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Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Investigate the Epithelial Barrier in Eosinophilic Esophagitis
In This Article
Summary
Here, a protocol for the culture of human esophageal organoids and air-liquid interface culture is provided. Esophageal organoids' air-liquid interface culture can be used to study the impact of cytokines on the esophageal epithelial barrier.
Abstract
The squamous epithelium of the esophagus is directly exposed to the environment, continuously facing foreign antigens, including food antigens and microbes. Maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier is critical for preventing infections and avoiding inflammation caused by harmless food-derived antigens. This article provides simplified protocols for generating human esophageal organoids and air-liquid interface cultures from patient biopsies to study the epithelial compartment of the esophagus in the context of tissue homeostasis and disease. These protocols have been significant scientific milestones in the last decade, describing three-dimensional organ-like structures from patient-derived primary cells, organoids, and air-liquid interface cultures. They offer the possibility to investigate the function of specific cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways in the esophageal epithelium within a three-dimensional framework while maintaining the phenotypic and genetic properties of the donor. Organoids provide information on tissue microarchitecture by assessing the transcriptome and proteome after cytokine stimulation. In contrast, air-liquid interface cultures allow the assessment of the epithelial barrier integrity through transepithelial resistance (TEER) or macromolecule flux measurements. Combining these organoids and air-liquid interface cultures is a powerful tool to advance research in impaired esophageal epithelial barrier conditions.
Introduction
Esophageal inflammation compromises the epithelial barrier integrity1,2,3,4,5, as observed in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a Th2-dominated chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus6. EoE was first described in the 1990s7,8 and is predominantly induced by food antigens9,10,11,12,
Protocol
The procedures were approved by the ethics committee of Northwest and Central Switzerland (EKNZ; Project-ID 2019-00273). All patients provided written informed consent for the experimental use of biopsies before the endoscopic examination. The reagents and equipment used in the study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Cell isolation for patient-derived esophageal organoids
NOTE: A list of the medium constituents for culturing hu.......
Representative Results
Esophageal organoids will grow from primary cells extracted from patient biopsies according to the instructions of the provided protocol, as documented with an inverted brightfield microscope (Figure 1). Epithelial ASCs start forming cell clusters in a self-organizing manner within the first two days of culture after seeding the isolated cells in the basement membrane extract, serving as a scaffold. The size and number of cell clusters, noticeable with an inverted brightfield microscope, inc.......
Discussion
The provided procedures allow the cultivation of patient-derived organoids and ALI cultures with high prospects of success. The organoid protocol has been adapted from the first published protocol reporting the generation of human esophageal organoids26 and from a recently published protocol32. Sherill and colleagues have described the ALI model22. Organoids and ALI culture models assist each other in studying the impact of cytokines and other mediat.......
Acknowledgements
The SNSF grant 310030_219210 to J.H.N. supported the publication of this manuscript without restrictions. Figure 1 has been created with the help of BioRender.com.
....Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 1250 µL Griptip - Filter | Integra | 4445 | |
| 300 µL Griptip - Filter | Integra | 4435 | |
| 70 µM cell strainer | Sarstedt | 83.3945.070 | |
| Ascorbic Acid | Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) | A4544 | |
| Bovine pituitary extract | Gibco (Thermo Fischer Scientific) | 3700015 | |
| Calcium chloride | Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) | 21115 | |
| Cell Culture Multiwell Plates CELLSTAR for suspension cultures | Greiner Bio-One | 7.657 185 | |
| Cultrex Basement Membrane Extract (BME), Type 2, Pathclear | R&D Systems (Bio-Techne) | 3532-010-02 | |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), >99,5% BioScience Grade | Carl Roth | A994 | |
| Dispase I | Corning | 354235 | |
| Dispase II | Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) | D4693 | |
| Dulbeccos Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) | Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) | D8537 | |
| EVE Automated Cell Counter | NanoEntek | EVE-MC | |
| EVE Cell counting slide | NanoEntek | EVS-050 | |
| Falcon 5 mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube, with Cell Strainer Snap Cap | Falcon | 352235 | |
| Fluorescin isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran | Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) | FD4 | average mol wt 3000-5000 |
| Heraeus - Megafuge 40R | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 75004518 | |
| Human recombinant epidermal growth factor | Gibco (Thermo Fischer Scientific) | 3700015 | |
| Keratinocyte-SFM | Gibco (Thermo Fischer Scientific) | 17005042 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin | Gibco (Thermo Fischer Scientific) | 15140122 | |
| Recombinant Human KGF/FGF-7 Protein | R&D Systems (Bio-Techne) | 251-KG-010/CF | |
| Screw cap tube, 15 mL | Sarstedt | 62.554.502 | |
| Single Channel EVOLVE 100-1000 µL | Integra | 3018 | |
| Single Channel EVOLVE 20-200 µL | Integra | 3016 | |
| Syringe 1 mL | 1134950 | ||
| ThermoMixer C | Eppendorf | 5382000015 | |
| Trypsin inhibitor from Glycine max (soybean) | Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) | T9128 | |
| Trypsin-EDTA | SAFC Biosciences (Merck) | 59418C | |
| Y27632 dihydrochloride | Tocris (Bio-Techne) | 1254 |
References
- Wu, L., et al. Filaggrin and tight junction proteins are crucial for IL-13-mediated esophageal barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 315 (3), G341-G350 (2018).
- Davis, B. P., et al.
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