Machen Sie einen zweiten 3-mm-Schnitt in der Bauchdecke in der oberen rechten Quadranten. Ziehen Sie die zuvor identifizierten Doppelpunkt-Segment durch diesen Schnitt zu einer Schleife, wobei Sie darauf achten, nicht um die Schleife zu verzerren.</li>
	<li>Übergeben Sie sorgfältig eine flexible i.v. 22-Gauge-Kanüle durch das Mesocolon. Achten Sie darauf, nicht um mesenterialen vaskuläre Strukturen zu beschädigen.</li>
	<li>Den Darm in die Bauchhöhle zurück.</li>
	<li>Befestigen Sie beide Enden des Schlauches auf der Haut mit einfachen Stichen und einer resorbierbaren Naht (z.B., Polyglactin 910 oder Polyfil 4-0 1/2 c).</li>
	<li>Führen Sie vor dem Schließen der Laparotomie, Fluid Reanimation mit einer intraperitonealen Injektion von 0,5 mL 0,9 % Kochsalzlösung.</li>
	<li>Schließen Sie das Peritoneum und die Muskelschicht mit einer kontinuierlichen Naht mit einer resorbierbaren Naht (z. B. Polyglactin 910 oder Polyfil 4-0 1/2 c). Schließen Sie die Haut mit einer kontinuierlichen Naht mit einer resorbierbaren Naht (z. B. Polyglactin 910 oder Polyfil 4-0 1 / 2c).</li>
	<li>Öffnen Sie die exteriorized Doppelpunkt Schleife durch Ausführen einer Zwischensumme Durchtrennung mit einer feinen Schere. Vermeiden Sie alle Verletzungen, das Mesenterium. Den Doppelpunkt nicht vollständig Transekt.</li>
	<li>Jede Kolostomie Öffnung durch drei einzelne voll Dicke Nähte, das Peritoneum zu beheben und die Haut mit einem Monofil, resorbierbaren Naht (z.B.Polydioxanon oder Monofil 6-0 3/8 s). Der afferenten Schleife, die eine funktionelle Ende-Kolostomie ist, und die ableitenden Schleife, die eine schleimige Fistel ist, sind klar getrennt, an dieser Stelle (Abbildung 1 c). Hinweis: Betriebszeit weniger als 20 Minuten sollte die Flüssigkeit und thermische Verluste zu begrenzen.</li>
	<li>Nach Beendigung der Operation, Desinfektion von Instrumenten mit einem Aldehyd-freie Desinfektionslösung in ein Ultraschallbad gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers.</li>
</ol>(3) Sham-Betrieb (Colotomy)
<ol><li>Führen Sie Schritte 1.1. durch 2.4.</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie ein Lineal zur Bestimmung der zukünftigen Colotomy. Die Colotomy sollte den gleichen Abstand vom Ileocecal Ventil wie die Kolostomie in der experimentellen Gruppe positioniert werden.</li>
	<li>Öffnen Sie den Dickdarm zu mindestens zwei Dritteln seines Umfangs mit einer feinen Schere.</li>
	<li>In der Nähe der Colotomy mit einer einzigen Schicht voll-Dicke unterbrochen Naht mit einem Monofil, resorbierbaren Naht (z. B. Polydioxanon, Monofil 6-0 3/8 s). Hinweis: Betriebszeit sollte weniger als 20 Minuten für einen erfahrenen Operateur, flüssig und thermische Verluste zu begrenzen.</li>
	<li>Führen Sie Schritte 2.10. , 2.11. und 2.14.</li>
</ol>4. postoperative Pflege
<ol><li>Tiere in ihren Käfigen zurück. Sorgen für eine wohltemperierte Atmosphäre von 37 ° C (z.B.mit einer Infrarotlampe) bis Mäuse ganz wach sind. Dann halten Sie Mäuse in einer Umgebung von Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit reguliert (21 ° C; 30 % ± 10 % Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit). Freien Zugang zu Nahrungsmitteln und Trinkwasser zu ermöglichen. Um flüssige Aufnahme zu erleichtern, bieten Sie zusätzliche Wasser getränkten Tierfutter.</li>
	<li>Postoperative Analgesie durch die Injektion von 0,1 mg/kg Körper Gewicht Buprenorphin beginnen s.c. wenn Tiere Reaktion auf mechanische Stimulation zeigen. Seien Sie vorsichtig, Atemdepression zu vermeiden.</li>
	<li>Ergänzen Sie Trinkwasser mit 1 mg/mL Tramadol für kontinuierliche Analgesie während der ersten postoperativen Woche.</li>
	<li>Als Ausgleich für verminderte Flüssigkeitsaufnahme aufgrund eingeschränkter Mobilität, liefern eine solide trinken Pad im Käfig während der ersten postoperativen Woche.</li>
	<li>Wiegen der Tiere und Partitur Tierverhalten täglich während der ersten Woche jeden zweiten Tag während der Rest des ersten Monats und jeden dritten Tag im zweiten Monat mit der Krankheit schwere Partitur in Kleinwort Et Al. beschrieben 6.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Glotzer, D. J., Glick, M. E., Goldman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proctitis+and+colitis+following+diversion+of+the+fecal+stream.">Proctitis and colitis following diversion of the fecal stream.</a> Gastroenterology. 80, 438-441 (1981).</li><li>Morson, B., Dawson, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Gastrointestinal Pathology. , (1972).</li><li>Whelan, R. L., Abramson, D., Kim, D. S., Hashmi, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversion+colitis.+A+prospective+study.">Diversion colitis. A prospective study.</a> Surg Endosc. 8, 19-24 (1994).</li><li>Haas, P. A., Fox, T. A., Szilagy, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+examination+of+the+colon+and+rectum+distal+to+a+colostomy.">Endoscopic examination of the colon and rectum distal to a colostomy.</a> Am J Gastroenterol. 85, 850-854 (1990).</li><li>Valatas, V., Bamias, G., Kolios, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+colitis+models:+Insights+into+the+pathogenesis+of+inflammatory+bowel+disease+and+translational+issues.">Experimental colitis models: Insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and translational issues.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 759, 253-264 (2015).</li><li>Kleinwort, A., D&#246;ring, P., Hackbarth, C., Heidecke, C. D., Schulze, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviation+of+the+Fecal+Stream+in+Colonic+Bowel+Segments+Results+in+Increased+Numbers+of+Isolated+Lymphoid+Follicles+in+the+Submucosal+Compartment+in+a+Novel+Murine+Model+of+Diversion+Colitis.">Deviation of the Fecal Stream in Colonic Bowel Segments Results in Increased Numbers of Isolated Lymphoid Follicles in the Submucosal Compartment in a Novel Murine Model of Diversion Colitis.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2017, 13 (2017).</li><li>Tangjarukij, C., Navasumrit, P., Zelikoff, J. T., Ruchirawat, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+pyridoxine+deficiency+and+supplementation+on+hematological+profiles,+lymphocyte+function,+and+hepatic+cytochrome+P450+in+B6C3F1+mice.">The effects of pyridoxine deficiency and supplementation on hematological profiles, lymphocyte function, and hepatic cytochrome P450 in B6C3F1 mice.</a> J Immunotoxicol. 6, 147-160 (2009).</li><li>Soave, O., Brand, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coprophagy+in+animals:+a+review.">Coprophagy in animals: a review.</a> Cornell Vet. 81, 357-364 (1991).</li><li>Ebino, K. Y., Yoshinaga, K., Suwa, T., Kuwabara, Y., Takahashi, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+prevention+of+coprophagy+on+pregnant+mice--is+coprophagy+beneficial+on+a+balanced+diet.">Effects of prevention of coprophagy on pregnant mice--is coprophagy beneficial on a balanced diet.</a> Jikken Dobutsu. 38, 245-252 (1989).</li><li>Babickova, J., Tothova, L., Lengyelova, E., Bartonova, A., Hodosy, J., Gardlik, R., Celec, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+Differences+in+Experimentally+Induced+Colitis+in+Mice:+a+Role+for+Estrogens.">Sex Differences in Experimentally Induced Colitis in Mice: a Role for Estrogens.</a> Inflammation. 38, 1996-2006 (2015).</li><li>Lee, S. M., Kim, N., Son, H. J., Park, J. H., Nam, R. H., Ham, M. H., Choi, D., Sohn, S. H., Shin, E., Hwang, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Sex+on+the+Azoxymethane/Dextran+Sulfate+Sodium-treated+Mice+Model+of+Colon+Cancer.">The Effect of Sex on the Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-treated Mice Model of Colon Cancer.</a> J Cancer Prev. 21, 271-278 (2016).</li><li>Angele, M. K., Pratschke, S., Hubbard, W. J., Chaudry, I. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+differences+in+sepsis:+cardiovascular+and+immunological+aspects.">Gender differences in sepsis: cardiovascular and immunological aspects.</a> Virulence. 5, 12-19 (2013).</li><li>Brown, R. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+Behaviour,+reproduction,+and+population+changes+in+the+house+mouse+(Mus+musculus+L).">Social Behaviour, reproduction, and population changes in the house mouse (Mus musculus L).</a> Eccological Monographs. 23, 788-795 (1953).</li><li>Poole, T. B., Morgan, H. D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+aggressive+behaviour+betweeen+male+mice+(Mus+musculus+L.)+in+colonies+of+different+sizes.">Differences in aggressive behaviour betweeen male mice (Mus musculus L.) in colonies of different sizes.</a> Animal Behaviour. 21, 788-795 (1973).</li><li>Pasquarelli, N., Voehringer, P., Henke, J., Ferger, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+a+change+in+housing+conditions+on+body+weight,+behavior+and+brain+neurotransmitters+in+male+C57BL/6J+mice.">Effect of a change in housing conditions on body weight, behavior and brain neurotransmitters in male C57BL/6J mice.</a> Behav Brain Res. 333, 35-42 (2017).</li><li>Langgartner, D., Foertsch, S., Fuchsl, A. M., Reber, S. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+and+water+are+not+simple+conditions:+fine+tuning+of+animal+housing+in+male+C57BL/6+mice.">Light and water are not simple conditions: fine tuning of animal housing in male C57BL/6 mice.</a> Stress. 20, 10-18 (2017).</li><li>Nicholson, A., Malcolm, R. D., Russ, P. L., Cough, K., Touma, C., Palme, R., Wiles, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+response+of+C57BL/6J+and+BALB/cJ+mice+to+increased+housing+density.">The response of C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice to increased housing density.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 48, 740-753 (2009).</li><li>Buchler, G., Wos-Oxley, M. L., Smoczek, A., Zschemisch, N. H., Neumann, D., Pieper, D. H., Hedrich, H. J., Bleich, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-specific+colitis+susceptibility+in+IL10-deficient+mice+depends+on+complex+gut+microbiota-host+interactions.">Strain-specific colitis susceptibility in IL10-deficient mice depends on complex gut microbiota-host interactions.</a> Inflamm Bowel Dis. 18, 943-954 (2012).</li><li>Nakanishi, M., Tazawa, H., Tsuchiya, N., Sugimura, T., Tanaka, T., Nakagama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+strain+differences+in+inflammatory+responses+of+colonic+mucosa+induced+by+dextran+sulfate+sodium+cause+differential+susceptibility+to+PhIP-induced+large+bowel+carcinogenesis.">Mouse strain differences in inflammatory responses of colonic mucosa induced by dextran sulfate sodium cause differential susceptibility to PhIP-induced large bowel carcinogenesis.</a> Cancer Sci. 98, 1157-1163 (2007).</li><li>Mahler, M., Bristol, I. J., Leiter, E. H., Workman, A. E., Birkenmeier, E. H., Elson, C. O., Sundberg, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibility+of+inbred+mouse+strains+to+dextran+sulfate+sodium-induced+colitis.">Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.</a> Am J Physiol. 274, 544-551 (1998).</li><li>Mekada, K., Abe, K., Murakami, A., Nakamura, S., Nakata, H., Moriwaki, K., Obata, Y., Yoshiki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+differences+among+C57BL/6+substrains.">Genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains.</a> Exp Anim. 58, 141-149 (2009).</li><li>Sellers, R. S., Clifford, C. B., Treuting, P. M., Brayton, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunological+variation+between+inbred+laboratory+mouse+strains:+points+to+consider+in+phenotyping+genetically+immunomodified+mice.">Immunological variation between inbred laboratory mouse strains: points to consider in phenotyping genetically immunomodified mice.</a> Vet Pathol. 49, 32-43 (2012).</li><li>Mills, C. D., Kincaid, K., Alt, J. M., Heilman, M. J., Hill, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M-1/M-2+macrophages+and+the+Th1/Th2+paradigm.">M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm.</a> J Immunol. 164, 6166-6173 (2000).</li></ol>

Alle Autoren erklären, dass sie keine Interessenskonflikte.

Mausmodell der DC präsentiert in diesem Protokoll zuverlässig reproduziert die histopathologische Merkmale des menschlichen DC (z. B., de Novo Entwicklung der lymphatischen Follikeln in der Submukosa der entzündeten Darm Segmente, Krypta, die Verkürzung und Senkung der Goblet Zelle Zahlen). Abgesehen von diesem Vorteil dieses Modell wird durch eine sehr ähnliche auslösende Faktor induziert und präsentiert mit einer klinischen Verlauf von mäßigen bis leichten schwere, wie der Fall in den am stä...

In den letzten Jahren eine beträchtliche Anzahl von nicht-infektiösen Kolitis Entitäten anders als klassische entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (Fahrradhändler; dh., Crohn Krankheit oder Colitis Ulcerosa) sind klinisch und histopathologisch beim Menschen charakterisiert. Die pathophysiologischen Mechanismen, die zur Entwicklung dieser ulcerosa Formen sind teilweise nicht vollständig verstanden, weil geeignete Tiermodellen knapp sind. Ablenkung Colitis ist einer dieser kürzlich beschriebenen Entitäten. Obwohl der Begriff im Jahr 1980 von Schlachter1geprägt war, wurde die Erstbeschreibung einer ähnlichen Phänotyp Morson21972 zugesprochen. Die Krankheit entwickelt sich in 50 % bis 91 % der Patienten mit Umleitung Enterostomy, und seine klinische Intensität variiert3,4. Die jährliche Inzidenz von rund 120.000 Kolostomie Patienten in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika gegeben, stellt dieser Krankheit Einheit ein wichtiges Gesundheitsproblem.
Das übergeordnete Ziel dieses Protokoll zu entwickeln war, ein DC-Mausmodell, das stützt sich auf eine Kolitis Trigger ähnlich gesehen im menschlichen DC und reproduziert, die die primäre histopathologischen Merkmale der menschlichen Krankheit. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Modellen murinen Kolitis ulcerosa Induktion in unserem Modell erfordert keine gentechnisch veränderte Tiere (z.B., IL-7 Transgene Mäuse, N-Cadherin dominant negativen Mäuse oder TGFβ- / - Mäusen), die Anwendung von chemisch reizende Stoffe (z.B. Dextran Sulfat Natrium (DSS) - induzierte Kolitis oder Trinitrobenzene sulfonsäure (TNBS) - induzierte Kolitis) oder die Übertragung von bestimmten Zellpopulationen immun mangelhaft Mäusen (wie in der CD45RBhohe Übertragungsraten Modell der Kolitis) (eine Übersicht finden Sie unter5). Im Gegensatz zu anderen Modellen erlaubt intakte Immunsystem unseres Modells DC Einschätzung des immunologischen Mechanismus DC Entwicklung beteiligt. Die Begrenzung der Schleimhaut Entzündung zum Segment ausgeschlossenen Darm ermöglicht die Bewertung des seine Rückwirkung auf Schleimhaut Immunität in andere Teile des Gastrointestinaltraktes, auf die immun Homöostase in anderen immun Abteilungen des Verdauungstraktes (z.B. , Peyer Patches und Mesenteriale Lymphknoten), und auf das Immunsystem Homöostase des gesamten Organismus. Schließlich bildet unser Modell ein geeignetes Instrument für die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die lokale entzündliche Reize aus Veränderungen in der normalen Umgebung für sowohl die lokalen Microbiome sowie nährende Antigene zu kontrollieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:637px;" width="637">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Operation material</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">heat underlay, 6 watt</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ThermoLux, Witte + Sutor GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">461265</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Ethanol 70% (with methylethylketon)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Pharmacie of the University Hospital Greifswald</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Wooden applicators, small cotton head onesided, wooden stick, 150 mm length</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Centramed GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8308370</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for disinfection of operation field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Aesculap (BRAUN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BC064R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Atraumatic DeBakey forceps</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Aesculap (BRAUN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OC021R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Aesculap (BRAUN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BM012R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Vasofix Safety i.v. cannula 22G</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4268091S-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">VICRYL Plus 4-0 violet braided; V-5 17 m 1/2c; 70 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ETHICON, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VCP994H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PDS II 6-0 monofil; V-18 13 mm 3/8c; 70 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ETHICON, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z991H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">BD Plastipak 1 mL (Syringes with needle with sterile interior)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305501</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Triacid-N (N-Dodecylpropan-1,3-diamin)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ANTISEPTICA, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18824-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">disinfection of surgical instruments in ultrasonic bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medications</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ketamine 10%, 100 mg/mL (ketamine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">selectavet, Dr. Otto Fischer GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9089.01.00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">87 mg/kg i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Xylasel, 20 mg/mL (xylazine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">selectavet, Dr. Otto Fischer GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400300.00.00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">13 mg/kg i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NaCl 0.9%</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6697366.00.00</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Buprenovet 0.3 mg/mL (buprenorphine)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Bayer, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PZN: 01498870</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.1 mg/kg s.c.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tramal Drops, 100 mg/mL (tramadol hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Gr&#252;nenthal GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10116838</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 mg/mL drinking water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ceftriaxon-saar 2 g (ceftriaxone)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Cephasaar GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PZN: 08844252</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">25 mg/kg body weight i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">metronidazole 5 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Braun Melsungen AG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PZN: 05543515</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">12.5 mg/kg body weight i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Food</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ssniff M-Z Ereich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ssniff, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;V1184-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Solid Drink Dehyprev Vit BIO, pouches</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">TripleATrading, the Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SDSHPV-75</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Nikon Eclipse Ci-L</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Nikon Instruments Europe BV, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>light microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">VetScan HM 5&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Abaxis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">770-9000</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Veterinary hematology analyzer of 50 &#181;l venous EDTA-blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Bandelin SONOREX (Ultrasonic bath)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Bandelin electronics, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RK 100 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">disinfection of surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">NIS-Element BR4 software</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Nikon Instruments Europe BV, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GraphPad Prism Version 6</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine distal colostomy, a novel model of diversion colitis in c57bl/6 mice

Ablenkung Colitis (DC) ist eine häufige klinische Zustand auftreten bei Patienten mit Darm-Segmente aus dem fäkal Strom durch eine kurzweilige Enterostomy ausgeschlossen. Die Ätiologie dieser Erkrankung unterscheidet sich von der klassischen entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen wie Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa scheint aber bleibt unklar. Forschungsarbeiten zu entschlüsseln, die pathophysiologischen Mechanismen, die zur Entwicklung dieser Krankheit wurde stark durch das Fehlen einer entsprechenden Mausmodell behindert. Dieses Protokoll generiert ein Mausmodell der DC, der die Untersuchung der Rolle des Immunsystems und seine Wechselwirkung mit der Microbiome bei der Entwicklung von DC erleichtert. In diesem Modell mit C57BL/6 Tiere sind distalen Teile des Dickdarms aus dem fäkal Strom ausgeschlossen, durch die Schaffung einer distalen Kolostomie, die Entwicklung von leichten bis mittelschweren Entzündung in den Segmenten ausgeschlossenen Darm auslösen und Markenzeichen Läsionen der menschlichen Reproduktion DC mit einem moderaten systemische entzündliche Reaktion. Im Gegensatz zu der Rattenmodell gibt es eine große Anzahl von genetisch veränderten murinen Modelle auf dem C57BL/6-Hintergrund. Die Kombination dieser Tiere mit unserem Modell ermöglicht die möglichen Rollen der einzelnen Zytokine, Chemokine oder Rezeptoren von bioaktiven Moleküle (z. B.Interleukin (IL)-17; Il-10, Chemokin CXCL13, Chemokin-Rezeptoren CXCR5 und CCR7 und Sphingosine-1-Phosphat-Rezeptor 4) in der Pathogenese der DC beurteilt werden. Die Verfügbarkeit von Congenic Mausstämme auf dem C57BL/6 Hintergrund erleichtert weitgehend Transfer Experimente durchführen, um die Rollen der unterschiedlichen Zelltypen beteiligt in der Ätiologie von DC zu etablieren. Schließlich bietet das Modell die Möglichkeit, die Einflüsse der lokalen Interventionen (z.B. Änderung der lokalen Microbiome oder lokale antientzündliche Therapie) zu bewerten auf Schleimhaut Immunität im Darm von betroffenen und nicht betroffenen Segmente und die auf systemische immun Homöostase.

Operation ist gut verträglich, sowohl in der experimentellen (Kolostomie) und Schwindel (Colotomy) Gruppen. Perioperative Mortalität sollte 10 % nicht überschreiten, wenn Chirurgie und Perioperative Management korrekt durchgeführt wird. In der ersten postoperativen Woche sieht erheblichen Gewichtsverlust in der experimentellen und Sham Gruppen. Tiere der Sham-Gruppe erreichen ihre Gewicht Tiefpunkt in der Regel in Richtung der vierten postoperativen Tag, aber es tritt einen Tag späte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice at JoVE.com

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Murine distalen Kolostomie, ein neuartiges Modell Ablenkung Colitis bei C57BL/6 Mäusen

Murine distalen Kolostomie bietet ein Mausmodell für menschliche Abzweigung Kolitis, eine vorwiegend lymphozytären Kolitis im Dickdarm-Segment aus dem fäkal Strom ausgeschlossen.

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a ...

murine-distal-colostomy-novel-model-diversion-colitis-c57bl6

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.8K Aufrufe.  Universitätsmedizin Greifswald. Murine distalen Kolostomie bietet ein Mausmodell für menschliche Abzweigung Kolitis, eine vorwiegend lymphozytären Kolitis im Dickdarm-Segment aus dem fäkal Strom ausgeschlossen.

Serie: Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Mausmodell der Wundheilung

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

Forschung

Medizin

Flexible Colonoscopy in Mice to Evaluate the Severity of Colitis and Colorectal Tumors Using a Validated Endoscopic Scoring System

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental endoscopy has been highly useful for studies that require repeated assessments in a single laboratory animal, such as those evaluating mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the methods used across studies are highly variable. At least three endoscopic scoring systems have been published for murine colitis and published protocols for the assessment of colorectal tumors fail to address the presence of concomitant colonic inflammation. This study develops and validates a reproducible endoscopic scoring system that integrates evaluation of both inflammation and tumors simultaneously. This novel scoring system has three major components: 1) assessment of the extent and severity of colorectal inflammation (based on perianal findings, transparency of the wall, mucosal bleeding, and focal lesions), 2) quantitative recording of tumor lesions (grid map and bar graph), and 3) numerical sorting of clinical cases by their pathological and research relevance based on decimal units with assigned categories of observed lesions and endoscopic complications (decimal identifiers). The video and manuscript presented herein were prepared, following IACUC-approved protocols, to allow investigators to score their own experimental mice using a well-validated and highly reproducible endoscopic methodology, with the system option to differentiate distal from proximal endoscopic colitis (D-PECS).

Over the past few years, new generation endoscopes have emerged as important diagnostic research aids for evaluating murine colitis and colorectal tumors. We present herein a detailed protocol for endoscopic assessment of inflammation and colorectal tumors in mice, as well as a novel scoring system that uses decimal identifiers to document the endoscopic severity of colitis and colorectal tumors.

Flexible Koloskopie in der Maus, um die Schwere der Colitis und kolorektalen Tumoren auswerten mit einem validierten Endoskopische Scoring System

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

Modellierung Schlaganfall bei Mäusen: Permanent Koagulation der distalen A. cerebri media

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Halsschlagader Infusionen für pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Analyse von Taxanen in Mäusen

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

Eine einfache Kritische große Femoral Defect Modell an der Maus

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.

Here we present a murine model of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure in which a clinically relevant anastomotic configuration is incorporated. This model can be used to study the pathophysiology and to test possible therapeutic interventions.

A Novel Mausmodell der arteriovenöse Fistel Ausfall: Der chirurgische Eingriff im Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the ...

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible animal models mirror common components of human disease, including the bm12 transfer model. Upon transfer of bm12 splenocytes or purified CD4 T cells, C57BL/6 mice rapidly develop large frequencies of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasma cells followed by high levels of circulating anti-nuclear antibodies. Since this model utilizes mice on a pure C57BL/6 background, researchers can quickly and easily study disease progression in transgenic or knockout mouse strains in a relatively short period of time. Here we describe protocols for the induction of the model and the quantitation Tfh, GC B cells, and plasma cells by multi-color flow cytometry. Importantly, these protocols can also be used to characterize disease in most mouse models of SLE and identify Tfh, GC B cells, and plasma cells in other disease models.

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

The transfer of bm12 lymphocytes into a C57BL/6 recipient is an established model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we describe how to initiate disease using this model and how to characterize T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells and plasma cells by flow cytometry.

Das BM12 Inducible Modell des systemischen Lupus erythematodes (SLE) in C57BL / 6-Mäuse

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible ...

A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression must be pursued. Employing vascularized bone marrow transplantation and co-transplantation of the thymus have shown promise in this regard in various animal models.1-11 Vascularized bone marrow transplantation allows for the uninterrupted transfer of donor bone marrow cells within the preserved donor microenvironment, and the incorporation of thymus tissue with vascularized bone marrow transplantation has shown to increase T-cell chimerism ultimately playing a supportive role in the induction of immune regulation. The combination of solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation can uniquely combine these strategies in the form of a novel transplant model. Murine models serve as an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, chimerism, and tolerance induction, thus providing the foundation to propagate superior allograft survival strategies for larger animal models and future clinical application. Herein, we developed a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique. The experience in syngeneic and allogeneic transplant settings is described for future broader immunological investigations via an instructional manuscript and video supplement.

To study combined solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation, we describe a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique.

A Novel Mikromodell für Heterotope, En Bloc Brustwand, Thymus und Herz-Transplantation bei Mäusen

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induktion von beschleunigter Atherosklerose bei Mäusen: Das "Wire-Injury"-Modell

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach

As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization and for minimizing organ damage resulting from prolonged extracorporal circulation. The goal of this paper was to demonstrate a fully functional and clinically relevant model of cardiopulmonary bypass in a mouse. We report on the device design, perfusion circuit optimization, and microsurgical techniques. This model is an acute model, which is not compatible with survival due to the need for multiple blood drawings. Because of the range of tools available for mice (e.g., markers, knockouts, etc.), this model will facilitate investigation into the molecular mechanisms of organ damage and the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass in relation to other comorbidities.

This paper describes how to perform cardiopulmonary bypass in mice. This novel model will facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in organ damage.

Kardiopulmonalen Bypass in einem Mausmodell: ein neuer Ansatz

As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization ...