Name: muscle function obtained with motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography during core endurance exercise
Uploaded: 2022-08-25T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise at JoVE.com

All human participants provided informed consent. The protocol was part of a study approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Central Florida. Inclusion criteria included ages 18 -45 and physically active according to ACSM guidelines (30 min of moderate to vigorous activity 5 days per week)19. Exclusion criteria included low back pain within the past year, current hip, upper, or lower extremity pain or injury, a year history of low back surgery or lower extremity surgery, self...

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P., Goldberg, B., Cholewicki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficits+in+neuromuscular+control+of+the+trunk+predict+knee+injury+risk:+prospective+biomechanical-epidemiologic+study.">Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study.</a> The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (7), 1123-1130 (2007).</li><li>George, S. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interventions+for+the+management+of+acute+and+chronic+low+back+pain:+revision+2021.">Interventions for the management of acute and chronic low back pain: revision 2021.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 51 (11), (2021).</li><li>Dieterich, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M-mode+ultrasound+used+to+detect+the+onset+of+deep+muscle+activity.">M-mode ultrasound used to detect the onset of deep muscle activity.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 25 (2), 224-231 (2015).</li><li>Teyhen, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abdominal+and+lumbar+multifidus+muscle+size+and+symmetry+at+rest+and+during+contracted+states+normative+reference+ranges.">Abdominal and lumbar multifidus muscle size and symmetry at rest and during contracted states normative reference ranges.</a> Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 31 (7), 1099-1110 (2012).</li><li>Oliva-Lozano, J. M., Muyor, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Core+muscle+activity+during+physical+fitness+exercises:+A+systematic+review.">Core muscle activity during physical fitness exercises: A systematic review.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (12), 4306 (2020).</li><li>Dieterich, A., Petzke, F., Pickard, C., Davey, P., Falla, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+gluteus+medius+and+minimus+activity+in+weight+bearing+and+non-weight+bearing+exercises+by+M-mode+ultrasound+imaging.">Differentiation of gluteus medius and minimus activity in weight bearing and non-weight bearing exercises by M-mode ultrasound imaging.</a> Manual therapy. 20 (5), 715-722 (2015).</li><li>Biscarini, A., Contemori, S., Grolla, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+scapular+and+lumbopelvic+muscles+during+core+exercises+executed+on+a+whole-body+wobble+board.">Activation of scapular and lumbopelvic muscles during core exercises executed on a whole-body wobble board.</a> Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 28 (6), 623-634 (2019).</li><li>Calatayud, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progression+of+core+stability+exercises+based+on+the+extent+of+muscle+activity.">Progression of core stability exercises based on the extent of muscle activity.</a> American Journal of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation. 96 (10), 694-699 (2017).</li><li>McGill, S. M., Karpowicz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercises+for+spine+stabilization:+motion/motor+patterns,+stability+progressions,+and+clinical+technique.">Exercises for spine stabilization: motion/motor patterns, stability progressions, and clinical technique.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 90 (1), 118-126 (2009).</li><li>Czaprowski, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abdominal+muscle+EMG-activity+during+bridge+exercises+on+stable+and+unstable+surfaces.">Abdominal muscle EMG-activity during bridge exercises on stable and unstable surfaces.</a> Physical Therapy in Sport. 15 (3), 162-168 (2014).</li><li>Souza, G. M., Baker, L. L., Powers, C. 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M., Hough, A. D., Moore, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+abdominal+muscle+thickness+using+M-mode+ultrasound+imaging+during+functional+activities.">Measurement of abdominal muscle thickness using M-mode ultrasound imaging during functional activities.</a> Manual Therapy. 9 (1), 41-44 (2004).</li><li>Garber, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+College+of+Sports+Medicine+position+stand.+Quantity+and+quality+of+exercise+for+developing+and+maintaining+cardiorespiratory,+musculoskeletal,+and+neuromotor+fitness+in+apparently+healthy+adults:+guidance+for+prescribing+exercise.">American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.</a> Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise. 43 (7), 1334-1359 (2011).</li><li>Vera-Garcia, F. J., Moreside, J. M., McGill, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MVC+techniques+to+normalize+trunk+muscle+EMG+in+healthy+women.">MVC techniques to normalize trunk muscle EMG in healthy women.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 20 (1), 10-16 (2010).</li><li>Partner, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+muscle+thickness+after+exercise+and+biofeedback+in+people+with+low+back+pain.">Changes in muscle thickness after exercise and biofeedback in people with low back pain.</a> Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 23 (4), 307-318 (2014).</li><li>Devorski, L., Bazett-Jones, D., Mangum, L. C., Glaviano, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+activation+in+the+shoulder+girdle+and+lumbopelvic-hip+complex+during+common+therapeutic+exercises.">Muscle activation in the shoulder girdle and lumbopelvic-hip complex during common therapeutic exercises.</a> Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 31 (1), 31-37 (2021).</li><li>Youdas, J. 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M-mode ultrasound provides onset of muscle tissue movement and muscle thickness change during real time observation of anatomy over a selected time21. M-mode ultrasound combined with sEMG provides an overall understanding of muscle function, including electrical representation and visual observation. These instruments can be used in tandem during exercise to provide researchers with a global understanding of muscle function.
Specific training of ultrasound and sEMG tech...

The lateral abdominal wall is made up of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique1. The lateral abdominal wall contracts concentrically, eccentrically, and isometrically to withstand the forces placed on the body1. The co-contraction of this muscle group provides stabilization of the center of the human body2,3. These muscles are important during the prevention and rehabilitation of lower extremity injuries because poor trunk function is associated with increased hip adduction and knee valgus, which are risk factors for lower extremity injuries4,5. Focusing on strengthening and increasing muscular endurance of the core musculature not only decreases risk factors for the lower extremity but can also decrease low back pain6. Recently, it has been recommended that individuals who are suffering from acute and chronic low back pain should include trunk strengthening, endurance, and specific trunk muscle activation in their rehabilitation6. An example of specific trunk muscle activation is targeting isolated or grouped trunk muscles using co-contraction to restore control or increase coordination of the lumbopelvic-hip region6.
Two ways to objectively measure muscle function are the use of motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound and surface electromyography (sEMG). M-mode ultrasound provides a real-time visualization of muscle and fascia movement during a recorded time which can display onset and extent of the motion7. The distance between the superior inferior fascial border and inferior superior fascial border are measured at a selected time to obtain muscle thickness. Muscle thickness during a specific time point of an exercise can be divided by resting thickness to achieve an activation ratio8. sEMG provides insight into muscle activation and fatigue, as the output can be compared to the muscle&#39;s maximum contraction9. These two instruments and methods have been used previously to measure the onset of hip muscle activation during a variety of exercises in healthy and injured individuals10. Exercises that target the trunk, and specifically the lateral abdominal wall, are the side plank and dead bug11,12,13. The side plank is performed in a side lying position with the elbow directly underneath the shoulder and forearm on the ground, the hips are raised off the ground until the spine is in a neutral position. The knees are extended, and the feet are placed on top of one another9 (Supplemental Figure 1). The dead bug is performed in a supine position with both arms straight above and the hips and knees flexed in a 90&#176; angle. The exercise begins when one arm is flexed above the head and the contralateral leg extends. The opposite arm and leg remain in a neutral position and then flex and extend once the original moving arm and leg return to the neutral position13 (Supplemental Figure 2 and Supplemental Figure 3).
The activation of the external oblique has been seen to range from 37% to 62% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) during the side plank11,12,14. During the dead bug, the activation of the external oblique has been recorded between 20% to 30% of MVIC for only five repetitions of the exercise15. The internal oblique and transverse abdominis, the deeper abdominal muscles of the lateral abdominal wall, activate between 22% to 28% of MVIC during the side plank12,14. Due to the overlapping nature of the internal oblique and transverse abdominis, the two muscles have been combined during sEMG collection14. A limitation of sEMG is the crosstalk from adjacent muscles, where the sEMG sensor may be producing an output of a different muscle, resulting in a false understanding of activation16. Muscle thickness measurements obtained with ultrasound can be used to mitigate this limitation, and this measurement is feasible during trunk exercises, such as the isometric holds previously mentioned17.
Muscle thickness of the lateral abdominal wall has been recorded during the side plank as an absolute magnitude of difference between contracted thickness and rested thickness. At the 30 s time point of a side plank, the muscle thickness of the internal oblique and external oblique increased by 0.526 mm and 0.205 mm, respectively17. These measurements were recorded in brightness mode ultrasound at one time point during the side plank. B-mode ultrasound is commonly performed to assess before and after images; however, this method only allows for measurement at two time points18. M-mode ultrasound provides increased advantages compared to B-mode ultrasound, as it can detect onset of muscle activation as well as muscle thickness during the entirety of the exercise with any time point able to be selected for measurement18. Therefore, the overall goal of the current protocol is to provide an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises. This is beneficial to researchers and clinicians to understand how muscles function throughout the duration of an exercise, especially of an endurance nature, as opposed to a measurement isolated to a single time point.

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			<td>Amazon Basics 1/2- Inch Extra Thick Exercise Yoga Mat</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
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			<td>Samsung</td>
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			<td>GE NextGen Logig e Ultrasound Unit</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>HR48382AR</td>
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			<td>Linear Array Probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>H48062AB</td>
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			<td>Trigno Avanti sensors</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>T03-A16014</td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

muscle function obtained with motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography during core endurance exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

The measurements of both ultrasound and sEMG during the static, exercise starting position are represented in Table 2. These numbers will be used as the denominator when calculating the activation ratio. The thickness values of external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis during the first 5 s, last 5 s, and total duration (60 s) are in Table 3. These numbers are divided by the numbers in Table 2. The sEMG values normalized to static, exercise starting pos...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise at JoVE.com

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...

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