Diese Arbeit wird durch Zuschüsse von OU General Fund G110 und Research Excellence Fonds für Biomedizinische Forschung und OSU-Fonds HRS 013.000 unterstützt. Die Autoren möchten Lauren Chen für ihre Unterstützung bei der Erstellung dieses Manuskripts danken.

Alle Verfahren, die Tierversuchspersonen wurden genehmigt und in Übereinstimmung und Einhaltung der Ohio State University Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Committee (IACUC) Vorschriften und Richtlinien abgeschlossen. 1. Maus Anästhesie <ol><li> Richten Sie ein sauberes Verfahren Tisch mit einem beheizten isothermen Pad in einer chirurgischen Handtuch gewickelt. Das Heizkissen sollte zwischen 30 ° C und 34 ° C gehalten werden, um zu stabilisieren Kerntemperatur des Tieres, während die potenziellen Stress für das Tier. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die Maus in einer Narkose Kammer mit den folgenden Parametern: Sauerstoffflussrate von 1,5 L / min und Isofluran-Verdampfer auf 3,5% eingestellt. Komplette Sedierung sollte innerhalb von 1-2 Minuten dauern. Wenn eine Induktionskammer nicht verfügbar ist, kann eine Glocke mit einem Drahtgeflecht am Boden positioniert, um direkten Kontakt mit dem Tier zu vermeiden Isofluran verwendet werden. </li><li> Die Maus vom Induktionskammer unverzüglich entfernen, sobald esvollständig betäubt (erreicht, wenn die Maus verliert Willkürmotorik). Tragen Sie eine Nasenkegel auf das Tier für die Wartung der Anästhesie. Die Sauerstoffströmungsgeschwindigkeit sollte auf etwa 0,5 l / min reduziert und die Isofluran Verdampfer sollte im Bereich von 1,5 bis 2,5% eingestellt werden. <ol><li> Eine kleine Menge von Augensalbe direkt auf der Hornhaut, Augentrockenheit 8 zu reduzieren. Außerdem während der Anästhesie, die Maus sollte ein Fehlen des Pedals Rückzugsreflex zu erhalten, sollte die Schleimhäute eine rosa Farbe bleiben und Atmung sollte stetig angezeigt. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Vorbereitung für diagnostische Ultraschall-Bildgebung Ordnung <ol><li> Halten jede Etappe der Maus auf der beheizten Prozedur-Tabelle mit einem entfernbaren Klebstoff, wie chirurgisches Band. </li><li> Mit einem elektrischen Rasierer, entfernen die Haare an der ventralen Körperoberfläche zwischen dem Bauch und auf halber Höhe der Brusthöhle. Bewerben Enthaarungscreme weiter rebewegen Sie die restlichen Haare, die nicht von dem Rasiermesser geschnitten wird. Wischen Sie die Creme mit einem feuchten Gaze nach 2-3 min. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die überschüssige Haare mit einem mit Wasser befeuchteten Gaze und reinigen Sie die rasierte Region mit 70% Alkohol oder gleichwertig antiseptisch. Die Ultraschallsonde wird auf diesen Bereich angewendet werden, um Membranfunktion visualisieren. Ein aktuelles Analgetikum darf Tieren erleben kleinere Hautreizungen durch Haarentfernung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. </li></ol> 3. Diagnostische Ultraschall-Bildgebung Protokoll <ol><li> Schalten Sie das Ultraschallgerät und stellen Sie die Ausgangsleistung (falls erforderlich) auf das Gerät durch den Prozentsatz, um eine optimale Auflösung zu erhalten. </li><li> Stellen Sie das Ultraschallgerät, um entweder B (Helligkeit)-Modus, M (Bewegung)-Modus oder sowohl vor Bildgebung, die für die richtige Visualisierung der Maus Membran Kontraktion ermöglicht. </li><li> Eine kleine Menge von Ultraschall-Gel auf den oberen Bauch der Maus und massieren Sie das Gel in Richtung der Brusthöhle. </li><li> Legen Sie die UltraSchallwandler in diesem Bereich und Winkel sie nach oben zum Herzen hin. Stellen Sie die Sonde bis eine optimierte Auflösung des Bildes erzielt wird. HINWEIS: Für dieses Protokoll ist ein Mikroarray konvexe oder lineare Phased-Array-Wandler eine ideale Sonde aufgrund des geringen Platzbedarfs und ausgezeichnete axiale Auflösung 9 zu verwenden; die Frequenz muss über die Bandbreite angepasst werden und für diese Versuche eine Reihe von 6.5-12 MHz verwendet werden. </li><li> Drücken Sie die Taste FREEZE, um vorübergehend die Membran Bilder speichern und die ausgewählten Kontraktionen. </li><li> Speichern Sie die Aufzeichnung als Kinoschleife, die für den späteren Messungen der Zwerchfellexkursion sowie Atemfrequenz ermöglicht. Hinweis: Bilder von Bildern kann in der Computer-Speicher oder auf einer externen Festplatte zur späteren Analyse 9 gespeichert werden. <ol><li> Genau messen die Tiefe der Membranbewegung von Entspannung Kontraktion mit den elektronischen Bremssättel, die Teil der Ultraschall-Software sind. </li><li> Konvertieren Sie dieCine-Loop-Datei in eine MPEG-Datei und bestimmen die Atmungsrate, indem die Anzahl der Zwerchfellkontraktionen während des Aufzeichnungszeitraums. Alternativ kann die Anzahl der Kontraktionen pro Minute (Atemfrequenz) von M-Modus-Bild gezählt. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Beitrag Anästhesie Tierrettung <ol><li> Die Maus sollte vollständig von der Narkose erholen innerhalb 1 Stunde. Das Tier nicht unbeaufsichtigt lassen, bis er das Bewusstsein wiedererlangt, um ausreichend Brustlage zu halten. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Snyder, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementarity+of+ultrasound+and+fluorescence+imaging+in+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.</a> BMC Cancer. 9, 106 (2009).</li><li>Franchi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+assessment+of+cardiac+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+renovascular+hypertension.">Non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in a mouse model of renovascular hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. , (2013).</li><li>Coatney, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+imaging:+principles+and+applications+in+rodent+research.">Ultrasound imaging: principles and applications in rodent research.</a> ILAR Journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 42, 233-247 (2001).</li><li>Morenz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+air+trapping+in+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+by+low+frequency+ultrasound.">Detection of air trapping in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by low frequency ultrasound.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 12, 8 (2012).</li><li>Gilliam, L. A., Moylan, J. S., Ann Callahan, L., Sumandea, M. P., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+causes+diaphragm+weakness+in+murine+models+of+cancer+chemotherapy.">Doxorubicin causes diaphragm weakness in murine models of cancer chemotherapy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 43, 94-102 (2011).</li><li>Ferreira, L. F., Campbell, K. S., Reid, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+sulfur-containing+antioxidants+in+delaying+skeletal+muscle+fatigue.">Effectiveness of sulfur-containing antioxidants in delaying skeletal muscle fatigue.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43, 1025-1031 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, L., Clanton, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+oxygen+species+formation+in+the+transition+to+hypoxia+in+skeletal+muscle.">Reactive oxygen species formation in the transition to hypoxia in skeletal muscle.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 289, 207-216 (2005).</li><li>Helms, M. N., Torres-Gonzalez, E., Goodson, P., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+tracheal+instillation+of+solutes+into+mouse+lung.">Direct tracheal instillation of solutes into mouse lung.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Hedrick, W. R., Hykes, D. L., Starchman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. , 445 (2005).</li><li>von Sarnowski, B., Khaw, A. V., Kessler, C., Schminke, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+microconvex+array+transducer+for+the+ultrasonographic+examination+of+the+intrathoracic+segments+of+the+supraaortic+arteries.">Evaluation of a microconvex array transducer for the ultrasonographic examination of the intrathoracic segments of the supraaortic arteries.</a> Journal of Neuroimaging: Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 20, 246-250 (2010).</li><li>Stocksley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Abdominal Ultrasound. , 7-8 (2001).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W., Taylor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+in+ultrasound+imaging.">Artifacts in ultrasound imaging.</a> Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 5, 227-237 (1986).</li><li>Kremkau, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+Ultrasound:+Principles+and+Instruments.">Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments.</a> Saunders Elsevier. , 521 (2006).</li><li>Laing, F. C., Kurtz, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+ultrasonic+side-lobe+artifacts.">The importance of ultrasonic side-lobe artifacts.</a> Radiology. 145, 763-768 (1982).</li><li>Abu-Zidan, F. M., Hefny, A. F., Corr, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+ultrasound+physics.">Clinical ultrasound physics.</a> Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4, 501-503 (2011).</li><li>Gargani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound:+a+new+tool+for+the+cardiologist.">Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist.</a> Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 9, 6 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, R. C., Winter, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Sonography A Practical Guide. , 632 (2007).</li></ol>

Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen konkurrieren.

Die aktuelle Versuchsprotokoll entwickelt diagnostische Ultraschallbildgebungsspezifische Membran Aktivität in einem Mausmodell-Techniken über eine nicht-invasive, In-vivo-Ansatz. Die Narkosegerät Einstellungen sind Näherungswerte, die etwas für jedes Tier eingestellt werden kann, da einzelne Mäuse können unterschiedlich auf die Anästhesie reagieren werden. Um eine unzureichende Betäubung Verwaltung zu vermeiden, ist es wichtig, der Maus die Vitalzeichen wie Herzfrequenz, Atemfrequenz und Körpertemper...

Vor kurzem haben die diagnostischen Ultraschallbildgebungstechniken, um Maus-Modellen der renovaskulärer Hypertonie und Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs 1,2 angewendet. Jedoch sind diese Techniken nicht in großem Umfang in Nagetier Atemmuskelfunktionstest verwendet. Deshalb haben wir einen diagnostischen Ultraschallbildgebungsverfahren ein wertvolles Werkzeug für In-vivo-Beurteilung der Längs Membran Mobilität in Mäusen entwickelt. Es gibt mehrere Vorteile bei diagnostischen Ultraschallbildgebung. Zum Beispiel ist es nicht invasiv, sicher, tragbar und ermöglicht Echtzeitmessungen auf einen relativ niedrigen Kosten 3. Besonders waren bestimmte niederfrequente Ultraschallgeräte in der Lage, Lufteinschlüssen, eine klinische Merkmal der chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (COPD) mit leichter bis schwerer Luftstrom Einschränkung 4 zu erkennen. So kann diagnostischen Ultraschall-Bildgebung als leicht zugänglich und reproduzierbar Screening-Verfahren zur Echtzeit-Überwachung dienen<html> von Atemwegserkrankungen. Diagnostische Ultraschallbildgebungstechniken werden häufig zu größeren Tieren oder menschlichen Probanden angewendet. Jedoch gibt es eine begrenzte Anzahl von Ultraschall-Bildgebungsstudien an Mausmodellen, die wahrscheinlich auf die Herausforderungen Führen Ultraschall auf kleine Fächer ist. Das derzeitige Protokoll beschreibt ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Membranfunktion in der Maus. Darüber hinaus, obwohl es wurden mehrere Studien an Nagetieren auf Membranfunktion, die meisten Ergebnisse wurden durch Isolieren Muskelstreifen direkt aus dem Tier eingeschläfert 5-7 erzeugt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist in einem in-vivo-diagnostischen Ultraschall-Bildgebungsverfahren für die Analyse von Membranaktivität verringern würde die Zahl der Tiere geopfert für Experimente. Darüber hinaus Langzeitbehandlungen auf die Verbesserung der Kontraktilität Membran konzentriert kann genau über Ultraschall in Nagetiermodellen ohne Tiere beurteilt werden. ntent &quot;&gt; In unserem Labor haben wir eine effektive Methode zur Visualisierung und Analyse von Mausmembranaktivität mit Hilfe eines Ultraschall-Maschine, die das Verständnis der Membran-Funktion hilft in vivo, vermeidet invasive Methoden zu Tieren, und hilft bei der Entwicklung von therapeutischen entwickelt Behandlungen für Atemfunktionsstörungen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="602">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:147px;">Veterinary digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Edan</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DUS 3 VET</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Ultrasound parameters include: frequency of 6.5 MHz, Depth of 29 mm. Note: An equivalent ultrasound machine may be used for this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Micro-convex array transducer</td>
			<td>Edan</td>
			<td>C611</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">GE Logiq i hand-carried unit (HCU)&#160;</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">GE 12 MHz linear array probe</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">12L-RS</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:147px;">Veterinary anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>Serial #: W422021</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Isoflurane was exclusively used with this vaporizer (or equivalent). A custom made induction chamber for anesthesia was assembled for initial anesthesia. Maintenance anesthesia was performed using a nose cone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>29405 250ML PVL</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:147px;">Enviro-pure anesthesia absorbing canister</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Surgivet Smiths Medical PM, Inc.</td>
			<td>Part #: 32373B10</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Ultrasound transmission gel</td>
			<td>HM Sonic</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube&#160;</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:147px;">Deltaphase isothermal pad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hair remover</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Electric razor</td>
			<td>Remington</td>
			<td>HC-5015</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Micropore</td>
			<td>1530-1</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diagnostic ultrasound imaging of mouse diaphragm function

Funktionsanalyse von Nagetier Atemskelettmuskulatur, insbesondere die Membran, wird üblicherweise durch Isolierung Muskelstreifen mit invasiven chirurgischen Verfahren durchgeführt. Obwohl dies eine effektive Methode zur Beurteilung der in-vitro-Membranaktivität geht es nicht überleben Chirurgie. Die Anwendung von nicht-invasiven Ultraschallabbildung als ein in vivo-Verfahren ist vorteilhaft, da es reduziert nicht nur die Anzahl der Tiere getötet, sondern ist auch für die Überwachung der Progression der Erkrankung in lebenden Mäusen. So kann unsere Ultraschall-Bildgebungsverfahren wahrscheinlich helfen bei der Entwicklung von neuen Therapien, die Muskelverletzung von verschiedenen Erkrankungen der Atemwege hervorgerufen zu lindern. Insbesondere in der klinischen Diagnose von obstruktiver Lungenerkrankungen, hat Ultraschallbildgebungs das Potential, um in Verbindung mit anderen Standardtests, die das frühe Einsetzen der Membran Muskelermüdung zu detektieren. In dem aktuellen Protokoll beschreiben wir, wie genau zu bewerten Membran contractikeit in einem Mausmodell mit Hilfe eines diagnostischen Ultraschallbildgebungstechnik.

Ein typisches Ultraschallbild einer Maus Membran ist in Fig. 1A gezeigt. Die Maus Membran maximale vertikale Verschiebung aufgezeichnet wurde. Dieser Abstand wurde durch genaues Messen der Tiefe der Membranbewegung von der Entspannung der Kontraktion mit der elektronischen Bremssättel, die Teil der Ultraschall-Software. Tabelle 1 zeigt diese Entfernungsmessungen von Zwerchfellkontraktionen von drei verschiedenen Mäusen berechnet. Nach der Umwandlung der Filmschleife Datei in eine MPEG...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function at JoVE.com

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Diagnostische Ultraschallbildgebungs hat sich als wirksam bei der Diagnose von verschiedenen Atemwegserkrankungen bei Menschen und Tieren sein. Wir zeigen eine von Dr. Zuo Labor genutzt werden, um Membran Kinetik speziell in Mausmodellen analysieren umfassende Ultraschall-Protokoll. Dies ist auch eine nicht-invasive Technik, die Forschung quantitative Informationen über Maus Atemmuskelfunktion bereitstellen kann.

Diagnostische Ultraschall-Bildgebung der Maus Membranfunktion

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

diagnostic-ultrasound-imaging-of-mouse-diaphragm-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K Aufrufe.  The Ohio State University College of Medicine.  Diagnostische Ultraschallbildgebungs hat sich als wirksam bei der Diagnose von verschiedenen Atemwegserkrankungen bei Menschen und Tieren sein. Wir zeigen eine von Dr. Zuo Labor genutzt werden, um Membran Kinetik speziell in Mausmodellen analysieren umfassende Ultraschall-Protokoll. Dies ist auch eine nicht-invasive Technik, die Forschung quantitative Informationen über Maus Atemmuskelfunktion bereitstellen kann. 

Serie: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

Murine Echokardiographie und Ultraschall-Bildgebung

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

Forschung

Medizin

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

A Novel Anwendung von Muskel-Skelett-Ultraschall-Bildgebung

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

State of the Art Hirn Ultraschall-Bildgebung bei Neugeborenen

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Hochfrequenz-Ultraschall-Bildgebung der Maus Halslymphknoten

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

Ultraschall Beurteilung der Endothelfunktion: A Technische Richtlinie der Fluss-vermittelten Dilatation-Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while evacuating acoustic gel, using a horizontally oriented 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. On midsagittal images, the vertical distance of pelvic organs is measured in millimeters relative to the hymen plane (female) and to the lower border of the symphysis pubis (male), preceded by - (above) or + ( below) signs. On axial images, the levator ani area is calculated in square centimeters with a free-hand tracing method from three key images, passing through the midsymphysis (level I), tangential to the lower border of the symphysis (level II), and at the maximal anterior rectal wall bulging (level III). Areas at rest and strained are compared to find evidence of a percentage of increase. The purpose is to provide objective evidence of the maximal extent of pelvic organs descent and hiatus enlargement without the interference of foreign objects or the examiner&#39;s proximity, so as to overcome the limitations of pelvic examination and transperineal sonography (i.e., subjectivity and sex-related limitations [female only]).

Here we present a protocol to standardize the measurement of the levator ani hiatus size&#160;by magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose is to extract biomechanical inferences from image analysis by comparing resting and straining values in patients of both sexes with pelvic prolapse, using consistent anatomical bony landmarks.

Quantifizierung des Levator Ani Pause Erweiterung durch Magnetresonanz-Bildgebung bei Männern und Frauen mit Becken-Orgel Prolaps

Here we present a protocol to examine the levator ani hiatus in males and females with pelvic organ prolapse, during the Valsalva maneuver and while ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Herz-Magnetresonanz zur Beurteilung von vermutetem Herzthrombus: Konventionelle und aufkommende Techniken

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination model can be used for the evaluation of treatment methods for intrathoracic diseases such as lung cancer or malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed cancer treatment strategy that combines the specificity of tumor-targeting antibodies with toxicity caused by a photoabsorber (IR700Dye) after exposure to NIR light. The efficacy of NIR-PIT has been reported using various antibodies; however, only a few reports have shown the therapeutic effect of this strategy in an orthotopic model. In the present study, we demonstrate an example of efficacy evaluation of the pleural disseminated lung cancer model, which was treated using NIR-PIT.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer therapeutic strategy that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IR700Dye) conjugate and NIR light to destroy cancer cells. Here, we present a method to evaluate the antitumor effect of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma using bioluminescence imaging.

Nahinfrarot-Photoimmuntherapie für Mausmodelle der Pleuraverbreitung

The efficacy of photoimmunotherapy can be evaluated more accurately with an orthotopic mouse model than with a subcutaneous one. A pleural dissemination ...

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Abnormal coronary function underlies coronary vasomotion syndromes including coronary endothelial dysfunction, microvascular angina, vasospastic angina, post-PCI angina and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Each of these endotypes are distinct subgroups, characterized by specific disease mechanisms. Diagnostic criteria and linked therapy for these conditions are now established by expert consensus and clinical guidelines.
Coronary function tests are performed as an adjunctive interventional diagnostic procedure (IDP) in appropriately selected patients during coronary angiography. This aids differentiation of patients according to endotype. The IDP includes two distinct components: a diagnostic guidewire test and a pharmacological coronary reactivity test. The tests last approximately 5 minutes for the former and 10-15 minutes for the latter. Patient safety and staff education are key.
The diagnostic guidewire test measures parameters of coronary flow limitation (fractional flow reserve [FFR], coronary flow reserve [CFR], microvascular resistance [index of microvascular resistance (IMR)], basal resistance index, and vasodilator function [CFR, resistive reserve ratio (RRR)]).
The pharmacological coronary reactivity test measures the vasodilator potential and propensity to vasospasm of both the main coronary arteries and the micro-vessels. It involves intra-coronary infusion of acetylcholine and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Acetylcholine is not licensed for parenteral use and is therefore prescribed on a named-patient basis. Vasodilatation is the normal, expected response to infusion of physiological concentrations of acetylcholine. Vascular spasm represents an abnormal response, which supports the diagnosis of vasospastic angina.
The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of the IDP in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success. The IDP supports stratified medicine for a personalized approach to health and wellbeing.

The purpose of this practical guide is to provide information on the preparation and administration of an interventional diagnostic procedure in clinical practice. It discusses some key preparation and safety considerations, as well as tips for procedural success.

Interventionelles Diagnoseverfahren: Ein praktischer Leitfaden zur Beurteilung der koronaren Gefäßfunktion

Approximately 40% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for investigation of angina are found to have no obstructive coronary artery ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

Eine nicht-invasive Methode zur Erzeugung des zyklischen Belastungsinduzierten intraartikulären Knorpelläsionsmodells des Rattenknies

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...