Name: dynamic navigation in endodontics: guided access cavity preparation by means of a miniaturized navigation system
Uploaded: 2022-05-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System at JoVE.com

Approval or consent to perform this study was not required since the use of patients&#39; data is not applicable.
1. Planning procedure
<ol>
	<li>Open the planning software and reinsure that the newest version is installed.</li>
	<li>Click on EXPERT to switch the Work mode from EASY to EXPERT.</li>
	<li>Click on NEW on the right sidebar to start a new case planning.</li>
	<li>Choose the Image Source by selecting the folder w...

<ol>
	<li>Patel, S., Rhodes, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+guide+to+endodontic+access+cavity+preparation+in+molar+teeth.">A practical guide to endodontic access cavity preparation in molar teeth.</a> British Dental Journal. 203 (3), 133-140 (2007).</li><li>Kiefner, P., Connert, T., ElAyouti, A., Weiger, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+calcified+root+canals+in+elderly+people:+a+clinical+study+about+the+accessibility,+the+time+needed+and+the+outcome+with+a+three-year+follow-up.">Treatment of calcified root canals in elderly people: a clinical study about the accessibility, the time needed and the outcome with a three-year follow-up.</a> Gerodontology. 34 (2), 164-170 (2017).</li><li>Cvek, M., Granath, L., Lundberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failures+and+healing+in+endodontically+treated+non-vital+anterior+teeth+with+posttraumatically+reduced+pulpal+lumen.">Failures and healing in endodontically treated non-vital anterior teeth with posttraumatically reduced pulpal lumen.</a> Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 40 (4), 223-228 (1982).</li><li>Wigen, T. I., Agnalt, R., Jacobsen, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrusive+luxation+of+permanent+incisors+in+Norwegians+aged+6-17+years:+a+retrospective+study+of+treatment+and+outcome.">Intrusive luxation of permanent incisors in Norwegians aged 6-17 years: a retrospective study of treatment and outcome.</a> Dental Traumatology. 24 (6), 612-618 (2008).</li><li>Andreasen, F. M., Zhijie, Y., Thomsen, B. L., Andersen, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+pulp+canal+obliteration+after+luxation+injuries+in+the+permanent+dentition.">Occurrence of pulp canal obliteration after luxation injuries in the permanent dentition.</a> Endodontics &amp; Dental Traumatology. 3 (3), 103-115 (1987).</li><li>Fleig, S., Attin, T., Jungbluth, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Narrowing+of+the+radicular+pulp+space+in+coronally+restored+teeth.">Narrowing of the radicular pulp space in coronally restored teeth.</a> Clinical Oral Investigations. 21 (4), 1251-1257 (2017).</li><li>Moreno-Rabi&#233;, C., Torres, A., Lambrechts, P., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+applications,+accuracy+and+limitations+of+guided+endodontics:+a+systematic+review.">Clinical applications, accuracy and limitations of guided endodontics: a systematic review.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 53 (2), 214-231 (2020).</li><li>Connert, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+guided+endodontics+with+a+miniaturized+dynamic+navigation+system+versus+conventional+freehand+endodontic+access+cavity+preparation:+substance+loss+and+procedure+time.">Real-time guided endodontics with a miniaturized dynamic navigation system versus conventional freehand endodontic access cavity preparation: substance loss and procedure time.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (10), 1651-1656 (2021).</li><li>Zubizarreta-Macho, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Mu&#241;oz, A. P., Deglow, E. R., Agust&#237;n-Panadero, R., &#193;lvarez, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+computer-aided+dynamic+navigation+compared+to+computer-aided+static+procedure+for+endodontic+access+cavities:+An+in+vitro+study.">Accuracy of computer-aided dynamic navigation compared to computer-aided static procedure for endodontic access cavities: An in vitro study.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (1), 129 (2020).</li><li>Jain, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamically+navigated+versus+freehand+access+cavity+preparation:+A+comparative+study+on+substance+loss+using+simulated+calcified+canals.">Dynamically navigated versus freehand access cavity preparation: A comparative study on substance loss using simulated calcified canals.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (11), 1745-1751 (2020).</li><li>Jain, S. D., Carrico, C. K., Bermanis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-Dimensional+accuracy+of+dynamic+navigation+technology+in+locating+calcified+canals.">3-Dimensional accuracy of dynamic navigation technology in locating calcified canals.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (6), 839-845 (2020).</li><li>Gambarini, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+of+dynamic+navigation+to+perform+endodontic+ultraconservative+access+cavities:+A+preliminary+in+vitro+analysis.">Precision of dynamic navigation to perform endodontic ultraconservative access cavities: A preliminary in vitro analysis.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (9), 1286-1290 (2020).</li><li>Dianat, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+efficiency+of+a+dynamic+navigation+system+for+locating+calcified+canals.">Accuracy and efficiency of a dynamic navigation system for locating calcified canals.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 46 (11), 1719-1725 (2020).</li><li>Dianat, O., Gupta, S., Price, J. B., Mostoufi, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontic+access+in+a+maxillary+molar+using+a+dynamic+navigation+system.">Guided endodontic access in a maxillary molar using a dynamic navigation system.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (4), 658-662 (2020).</li><li>Chong, B. S., Dhesi, M., Makdissi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-aided+dynamic+navigation:+a+novel+method+for+guided+endodontics.">Computer-aided dynamic navigation: a novel method for guided endodontics.</a> Quintessence International. 50 (3), 196-202 (2019).</li><li>Connert, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics+versus+conventional+access+cavity+preparation:+A+comparative+study+on+substance+loss+using+3-dimensional-printed+teeth.">Guided endodontics versus conventional access cavity preparation: A comparative study on substance loss using 3-dimensional-printed teeth.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 45 (3), 327-331 (2019).</li><li>Su, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+accuracy+of+access+cavity+preparation+and+discrimination+of+angular+and+linear+deviation+on+canal+accessing+ability-an+ex+vivo+study.">Guided endodontics: accuracy of access cavity preparation and discrimination of angular and linear deviation on canal accessing ability-an ex vivo study.</a> BMC Oral Health. 21 (1), 606 (2021).</li><li>Torres, A., Lerut, K., Lambrechts, P., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+Use+of+a+sleeveless+guide+system+on+an+upper+premolar+with+pulp+canal+obliteration+and+apical+periodontitis.">Guided endodontics: Use of a sleeveless guide system on an upper premolar with pulp canal obliteration and apical periodontitis.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (1), 133-139 (2021).</li><li>Patel, S., Brown, J., Semper, M., Abella, F., Mannocci, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=European+Society+of+Endodontology+position+statement:+Use+of+cone+beam+computed+tomography+in+Endodontics:+European+Society+of+Endodontology+(ESE)+developed+by.">European Society of Endodontology position statement: Use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology (ESE) developed by.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 52 (12), 1675-1678 (2019).</li><li>Spille, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+implant+placement+accuracy+in+two+different+pre-operative+digital+workflows:+navigated+vs.+pilot-drill-guided+surgery.">Comparison of implant placement accuracy in two different pre-operative digital workflows: navigated vs. pilot-drill-guided surgery.</a> International Journal of Implant Dentistry. 7 (1), 1-9 (2021).</li><li>Schnutenhaus, S., Knipper, A., Wetzel, M., Edelmann, C., Luthardt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+computer-assisted+dynamic+navigation+as+a+function+of+different+intraoral+reference+systems:+An+In+vitro+study.">Accuracy of computer-assisted dynamic navigation as a function of different intraoral reference systems: An In vitro study.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (6), 3244 (2021).</li><li>Edelmann, C., Wetzel, M., Knipper, A., Luthardt, R. G., Schnutenhaus, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+computer-assisted+dynamic+navigation+in+implant+placement+with+a+fully+digital+approach:+A+prospective+clinical+trial.">Accuracy of computer-assisted dynamic navigation in implant placement with a fully digital approach: A prospective clinical trial.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (9), 1808 (2021).</li><li>Dur&#233;, M., Berlinghoff, F., Kollmuss, M., Hickel, R., Huth, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+comparison+of+a+new+dynamic+navigation+system+and+surgical+guides+for+implantology:+an+in+vitro+study.">First comparison of a new dynamic navigation system and surgical guides for implantology: an in vitro study.</a> International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 24 (1), 9-17 (2021).</li><li>Ender, A., Attin, T., Mehl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+precision+of+conventional+and+digital+methods+of+obtaining+complete-arch+dental+impressions.">In vivo precision of conventional and digital methods of obtaining complete-arch dental impressions.</a> Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 115 (3), 313-320 (2016).</li><li>Ender, A., Zimmermann, M., Mehl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+complete-+and+partial-arch+impressions+of+actual+intraoral+scanning+systems+in+vitro.">Accuracy of complete- and partial-arch impressions of actual intraoral scanning systems in vitro.</a> International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 22 (1), 11-19 (2019).</li><li>Park, J. -. M., Jeon, J., Koak, J. -. Y., Kim, S. -. K., Heo, S. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimensional+accuracy+and+surface+characteristics+of+3D-printed+dental+casts.">Dimensional accuracy and surface characteristics of 3D-printed dental casts.</a> The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 126 (3), 427-437 (2021).</li><li>Dong, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+in+vitro+mandibular+volumetric+measurements+from+CBCT+of+different+voxel+sizes+with+different+segmentation+threshold+settings.">Accuracy of in vitro mandibular volumetric measurements from CBCT of different voxel sizes with different segmentation threshold settings.</a> BMC Oral Health. 19 (1), 206 (2019).</li><li>Cui, Z., Li, C., Wang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ToothNet:+automatic+tooth+instance+segmentation+and+identification+from+cone+beam+CT+images.">ToothNet: automatic tooth instance segmentation and identification from cone beam CT images.</a> Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). , 6368-6377 (2019).</li><li>Kim, S., Choi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+tooth+segmentation+of+dental+mesh+using+a+transverse+plane).">Automatic tooth segmentation of dental mesh using a transverse plane).</a> Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 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Several studies and case reports have demonstrated the feasibility of guided access cavity preparation in endodontics7. Navigation utilizing templates and sleeves for bur guidance (static navigation) was described to be a precise and safe method to access calcified root canals. Besides, the method was found to be independent from the operator&#39;s degree of clinical experience16, offering the possibility to treat teeth with advanced PCC without the risks of large loss of t...

In non-surgical endodontic treatment, the preparation of an adequate access cavity is the first invasive step1. Teeth that have undergone pulp canal calcification (PCC) are difficult and time-consuming to treat2, leading to more iatrogenic errors such as perforations that may be crucial for the prognosis of the tooth3. PCC is a process that can be observed after dental trauma4,5 and as a response to stimuli such as caries, restorative procedures, or vital pulp therapy6, leading to a relocation of the root canal orifice toward the apex. In general, PCC is a sign of vital pulp, and treatment is only indicated when clinical and/or radiographic signs of a pulpal or apical pathology become apparent. The more apical the orifice of the remaining root canal space is located, spatial orientation and illumination become more difficult, even for a specialist in endodontics and with additional devices, e.g., operating microscopes.
Besides static navigation7, which is a template-based approach that leads a bur to the target point, dynamic navigation systems (DNS) were described to be also suitable for the preparation of endodontic access cavities8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. DNS consists of a camera-marker-computer system, in which a rotating instrument (e.g., diamond bur) is recognized, and its position in the patient&#39;s mouth is visualized in real-time, thus providing guidance to the operator. The few commercially available systems are equipped with relatively large extraoral marker systems and large camera devices. Recently a miniaturized system, consisting of a low weight camera (97 g) and a small intraoral marker (10 mm x 15 mm), was described for endodontic access cavity preparation8. This work aims to present the technique of guided access cavity preparation by means of this miniaturized dynamic navigation system from imaging to clinical implementation. For research purposes, a treatment evaluation (determination of substance loss due to access cavity preparation) is possible after post-operative CBCT and is also presented in this article.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Accuitomo 170</td>
			<td>Morita Manufacturing</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>CBCT machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coDiagnostiX</td>
			<td>Dental Wings Inc</td>
			<td>Version 10.4</td>
			<td>Planning software, which is mainly intended for implant surgery. Endodontic access cavities can be planned by adding the utlized bur to the implant database</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DENACAM</td>
			<td>mininavident</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Dynamic Nagivation System, consisting of (1) camera, which is mounted to an electric handpiece, (2) marker, (3)computer and screen, (4) associated software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIOS 3</td>
			<td>3Shape A/S</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Surface scanner</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dynamic navigation in endodontics: guided access cavity preparation by means of a miniaturized navigation system

In the case of teeth with pulp canal calcification (PCC) and apical pathology or pulpitis, root canal treatment can be very challenging. PCC are common sequelae of dental trauma but can also occur with stimuli such as caries, bruxism, or after placing a restoration. In order to access the root canal as minimally invasive as possible in case of a necessary root canal treatment, dynamic navigation has recently been introduced in endodontics in addition to static navigation. The use of a dynamic navigation system (DNS) requires pre-operative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and a digital surface scan. If necessary, reference markers must be placed on the teeth before the CBCT scan; with some systems, these can also be planned and created digitally afterward. By means of a stereo camera connected to the planning software, the drill can now be coordinated with the help of reference markers and virtual planning. As a result, the position of the drill can be displayed on the monitor in real-time during preparation in different planes. In addition, the spatial displacement, the angular deviation, and the depth position are also displayed separately. The few commercially available DNS mostly consist of relatively large camera-marker-systems. Here, the DNS contains miniaturized components: a low-weight camera (97 g) mounted on the micromotor of the electric handpiece utilizing a manufacturer-specific connecting mechanism and a small marker (10 mm x 15 mm), which can be easily attached to an individually manufactured intraoral tray. For research purposes, a post-operative CBCT scan can be matched with the pre-operative one, and the volume of tooth structure removed can be calculated by the software. This work aims to present the technique of guided access cavity preparation by means of a miniaturized navigation system from imaging to clinical implementation.

Figure 7A shows the occlusal view of a prepared endodontic access cavity in a model central incisor with the aid of the DNS. Figure 7B shows the associated CBCT scan in sagittal view. The post-operative segmentation is then matched with the pre-operative CBCT data (Figure 7C). Pre- and post-operative 3D models are matched (Figure 7D) and the pre- (412.12 mm3) and post-operative (405.09mm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System at JoVE.com

Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System

Dynamic navigation systems (DNS) provide real-time visualization and guidance to the operator during endodontic access cavities preparation. The planning of the procedure requires three-dimensional imaging utilizing cone beam computed tomography and surface scans. After the export of the planning data to the DNS, access cavities can be prepared with minimal invasion.

In the case of teeth with pulp canal calcification (PCC) and apical pathology or pulpitis, root canal treatment can be very challenging. PCC are common ...

Root canal treatment of teeth with advanced pulp canal calcification is a challenge. Dynamic navigation systems are able to facilitate minimally invasive endodontic axis cavities. The main advantage of this technique is the minimal invasive detection of calcified root canals, which ensures tooth preservation.This is also valid for inexperienced operators. The planning procedure can be easily completed following the presented protocol. However, the preparation with the help of the DNS needs practice in order to avoid iatrogenic errors, harming the patient.To begin, open the planning software and reinsure that the newest version is installed. Click on Expert"to switch the work mode from easy to expert. Click on New"on the right sidebar to start a new case planning.Choose the image source by selecting the folder with the pre-operative DICOM CBCT data. Select Create data set"to continue with the planning. Choose the type of planning.Select Edit segmentations"to start segmentation of the dental arch. Switch to axial view on the left sidebar. Select Density measurement"to perform this measurement for the higher radiopaque tooth structure and the surrounding less radiopaque states.Average the values. Return to 3D reconstruction on the left sidebar. Adjust the lower thresholds to the calculated average value.Segment by using the flood fill tool. Give a name to the segmentation. Finish segmentation of the dental arch by selecting Close module"Left click on Object"then click Add"followed by Model scan"Select Load model scan"Select Align to other object"Select three different matching points in the registration object and model scan respectively.Check registration in all the planes by manually scrolling through the planes and finish the registration. Plan axis cavity by adding an implant. Place the burr to the targeted position and check in all the planes by left clicking and moving.Select object then click Add"followed by 3D model"to add the STL file of the marker tray. Place the tray close to the planned axis cavity preparation. Make sure there will be no interference during the actual procedure.Add a surgical guide and design the marker tray according to the DNS manufacturer's instruction guide. Export the marker tray as an STL file and manufacture it with a 3D printer. Export the entire planning by selecting Object"then click Virtual planning export"followed by Generic planning objects container"format according to the DNS manufacturer's instruction guide.Import the planning data to the DNS via the USB. Select the case that is being treated. Insert the marker into the 3D printed marker tray.Check the fit of the marker in the marker tray. Check the fit of the marker tray on the dental arch. Insert the burr into the handpiece that was used for the planning.Register the burr in the burr registration tool, according to the DNS manufacturer's instruction. Check the correct registration by moving the burr to a prominent location. The DNS should show the tip of the instrument at the exact same position.Move the burr to the tooth that will be treated. Perform the axis cavity preparation with DNS guidance. Open Pre-operative planning"in the software.Select edit segmentations. Adjust the lower threshold to the calculated average value. Segment the treated tooth by using the flood fill tool and give a name to the segmentation.Finish segmentation by selecting the Close module"option. Right click on the overview column on the left on the segmented tooth and select Convert into 3D model"Right click on the 3D model of the segmented preoperative tooth and then click on Visualization"then click Properties"The volume of the tooth will be displayed in millimeters. Open a new case.Import DICOM image data of the post-operative cone beam computed tomography scan. Select Edit segmentations"Adjust the lower threshold to the same value that was calculated for the pre-operative data. Segment the treated tooth by using the flood fill tool and give a name to the segmentation.Finish segmentation by selecting the Close module"option. Right click on the segmented tooth and convert it into a 3D model. Open the Pre-operative planning"import a model scan, then click Import segmentation"and choose the post-operative tooth segmentation.Align with pre-operative tooth segmentation using landmark registration. The cone beam computed tomography scan of a prepared endodontic cavity is presented in sagittal view. The post-operative segmentation is matched with the pre-operative cone beam computed tomography data.Pre and post-operative 3D models are matched and the volumes are calculated by planning software automatically. For the accuracy of the entire approach, a precise alignment of CBCT and surface data is necessary. Be critical in the matching process to achieve the best possible accuracy.DNS were first described and investigated for navigation in implant surgery. Furthermore, they can also be used in dentistry for endodontic surgery.

dynamic-navigation-endodontics-guided-access-cavity-preparation-means

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Remote Magnetic Navigation for Accurate, Real-time Catheter Positioning and Ablation in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures

New remote navigation systems have been developed to improve current limitations of conventional manually guided catheter ablation in complex cardiac substrates such as left atrial flutter. This protocol describes all the clinical and invasive interventional steps performed during a human electrophysiological study and ablation to assess the accuracy, safety and real-time navigation of the Catheter Guidance, Control and Imaging (CGCI) system. Patients who underwent ablation of a right or left atrium flutter substrate were included. Specifically, data from three left atrial flutter and two counterclockwise right atrial flutter procedures are shown in this report. One representative left atrial flutter procedure is shown in the movie. This system is based on eight coil-core electromagnets, which generate a dynamic magnetic field focused on the heart. Remote navigation by rapid changes (msec) in the magnetic field magnitude and a very flexible magnetized catheter allow real-time closed-loop integration and accurate, stable positioning and ablation of the arrhythmogenic substrate.

This report provides a detailed description of a new remote navigation system based on magnetic driven forces, which has been recently introduced as a new robotic tool for human cardiac electrophysiology procedures.

New remote navigation systems have been developed to improve current limitations of conventional manually guided catheter ablation in complex cardiac ...

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

Povidone Iodine Rectal Preparation at Time of Prostate Needle Biopsy is a Simple and Reproducible Means to Reduce Risk of Procedural Infection

Single institution and population-based studies highlight that infectious complications following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy (TRUS PNB) are increasing. Such infections are largely attributable to quinolone resistant microorganisms which colonize the rectal vault and are translocated into the bloodstream during the biopsy procedure. A povidone iodine rectal preparation (PIRP) at time of biopsy is a simple, reproducible method to reduce rectal microorganism colony counts and therefore resultant infections following TRUS PNB.
All patients are administered three days of oral antibiotic therapy prior to biopsy. The PIRP technique involves initially positioning the patient in the standard manner for a TRUS PNB. Following digital rectal examination, 15 ml&#160;of a 10% solution of commercially available povidone iodine is mixed with 5 ml&#160;of 1% lidocaine jelly to create slurry. A 4 cm x 4 cm sterile gauze is soaked in this slurry and then inserted into the rectal vault for 2 min after which it is removed. Thereafter, a disposable cotton gynecologic swab is used to paint both the perianal area and the rectal vault to a distance of 3 cm from the anus. The povidone iodine solution is then allowed to dry for 2 - 3 min prior to proceeding with standard transrectal ultrasonography and subsequent biopsy.
This PIRP technique has been in practice at our institution since March of 2012 with an associated reduction of post-biopsy infections from 4.3% to 0.6% (p = 0.02). The principal advantage of this prophylaxis regimen is its simplicity and reproducibility with use of an easily available, inexpensive agent to reduce infections. Furthermore, the technique avoids exposing patients to additional systemic antibiotics with potential further propagation of multi-drug resistant organisms. Usage of PIRP at TRUS PNB, however, is not applicable for patients with iodine or shellfish allergies.

Here, we present a protocol for use at the time of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy (TRUS PNB) that is a simple and cost-effective means to reduce infections following the procedure.

Single institution and population-based studies highlight that infectious complications following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy ...

Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion

There is currently a severe shortage of liver grafts available for transplantation. Novel organ preservation techniques are needed to expand the pool of donor livers. Machine perfusion of donor liver grafts is an alternative to traditional cold storage of livers and holds much promise as a modality to expand the donor organ pool. We have recently described the potential benefit of subnormothermic machine perfusion of human livers. Machine perfused livers showed improving function and restoration of tissue ATP levels. Additionally, machine perfusion of liver grafts at subnormothermic temperatures allows for objective assessment of the functionality and suitability of a liver for transplantation. In these ways a great many livers that were previously discarded due to their suboptimal quality can be rescued via the restorative effects of machine perfusion and utilized for transplantation. Here we describe this technique of subnormothermic machine perfusion in detail. Human liver grafts allocated for research are perfused via the hepatic artery and portal vein with an acellular oxygenated perfusate at 21 &#176;C.

We describe a method of ex vivo machine perfusion of human liver grafts at subnormothermic temperature (21 &#176;C).

There is currently a severe shortage of liver grafts available for transplantation.  Novel organ preservation techniques are needed to expand the pool of ...

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

Intraoperative Assessment of Resection Margins in Oral Cavity Cancer: This is the Way

The goal of head and neck oncological surgery is complete tumor resection with adequate resection margins while preserving acceptable function and appearance. For oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), different studies showed that only 15%-26% of all resections are adequate. A major reason for the low number of adequate resections is the lack of information during surgery; the margin status is only available after the final histopathologic assessment, days after surgery.
The surgeons and pathologists at the Erasmus MC University Medical Center in Rotterdam started the implementation of specimen-driven intraoperative assessment of resection margins (IOARM) in 2013, which became the standard of care in 2015. This method enables the surgeon to turn an inadequate resection into an adequate resection by performing an additional resection during the initial surgery. Intraoperative assessment is supported by a relocation method procedure that allows accurate identification of inadequate margins (found on the specimen) in the wound bed.
The implementation of this protocol resulted in an improvement of adequate resections from 15%-40%. However, the specimen-driven IOARM is not widely adopted because grossing fresh tissue is counter-intuitive for pathologists. The fear exists that grossing fresh tissue will deteriorate the anatomical orientation, shape, and size of the specimen and therefore will affect the final histopathologic assessment. These possible negative effects are countered by the described protocol. Here, the protocol for specimen-driven IOARM is presented in detail, as performed at the institute.

The goal of this protocol is to provide a clear overview of specimen-driven intraoperative assessment of resection margins. It is encouraged to implement this protocol to improve patient care at other institutes.

The goal of head and neck oncological surgery is complete tumor resection with adequate resection margins while preserving acceptable function and ...

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Zygomatic implants (ZIs) are an ideal way to address cases of a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla and maxilla defects because they replace extensive bone augmentation and shorten the treatment cycle. However, there are risks associated with the placement of ZIs, such as penetration of the orbital cavity or infra-temporal fossa. Furthermore, the placement of multiple ZIs makes this surgery risky and more difficult to perform. Potential intraoperative complications are extremely dangerous and may cause irreparable losses. Here, we describe a practical, feasible, and reproducible protocol for a real-time surgical navigation system for precisely placing quad-zygomatic implants in the severely atrophic maxilla of patients with residual bone that does not meet the requirements of conventional implants. Hundreds of patients have received ZIs at our department based on this protocol. The clinical outcomes have been satisfactory, the intraoperative and postoperative complications have been low, and the accuracy indicated by infusion of the designed image and postoperative three-dimensional image has been high. This method should be utilized during the entire surgical procedure to ensure ZI placement safety.

Here, we present a protocol to achieve precise quad-zygomatic implant placement in patients with severely atrophic maxilla using a real-time dynamic navigation system.

Zygomatic implants (ZIs) are an ideal way to address cases of a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla and maxilla defects because they replace extensive ...

Dynamic Navigation for Dental Implant Placement

In modern implantology, the application of surgical navigation systems is becoming increasingly important. In addition to static surgical navigation methods, a guide-independent dynamic navigation implant placement procedure is becoming more widespread. The procedure is based on computer-guided dental implant placement utilizing optical control. This work aims to demonstrate the technical steps of a new dynamic computer-aided implant surgery (DCAIS)&#160;system (design, calibration, surgery) and check the accuracy of the results. Based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, the exact positions of implants are determined with dedicated software. The first step of the operation is the calibration of the navigation system, which can be performed in two ways: 1) based on CBCT images taken with a marker or 2) based on CBCT images without markers. Implants are inserted with the aid of real-time navigation according to the preoperative plans. The accuracy of the interventions can be evaluated based on postoperative CBCT images. The preoperative images containing the planned positions of the implants and postoperative CBCT images were compared based on the angulation (degree), platform, and apical deviation (mm) of the implants. To evaluate the data, we calculated the standard deviation (SD), mean, and standard error of the mean (SEM) of deviations within planned and performed implant positions. Differences between the two calibration methods were compared based on this data. Based on the interventions performed so far, the use of DCAIS allows for high-precision implant placement. A calibration system that does not require labeled CBCT recording allows for surgical intervention with similar accuracy as a system that uses labeling. The accuracy of the intervention can be improved by training.

Dynamic computer-aided implant surgery (DCAIS) is a controlled implant surgical placement method performed without a surgical template using optical control. The real-time intraoperative control of movement and position of the surgical device simplifies the procedure and gives more freedom to the surgeon, providing similar precision as static navigation methods.

In modern implantology, the application of surgical navigation systems is becoming increasingly important. In addition to static surgical navigation ...

Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are often a consequence of dental trauma, such as luxation injuries. Even though dentin apposition is a sign of vital pulp, pulpitis or apical periodontitis may develop in the long term. Root canal treatment of teeth with severe PCO and pulpal or periapical pathosis is challenging for general practitioners and even for well-equipped endodontic specialists. To ensure detection of the calcified root canal and avoid excessive loss of tooth structure or root perforation, static navigation using templates ("Guided Endodontics") was introduced a few years ago. The general workflow includes three-dimensional imaging using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), a digital surface scan, and superimposition of both in a planning software. This is followed by virtual planning of the access cavity and the design of a template that will guide the drill to the desired target point. To do this, a true-to-scale virtual image of the drill must be placed in a way that the tip of the drill reaches the orifice of the calcified root canal. Once the template has been fabricated using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) or a 3D printer, guided preparation of the access cavity can be performed clinically. For research purposes, a postoperative CBCT image can be used to quantify the accuracy of the access cavity performed. This work aims to present the technique of static guided endodontics from imaging to clinical implementation.

Guided endodontics describes a template-aided approach for access cavity preparation. The procedure requires cone-beam computed tomography and a surface scan to produce a template. An incorporated sleeve guides the drill to the target point. This allows the preparation of minimally invasive endodontic access cavities in calcified teeth.

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are often a consequence of dental trauma, such as luxation injuries. Even though dentin apposition is a sign of vital pulp, ...

Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common joint disease in young and middle-aged patients, which seriously burdens their lives and work. For early-stage ONFH, core decompression surgery is a classical and effective hip preservation therapy. In traditional procedures of core decompression with Kirschner wire, there are still many problems such as X-ray exposure, repeated puncture verification, and damage to normal bone tissue. The blindness of the puncture process and the inability to provide real-time visualization are crucial reasons for these problems.
To optimize this procedure, our team developed an intraoperative navigation system on the basis of augmented reality (AR) technology. This surgical system can intuitively display the anatomy of the surgical areas and render preoperative images and virtual needles to intraoperative video in real-time. With the guide of the navigation system, surgeons can accurately insert Kirschner wires into the targeted lesion area and minimize the collateral damage. We conducted 10 cases of core decompression surgery with this system. The efficiency of positioning and fluoroscopy is greatly improved compared to the traditional procedures, and the accuracy of puncture is also guaranteed.

Augmented reality technology was applied to core decompression for osteonecrosis of the femoral head to realize real-time visualization of this surgical procedure. This method can effectively improve the safety and precision of core decompression.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common joint disease in young and middle-aged patients, which seriously burdens their lives and work. For ...