Name: dynamic navigation in endodontics: guided access cavity preparation by means of a miniaturized navigation system
Uploaded: 2022-05-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System at JoVE.com

Approval or consent to perform this study was not required since the use of patients&#39; data is not applicable.
1. Planning procedure
<ol>
	<li>Open the planning software and reinsure that the newest version is installed.</li>
	<li>Click on EXPERT to switch the Work mode from EASY to EXPERT.</li>
	<li>Click on NEW on the right sidebar to start a new case planning.</li>
	<li>Choose the Image Source by selecting the folder w...

<ol>
	<li>Patel, S., Rhodes, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+guide+to+endodontic+access+cavity+preparation+in+molar+teeth.">A practical guide to endodontic access cavity preparation in molar teeth.</a> British Dental Journal. 203 (3), 133-140 (2007).</li><li>Kiefner, P., Connert, T., ElAyouti, A., Weiger, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+calcified+root+canals+in+elderly+people:+a+clinical+study+about+the+accessibility,+the+time+needed+and+the+outcome+with+a+three-year+follow-up.">Treatment of calcified root canals in elderly people: a clinical study about the accessibility, the time needed and the outcome with a three-year follow-up.</a> Gerodontology. 34 (2), 164-170 (2017).</li><li>Cvek, M., Granath, L., Lundberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failures+and+healing+in+endodontically+treated+non-vital+anterior+teeth+with+posttraumatically+reduced+pulpal+lumen.">Failures and healing in endodontically treated non-vital anterior teeth with posttraumatically reduced pulpal lumen.</a> Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 40 (4), 223-228 (1982).</li><li>Wigen, T. I., Agnalt, R., Jacobsen, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrusive+luxation+of+permanent+incisors+in+Norwegians+aged+6-17+years:+a+retrospective+study+of+treatment+and+outcome.">Intrusive luxation of permanent incisors in Norwegians aged 6-17 years: a retrospective study of treatment and outcome.</a> Dental Traumatology. 24 (6), 612-618 (2008).</li><li>Andreasen, F. M., Zhijie, Y., Thomsen, B. L., Andersen, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+pulp+canal+obliteration+after+luxation+injuries+in+the+permanent+dentition.">Occurrence of pulp canal obliteration after luxation injuries in the permanent dentition.</a> Endodontics &amp; Dental Traumatology. 3 (3), 103-115 (1987).</li><li>Fleig, S., Attin, T., Jungbluth, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Narrowing+of+the+radicular+pulp+space+in+coronally+restored+teeth.">Narrowing of the radicular pulp space in coronally restored teeth.</a> Clinical Oral Investigations. 21 (4), 1251-1257 (2017).</li><li>Moreno-Rabi&#233;, C., Torres, A., Lambrechts, P., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+applications,+accuracy+and+limitations+of+guided+endodontics:+a+systematic+review.">Clinical applications, accuracy and limitations of guided endodontics: a systematic review.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 53 (2), 214-231 (2020).</li><li>Connert, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+guided+endodontics+with+a+miniaturized+dynamic+navigation+system+versus+conventional+freehand+endodontic+access+cavity+preparation:+substance+loss+and+procedure+time.">Real-time guided endodontics with a miniaturized dynamic navigation system versus conventional freehand endodontic access cavity preparation: substance loss and procedure time.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (10), 1651-1656 (2021).</li><li>Zubizarreta-Macho, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Mu&#241;oz, A. P., Deglow, E. R., Agust&#237;n-Panadero, R., &#193;lvarez, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+computer-aided+dynamic+navigation+compared+to+computer-aided+static+procedure+for+endodontic+access+cavities:+An+in+vitro+study.">Accuracy of computer-aided dynamic navigation compared to computer-aided static procedure for endodontic access cavities: An in vitro study.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (1), 129 (2020).</li><li>Jain, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamically+navigated+versus+freehand+access+cavity+preparation:+A+comparative+study+on+substance+loss+using+simulated+calcified+canals.">Dynamically navigated versus freehand access cavity preparation: A comparative study on substance loss using simulated calcified canals.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (11), 1745-1751 (2020).</li><li>Jain, S. D., Carrico, C. K., Bermanis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-Dimensional+accuracy+of+dynamic+navigation+technology+in+locating+calcified+canals.">3-Dimensional accuracy of dynamic navigation technology in locating calcified canals.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (6), 839-845 (2020).</li><li>Gambarini, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+of+dynamic+navigation+to+perform+endodontic+ultraconservative+access+cavities:+A+preliminary+in+vitro+analysis.">Precision of dynamic navigation to perform endodontic ultraconservative access cavities: A preliminary in vitro analysis.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (9), 1286-1290 (2020).</li><li>Dianat, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+efficiency+of+a+dynamic+navigation+system+for+locating+calcified+canals.">Accuracy and efficiency of a dynamic navigation system for locating calcified canals.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (11), 1719-1725 (2020).</li><li>Dianat, O., Gupta, S., Price, J. B., Mostoufi, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontic+access+in+a+maxillary+molar+using+a+dynamic+navigation+system.">Guided endodontic access in a maxillary molar using a dynamic navigation system.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (4), 658-662 (2020).</li><li>Chong, B. S., Dhesi, M., Makdissi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-aided+dynamic+navigation:+a+novel+method+for+guided+endodontics.">Computer-aided dynamic navigation: a novel method for guided endodontics.</a> Quintessence International. 50 (3), 196-202 (2019).</li><li>Connert, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics+versus+conventional+access+cavity+preparation:+A+comparative+study+on+substance+loss+using+3-dimensional-printed+teeth.">Guided endodontics versus conventional access cavity preparation: A comparative study on substance loss using 3-dimensional-printed teeth.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 45 (3), 327-331 (2019).</li><li>Su, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+accuracy+of+access+cavity+preparation+and+discrimination+of+angular+and+linear+deviation+on+canal+accessing+ability-an+ex+vivo+study.">Guided endodontics: accuracy of access cavity preparation and discrimination of angular and linear deviation on canal accessing ability-an ex vivo study.</a> BMC Oral Health. 21 (1), 606 (2021).</li><li>Torres, A., Lerut, K., Lambrechts, P., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+Use+of+a+sleeveless+guide+system+on+an+upper+premolar+with+pulp+canal+obliteration+and+apical+periodontitis.">Guided endodontics: Use of a sleeveless guide system on an upper premolar with pulp canal obliteration and apical periodontitis.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (1), 133-139 (2021).</li><li>Patel, S., Brown, J., Semper, M., Abella, F., Mannocci, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=European+Society+of+Endodontology+position+statement:+Use+of+cone+beam+computed+tomography+in+Endodontics:+European+Society+of+Endodontology+(ESE)+developed+by.">European Society of Endodontology position statement: Use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology (ESE) developed by.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 52 (12), 1675-1678 (2019).</li><li>Spille, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+implant+placement+accuracy+in+two+different+pre-operative+digital+workflows:+navigated+vs.+pilot-drill-guided+surgery.">Comparison of implant placement accuracy in two different pre-operative digital workflows: navigated vs. pilot-drill-guided surgery.</a> International Journal of Implant Dentistry. 7 (1), 1-9 (2021).</li><li>Schnutenhaus, S., Knipper, A., Wetzel, M., Edelmann, C., Luthardt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+computer-assisted+dynamic+navigation+as+a+function+of+different+intraoral+reference+systems:+An+In+vitro+study.">Accuracy of computer-assisted dynamic navigation as a function of different intraoral reference systems: An In vitro study.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (6), 3244 (2021).</li><li>Edelmann, C., Wetzel, M., Knipper, A., Luthardt, R. G., Schnutenhaus, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+computer-assisted+dynamic+navigation+in+implant+placement+with+a+fully+digital+approach:+A+prospective+clinical+trial.">Accuracy of computer-assisted dynamic navigation in implant placement with a fully digital approach: A prospective clinical trial.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (9), 1808 (2021).</li><li>Dur&#233;, M., Berlinghoff, F., Kollmuss, M., Hickel, R., Huth, K. 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M., Jeon, J., Koak, J. -. Y., Kim, S. -. K., Heo, S. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimensional+accuracy+and+surface+characteristics+of+3D-printed+dental+casts.">Dimensional accuracy and surface characteristics of 3D-printed dental casts.</a> The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 126 (3), 427-437 (2021).</li><li>Dong, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+in+vitro+mandibular+volumetric+measurements+from+CBCT+of+different+voxel+sizes+with+different+segmentation+threshold+settings.">Accuracy of in vitro mandibular volumetric measurements from CBCT of different voxel sizes with different segmentation threshold settings.</a> BMC Oral Health. 19 (1), 206 (2019).</li><li>Cui, Z., Li, C., Wang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ToothNet:+automatic+tooth+instance+segmentation+and+identification+from+cone+beam+CT+images.">ToothNet: automatic tooth instance segmentation and identification from cone beam CT images.</a> Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). , 6368-6377 (2019).</li><li>Kim, S., Choi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+tooth+segmentation+of+dental+mesh+using+a+transverse+plane).">Automatic tooth segmentation of dental mesh using a transverse plane).</a> Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 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Several studies and case reports have demonstrated the feasibility of guided access cavity preparation in endodontics7. Navigation utilizing templates and sleeves for bur guidance (static navigation) was described to be a precise and safe method to access calcified root canals. Besides, the method was found to be independent from the operator&#39;s degree of clinical experience16, offering the possibility to treat teeth with advanced PCC without the risks of large loss of t...

In non-surgical endodontic treatment, the preparation of an adequate access cavity is the first invasive step1. Teeth that have undergone pulp canal calcification (PCC) are difficult and time-consuming to treat2, leading to more iatrogenic errors such as perforations that may be crucial for the prognosis of the tooth3. PCC is a process that can be observed after dental trauma4,5 and as a response to stimuli such as caries, restorative procedures, or vital pulp therapy6, leading to a relocation of the root canal orifice toward the apex. In general, PCC is a sign of vital pulp, and treatment is only indicated when clinical and/or radiographic signs of a pulpal or apical pathology become apparent. The more apical the orifice of the remaining root canal space is located, spatial orientation and illumination become more difficult, even for a specialist in endodontics and with additional devices, e.g., operating microscopes.
Besides static navigation7, which is a template-based approach that leads a bur to the target point, dynamic navigation systems (DNS) were described to be also suitable for the preparation of endodontic access cavities8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. DNS consists of a camera-marker-computer system, in which a rotating instrument (e.g., diamond bur) is recognized, and its position in the patient&#39;s mouth is visualized in real-time, thus providing guidance to the operator. The few commercially available systems are equipped with relatively large extraoral marker systems and large camera devices. Recently a miniaturized system, consisting of a low weight camera (97 g) and a small intraoral marker (10 mm x 15 mm), was described for endodontic access cavity preparation8. This work aims to present the technique of guided access cavity preparation by means of this miniaturized dynamic navigation system from imaging to clinical implementation. For research purposes, a treatment evaluation (determination of substance loss due to access cavity preparation) is possible after post-operative CBCT and is also presented in this article.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Accuitomo 170</td>
			<td>Morita Manufacturing</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>CBCT machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coDiagnostiX</td>
			<td>Dental Wings Inc</td>
			<td>Version 10.4</td>
			<td>Planning software, which is mainly intended for implant surgery. Endodontic access cavities can be planned by adding the utlized bur to the implant database</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DENACAM</td>
			<td>mininavident</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Dynamic Nagivation System, consisting of (1) camera, which is mounted to an electric handpiece, (2) marker, (3)computer and screen, (4) associated software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIOS 3</td>
			<td>3Shape A/S</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Surface scanner</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dynamic navigation in endodontics: guided access cavity preparation by means of a miniaturized navigation system

In the case of teeth with pulp canal calcification (PCC) and apical pathology or pulpitis, root canal treatment can be very challenging. PCC are common sequelae of dental trauma but can also occur with stimuli such as caries, bruxism, or after placing a restoration. In order to access the root canal as minimally invasive as possible in case of a necessary root canal treatment, dynamic navigation has recently been introduced in endodontics in addition to static navigation. The use of a dynamic navigation system (DNS) requires pre-operative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and a digital surface scan. If necessary, reference markers must be placed on the teeth before the CBCT scan; with some systems, these can also be planned and created digitally afterward. By means of a stereo camera connected to the planning software, the drill can now be coordinated with the help of reference markers and virtual planning. As a result, the position of the drill can be displayed on the monitor in real-time during preparation in different planes. In addition, the spatial displacement, the angular deviation, and the depth position are also displayed separately. The few commercially available DNS mostly consist of relatively large camera-marker-systems. Here, the DNS contains miniaturized components: a low-weight camera (97 g) mounted on the micromotor of the electric handpiece utilizing a manufacturer-specific connecting mechanism and a small marker (10 mm x 15 mm), which can be easily attached to an individually manufactured intraoral tray. For research purposes, a post-operative CBCT scan can be matched with the pre-operative one, and the volume of tooth structure removed can be calculated by the software. This work aims to present the technique of guided access cavity preparation by means of a miniaturized navigation system from imaging to clinical implementation.

Figure 7A shows the occlusal view of a prepared endodontic access cavity in a model central incisor with the aid of the DNS. Figure 7B shows the associated CBCT scan in sagittal view. The post-operative segmentation is then matched with the pre-operative CBCT data (Figure 7C). Pre- and post-operative 3D models are matched (Figure 7D) and the pre- (412.12 mm3) and post-operative (405.09mm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System at JoVE.com

Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System

Dynamic navigation systems (DNS) provide real-time visualization and guidance to the operator during endodontic access cavities preparation. The planning of the procedure requires three-dimensional imaging utilizing cone beam computed tomography and surface scans. After the export of the planning data to the DNS, access cavities can be prepared with minimal invasion.

In the case of teeth with pulp canal calcification (PCC) and apical pathology or pulpitis, root canal treatment can be very challenging. PCC are common ...

Root canal treatment of teeth with advanced pulp canal calcification is a challenge. Dynamic navigation systems are able to facilitate minimally invasive endodontic axis cavities. The main advantage of this technique is the minimal invasive detection of calcified root canals, which ensures tooth preservation.This is also valid for inexperienced operators. The planning procedure can be easily completed following the presented protocol. However, the preparation with the help of the DNS needs practice in order to avoid iatrogenic errors, harming the patient.To begin, open the planning software and reinsure that the newest version is installed. Click on Expert"to switch the work mode from easy to expert. Click on New"on the right sidebar to start a new case planning.Choose the image source by selecting the folder with the pre-operative DICOM CBCT data. Select Create data set"to continue with the planning. Choose the type of planning.Select Edit segmentations"to start segmentation of the dental arch. Switch to axial view on the left sidebar. Select Density measurement"to perform this measurement for the higher radiopaque tooth structure and the surrounding less radiopaque states.Average the values. Return to 3D reconstruction on the left sidebar. Adjust the lower thresholds to the calculated average value.Segment by using the flood fill tool. Give a name to the segmentation. Finish segmentation of the dental arch by selecting Close module"Left click on Object"then click Add"followed by Model scan"Select Load model scan"Select Align to other object"Select three different matching points in the registration object and model scan respectively.Check registration in all the planes by manually scrolling through the planes and finish the registration. Plan axis cavity by adding an implant. Place the burr to the targeted position and check in all the planes by left clicking and moving.Select object then click Add"followed by 3D model"to add the STL file of the marker tray. Place the tray close to the planned axis cavity preparation. Make sure there will be no interference during the actual procedure.Add a surgical guide and design the marker tray according to the DNS manufacturer's instruction guide. Export the marker tray as an STL file and manufacture it with a 3D printer. Export the entire planning by selecting Object"then click Virtual planning export"followed by Generic planning objects container"format according to the DNS manufacturer's instruction guide.Import the planning data to the DNS via the USB. Select the case that is being treated. Insert the marker into the 3D printed marker tray.Check the fit of the marker in the marker tray. Check the fit of the marker tray on the dental arch. Insert the burr into the handpiece that was used for the planning.Register the burr in the burr registration tool, according to the DNS manufacturer's instruction. Check the correct registration by moving the burr to a prominent location. The DNS should show the tip of the instrument at the exact same position.Move the burr to the tooth that will be treated. Perform the axis cavity preparation with DNS guidance. Open Pre-operative planning"in the software.Select edit segmentations. Adjust the lower threshold to the calculated average value. Segment the treated tooth by using the flood fill tool and give a name to the segmentation.Finish segmentation by selecting the Close module"option. Right click on the overview column on the left on the segmented tooth and select Convert into 3D model"Right click on the 3D model of the segmented preoperative tooth and then click on Visualization"then click Properties"The volume of the tooth will be displayed in millimeters. Open a new case.Import DICOM image data of the post-operative cone beam computed tomography scan. Select Edit segmentations"Adjust the lower threshold to the same value that was calculated for the pre-operative data. Segment the treated tooth by using the flood fill tool and give a name to the segmentation.Finish segmentation by selecting the Close module"option. Right click on the segmented tooth and convert it into a 3D model. Open the Pre-operative planning"import a model scan, then click Import segmentation"and choose the post-operative tooth segmentation.Align with pre-operative tooth segmentation using landmark registration. The cone beam computed tomography scan of a prepared endodontic cavity is presented in sagittal view. The post-operative segmentation is matched with the pre-operative cone beam computed tomography data.Pre and post-operative 3D models are matched and the volumes are calculated by planning software automatically. For the accuracy of the entire approach, a precise alignment of CBCT and surface data is necessary. Be critical in the matching process to achieve the best possible accuracy.DNS were first described and investigated for navigation in implant surgery. Furthermore, they can also be used in dentistry for endodontic surgery.

Research

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