Damos las gracias a Alain Tessier de valiosos consejos, discusiones, y soporte técnico. Reconocemos el Centro de Aplicaciones Biológicas de la Espectrometría de Masas en la Universidad Concordia por servicios distinguidos. Este trabajo fue apoyado por becas de los CIHR y NSERC de Canadá. VIT es un investigador de Nueva CIHR y Concordia Cátedra de Investigación de la Universidad de genómica, biología celular y el envejecimiento.

Materiales y métodos <ol><li> Cepas de levadura y las condiciones de crecimiento La cepa de tipo salvaje BY4742 (MATα his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0) fue cultivada en medio rico en YEPD (1% extracto de levadura, 2% de peptona, 2% de glucosa). Las células fueron cultivadas a 30 ° C con rotación agitación a 200 rpm en frascos de Erlenmeyer en un &quot;frasco de volumen / volumen medio de&quot; proporción de 5:1. </li><li> Almacenamiento de las células de levadura para la extracción de lípidos <ol><li> Un cultivo de 50 ml de células se recogieron por centrifugación a 3000 xg durante 5 minutos. </li><li> Lavaron dos veces con agua fría. <ol style=" list-style-type:lower-alpha;"><li> Resuspender el pellet en 25 ml de agua con hielo frío </li><li> Pellet células de centrifugar a 3000 xg durante 5 minutos </li></ol></li><li> Resuspender el precipitado y traslado al tubo eppendorf </li><li> Pellet por centrifugación, 16.000 xg durante 2 minutos, retire el sobrenadante y congelar a -80 ° C hasta su uso. (Se utiliza un vaso de alcohol isopropílico en el congelador -80, nitrógeno líquido también se puede utilizar) </li></ol></li><li> Reactivos Cloroformo y metanol grado de biotecnología fueron de Sigma-Aldrich. Los ácidos grasos libres y triglicéridos fueron adquiridos de Larodan (Malmö, Suecia). Varias especies de fosfolípidos - incluyendo fosfatidilcolina, fosfatidiletanolamina, fosfatidilinositol, fosfatidilserina, ácido fosfatídico, y cardiolipinas - se obtuvieron a partir de lípidos Avanti Polar (Alabaster, AL, EE.UU.). De alta velocidad tubos de centrífuga de vidrio con tapas de teflón eran de Fisher. </li></ol> Extracción de lípidos Esta es una modificación del protocolo descrito por Bligh y Dyer 8. Todas las manipulaciones con lípidos extraídos se debe hacer uso de pipetas de vidrio o las jeringas, los plásticos, se creará una gran señal de fondo, si entran en contacto con cloroformo. Los volúmenes exactos no son críticos, siempre y cuando las razones de 1:2:0.8 de cloroformo - metanol - H 2 O en el paso 3 y 2:2:1.8 de cloroformo - metanol - H 2 O en el paso 7 se conservan. <ol><li> Resuspender las células congeladas en 1,6 ml de helado destilada H 2 O. </li><li> La transferencia de 1,6 ml de la suspensión celular a alta velocidad centrífuga de tubos de vidrio. </li><li> Agregar 6 ml de cloroformo y metanol (1:2) y mezclar 0,8 ml de perlas de vidrio a la suspensión celular. </li><li> Vortex la suspensión celular con cuentas de vidrio dos veces durante 1 min. </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de cloroformo y mezclar suavemente. </li><li> Incubar durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente con mezcla ocasional. </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de H 2 O destilada y mezclar suavemente. </li><li> Incubar durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente con mezcla ocasional. </li><li> Centrifugar durante 5 minutos a 3000 xg a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Recoger la fase líquida entera en una nueva de alta velocidad tubo de centrífuga de vidrio. </li><li> Añadir 3,2 ml de cloroformo a los gránulos de las células desde el paso 9. </li><li> Vortex dos veces durante 1 min. </li><li> Centrifugar durante 5 minutos a 3000 xg a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Añadir el sobrenadante a la fase líquida a partir del paso 10. </li><li> Centrifugar durante 5 minutos a 3000 xg a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Deseche la parte superior (acuosa) y la fase de transferencia de la parte inferior (fase orgánica), en una nueva de alta velocidad tubo de centrífuga de vidrio. </li><li> Centrifugar durante 5 minutos a 3000 xg a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Transferir el sobrenadante todo en un frasco de vidrio y en atmósfera de nitrógeno seco. </li><li> Disolver la película de lípidos en 500 l de cloroformo y almacenar a -20 ° C. </li></ol> El análisis de los lípidos por espectrometría de masas Una mezcla de valores de las normas de lípidos en cloroformo deben estar preparados de antemano según la Tabla 1, así como una solución de metanol - cloroformo (1:1) con el 0,1% (v / v) de hidróxido de amonio. <ol><li> Antes de la inyección, se combinan 10 l de una muestra con 10 l de la mezcla estándar de los lípidos en la Tabla 1. En 200μL de 1:1 cloroformo: metanol con 0,1% de NH 4 OH. <ul><li> El estándar de proporción de la muestra se puede cambiar según sea necesario. </li></ul></li><li> Resolver los lípidos con un Micromass Q-TOF 2 espectrómetro de masas equipados con un operativo de código nano-electrospray con un caudal de 1 l / min. <ul><li> Parámetros exactos de instrumentos varían de un instrumento a otro. Ver Tabla 2 para la configuración de un Micromass Q-TOF 2 (Waters, Milford, MA, EE.UU.) equipado con una fuente nano-electrospray. A pesar de que han tomado ventaja de la alta resolución de un tipo Q-TOF de espectrómetro de masas, no es un requisito obligatorio. </li></ul></li><li> Después de la adquisición de los espectros de masas se suavizan, resta fondo y centrado, a continuación, la lista de pico exportados a Excel. Los picos de cada clase de lípidos se normalizan a su estándar interno. Dependiendo de la aplicación, puede ser necesario realice más de post-procesamiento, tales como deisotoping y deconvolución. </li></ol> Normas de la Tabla 1. Internos de lípidos, su concentración enla mezcla estándar y el modo de MS para su análisis. <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td> Lípidos clase </td><td> Composición estándar de la cadena </td><td> La masa del patrón </td><td> Concentración (mg / ml) </td><td> MS modo </td></tr><tr><td> Ácido fosfatídico </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 591,40 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidiletanolamina </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 634,45 </td><td> 200 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidilinositol </td><td> N / A </td><td> N / A </td><td> N / A </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidilserina </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 622,37 </td><td> 40 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Cardiolipina </td><td> 4x14: 0 </td><td> 619,92 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Los ácidos grasos libres </td><td> 19:00 </td><td> 297,28 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidilcolina </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 650,48 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Positiva </td></tr><tr><td> Triacilgliceroles </td><td> 13:0 / 13:0 / 13:0 </td><td> 698,63 </td><td> 200 </td><td> Positiva </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 2. Ajuste del equipo para un Micromass Q-TOF 2 (Waters, Milford, MA, EE.UU.) equipado con una fuente nano-electrospray. <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Caudal </td><td> Cono de tensión </td><td> Tensión capilar </td><td> Colisión de gas </td></tr><tr><td> Modo positivo </td><td> 1μl/min </td><td> -28 V </td><td> 3.0 kv </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> Modo negativo </td><td> 1μl/min </td><td> 30 v </td><td> -3,2 Kv </td><td> 10 </td></tr></tbody></table>

<ol>
	<li>Cao, H., Gerhold, K., Mayers, J. R., Wiest, M. M., Watkins, S. M., Hotamisligil, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+lipokine,+a+lipid+hormone+linking+adipose+tissue+to+systemic+metabolism.">Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism.</a> Cell. 134, 933-944 (2008).</li><li>Claypool, S. M., Oktay, Y., Boontheung, P., Loo, J. A., Koehler, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiolipin+defines+the+interactome+of+the+major+ADP/ATP+carrier+protein+of+the+mitochondrial+inner+membrane.">Cardiolipin defines the interactome of the major ADP/ATP carrier protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane.</a> J. Cell Biol. 182, 937-950 (2008).</li><li>Guo, T., Gregg, C., Boukh-Viner, T., Kyryakov, P., Goldberg, A., Bourque, S., Banu, F., Haile, S., Milijevic, S., San, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+signal+from+inside+the+peroxisome+initiates+its+division+by+promoting+the+remodeling+of+the+peroxisomal+membrane.">A signal from inside the peroxisome initiates its division by promoting the remodeling of the peroxisomal membrane.</a> J. Cell Biol. 177, 289-303 (2007).</li><li>Russell, S. J., Kahn, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocrine+regulation+of+ageing.">Endocrine regulation of ageing.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 681-691 (2007).</li><li>Czabany, T., Athenstaedt, K., Daum, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+storage+and+degradation+of+neutral+lipids+in+yeast.">Synthesis, storage and degradation of neutral lipids in yeast.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1771, 299-309 (2007).</li><li>Br&amp;uuml, g. g. e. r., Erben, B., Sandhoff, G., Wieland, R., &amp;amp, F. T., Lehmann, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+biological+membrane+lipids+at+the+low+picomole+level+by+nano-electrospray+ionization+tandem+mass+spectroscopy.">Quantitative analysis of biological membrane lipids at the low picomole level by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 2339-2344 (1997).</li><li>Schneiter, R., Br&#252;gger, B., Sandhoff, R., Zellnig, G., Leber, A., Lampl, M., Athenstaedt, K., Hrastnik, C., Eder, S., Daum, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrospray+ionization+tandem+mass+spectrometry+(ESI-MS/MS)+analysis+of+the+lipid+molecular+species+composition+of+yeast+subcellular+membranes+reveals+acyl+chain-based+sorting/remodeling+of+distinct+molecular+species+en+route+to+the+plasma+membrane.">Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) analysis of the lipid molecular species composition of yeast subcellular membranes reveals acyl chain-based sorting/remodeling of distinct molecular species en route to the plasma membrane.</a> J. Cell Biol. 146, 741-754 (1999).</li><li>Bligh, E. G., Dyer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+of+total+lipid+extraction+and+purification.">A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.</a> Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917 (1959).</li></ol>

Este método permite una rápida evaluación cuantitativa de la lipidome levadura utilizando fácilmente disponibles, materiales de bajo costo. El método permite la identificación de la mayoría de las especies de lípidos en las células de levadura con la excepción de diacilgliceroles, ergosterols y ésteres ergosteryl, a pesar de estos lípidos pueden ser identificados mediante la sustitución de hidróxido de amonio con hidróxido de litio. El método descrito permite la identificación y cuantificación de los l...

a quantitative assessment of the yeast lipidome using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Los lípidos son una de las principales clases de biomoléculas y desempeñan funciones importantes en la dinámica de la membrana, el almacenamiento de energía, y la señalización<sup&gt; 4.1</sup&gt;. La levadura en ciernes<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em&gt;, Una genéticamente y bioquímicamente eucariotas unicelulares manipulable con genoma anotado lipidome y muy simple, es un valioso modelo para el estudio de las funciones biológicas de las especies de lípidos en diversos eucariotas multicelulares<sup&gt; 2,3,5</sup&gt;.<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Cuenta con 10 principales clases de lípidos con longitudes de cadena, principalmente de 16 o 18 átomos de carbono y cero o un grado de insaturación<sup&gt; 6,7</sup&gt;. Los métodos existentes para la identificación y cuantificación de los lípidos - tales como la cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento, cromatografía en capa fina, la microscopía de fluorescencia, y la cromatografía de gases seguida por los Estados miembros - están bien establecidos, pero tienen una baja sensibilidad, no lo suficientemente separadas las diversas formas moleculares de los lípidos, requieren derivatización lípidos antes para el análisis, o puede ser bastante lento. Aquí se presenta una descripción detallada de nuestro enfoque experimental para resolver estas limitaciones inherentes al uso de la encuesta de exploración ESI / MS para la identificación y cuantificación de la dotación completa de los lípidos en las células de levadura. El método descrito no requiere la separación cromatográfica de mezclas de lípidos complejos se recuperó de las células de levadura, por lo tanto acelerar considerablemente el proceso de adquisición de datos. Este método permite la identificación y cuantificación de los lípidos en las concentraciones tan bajas como g / ml y se ha aplicado con éxito para evaluar lipidomes de células de levadura entero y sus orgánulos purificada. Extracción de los lípidos de las células de levadura todo para el uso de este método de análisis de los lípidos lleva de dos a tres horas. Se tarda sólo cinco a diez minutos para ejecutar cada muestra de los lípidos extraídos y desecados en un espectrómetro de masa Q-TOF equipado con una fuente nano-electrospray.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Se describe un nuevo método cuantitativo para la identificación de lipidómica numerosas especies de lípidos en la levadura con la encuesta de exploración de ionización electrospray espectrometría de masas (ESI / MS). Este método supera actualmente los métodos disponibles para la identificación y cuantificación de los lípidos en la capacidad de resolver diferentes formas moleculares de los lípidos, la sensibilidad y la velocidad.

Una evaluación cuantitativa de la Lipidome levadura utilizando la espectrometría de masas de ionización por electrospray

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.6K vistas.  Concordia University. Se describe un nuevo método cuantitativo para la identificación de lipidómica numerosas especies de lípidos en la levadura con la encuesta de exploración de ionización electrospray espectrometría de masas (ESI / MS). Este método supera actualmente los métodos disponibles para la identificación y cuantificación de los lípidos en la capacidad de resolver diferentes formas moleculares de los lípidos, la sensibilidad y la velocidad.

Video: A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

MALDI preparación de la muestra: el método de ultra capa fina

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

Investigación

Biología

Quantification of Proteins Using Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in quantitation, are associated with a high cost, long lead time, and are fraught with drawbacks (e.g. heterophilic antibodies, autoantibody interference, 'hook-effect').1 An alternative technique is affinity enrichment of peptides coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, commonly referred to as SISCAPA (Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies).2 In this technique, affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution and detection by selected/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SRM/MRM-MS) provides quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. SRM/MRM-MS is well established for accurate quantitation of small molecules 3, 4 and more recently has been adapted to measure the concentrations of proteins in plasma and cell lysates.5-7 To achieve quantitation of proteins, these larger molecules are digested to component peptides using an enzyme such as trypsin. One or more selected peptides whose sequence is unique to the target protein in that species (i.e. "proteotypic" peptides) are then enriched from the sample using anti-peptide antibodies and measured as quantitative stoichiometric surrogates for protein concentration in the sample. Hence, coupled to stable isotope dilution (SID) methods (i.e. a spiked-in stable isotope labeled peptide standard), SRM/MRM can be used to measure concentrations of proteotypic peptides as surrogates for quantification of proteins in complex biological matrices. The assays have several advantages compared to traditional immunoassays. The reagents are relatively less expensive to generate, the specificity for the analyte is excellent, the assays can be highly multiplexed, enrichment can be performed from neat plasma (no depletion required), and the technique is amenable to a wide array of proteins or modifications of interest.8-13 In this video we demonstrate the basic protocol as adapted to a magnetic bead platform.

Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies (SISCAPA) couples affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) to provide quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. Here we describe the protocol using magnetic particles in a partially automated format.

La cuantificación de proteínas mediante el enriquecimiento de inmunoafinidad péptido acoplado a espectrometría de masas

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

Cuantitativa de células vivas por fluorescencia microscopia análisis de la levadura de fisión

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange &amp; MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Pak2 Activation

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange) coupled with mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze the interface of protein-protein interactions, protein conformational changes, protein dynamics and protein-ligand interactions. H/D exchange on the backbone amide positions has been utilized to measure the deuteration rates of the micro-regions in a protein by mass spectrometry1,2,3. The resolution of this method depends on pepsin digestion of the deuterated protein of interest into peptides that normally range from 3-20 residues. Although the resolution of H/D exchange measured by mass spectrometry is lower than the single residue resolution measured by the Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) method of NMR, the mass spectrometry measurement in H/D exchange is not restricted by the size of the protein4. H/D exchange is carried out in an aqueous solution which maintains protein conformation. We provide a method that utilizes the MALDI-TOF for detection2, instead of a HPLC/ESI (electrospray ionization)-MS system5,6. The MALDI-TOF provides accurate mass intensity data for the peptides of the digested protein, in this case protein kinase Pak2 (also called &gamma;-Pak). Proteolysis of Pak 2 is carried out in an offline pepsin digestion. This alternative method, when the user does not have access to a HPLC and pepsin column connected to mass spectrometry, or when the pepsin column on HPLC does not result in an optimal digestion map, for example, the heavily disulfide-bonded secreted Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Utilizing this method, we successfully monitored changes in the deuteration level during activation of Pak2 by caspase 3 cleavage and autophosphorylation7,8,9.

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was successfully utilized to monitor the amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange in protein kinase Pak2 activation.

Amida de hidrógeno / deuterio intercambio y MALDI-TOF análisis de espectrometría de masas de Pak2 activación

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange) coupled with mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze the interface of protein-protein ...

Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetically tractable host plant1,2. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons inoculated with DC3000 indicates a role of ROS in modulating necrotic cell death during bacterial speck disease of tomato3. Hydrogen peroxide, a component of ROS, is produced after inoculation of tomato plants with Pseudomonas3. Hydrogen peroxide can be detected using a histochemical stain 3'-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB)4. DAB staining reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce a brown stain on the leaf tissue4. ROS has a regulatory role of the cellular redox environment, which can change the redox status of certain proteins5. Cysteine is an important amino acid sensitive to redox changes. Under mild oxidation, reversible oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups serves as redox sensors and signal transducers that regulate a variety of physiological processes6,7. Tandem mass tag (TMT) reagents enable concurrent identification and multiplexed quantitation of proteins in different samples using tandem mass spectrometry8,9. The cysteine-reactive TMT (cysTMT) reagents enable selective labeling and relative quantitation of cysteine-containing peptides from up to six biological samples. Each isobaric cysTMT tag has the same nominal parent mass and is composed of a sulfhydryl-reactive group, a MS-neutral spacer arm and an MS/MS reporter10. After labeling, the samples were subject to protease digestion. The cysteine-labeled peptides were enriched using a resin containing anti-TMT antibody. During MS/MS analysis, a series of reporter ions (i.e., 126-131 Da) emerge in the low mass region, providing information on relative quantitation. The workflow is effective for reducing sample complexity, improving dynamic range and studying cysteine modifications. Here we present redox proteomic analysis of the Pst DC3000 treated tomato (Rio Grande) leaves using cysTMT technology. This high-throughput method has the potential to be applied to studying other redox-regulated physiological processes.

Reactive oxygen species level is elevated when cells encounter stress conditions. Here we show the example of 3'-3' diaminobenzidine staining as well as cysTMT labeling and mass spectrometry to profile the redox proteome in Pseudomonas syringae treated tomato leaves.

Creación de perfiles proteoma redox tiol Uso del etiquetado de espectrometría de masas

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

El Protocolo para la identificación de las interacciones proteína-proteína base de<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N metabólico Etiquetado, inmunoprecipitación, cuantitativa Espectrometría de Masas y Modulación Affinity

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex composition under different conditions. In this protocol the approach is demonstrated by comparing the composition of the protein complex responsible for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, isolated from genetically different strains. The procedure comprises the isolation of thylakoid membranes, followed by their separation into multiprotein complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection and comparative, quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) based on differential metabolic labeling (14N/15N) of the analyzed strains. Detergent solubilized thylakoid membranes are loaded on sucrose density gradients at equal chlorophyll concentration. After ultracentrifugation, the gradients are separated into fractions, which are analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on equal volume. This approach allows the investigation of the composition within the gradient fractions and moreover to analyze the migration behavior of different proteins, especially focusing on ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated by confirming the results with immunoblotting and additionally by supporting the findings from previous studies (the identification and PSI-dependent migration of proteins that were previously described to be part of the CEF-supercomplex such as PGRL1, FNR, and cyt f). Notably, this approach is applicable to address a broad range of questions for which this protocol can be adopted and e.g. used for comparative analyses of multiprotein complex composition isolated from distinct environmental conditions.

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The described comparative, quantitative proteomic approach aims at obtaining insights into the composition of multiprotein complexes&#160;under different conditions and is demonstrated by comparing genetically different strains. For quantitative analysis equal volumes of different fractions from a sucrose density gradient are mixed and analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Un nuevo enfoque para el análisis comparativo de Multiproteinas complejos basados ​​en<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N metabólico Etiquetado y cuantitativa de Espectrometría de Masas

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex ...

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis (diguanylate cyclases) and degradation (phosphodiesterases) of the second messenger c-di-GMP. In contrast, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms and cellular components through which this signaling molecule regulates a diverse range of cellular processes. Most of the known effector proteins belong to the PilZ family or are degenerated diguanylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases that have given up on catalysis and have adopted effector function. Thus, to better define the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria experimental methods are required to identify and validate novel effectors for which reliable in silico predictions fail.
We have recently developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) based technology as a powerful tool to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins. This technique has previously been reported to be applicable to a wide range of organisms1. Here we give a detailed description of the protocol that we utilize to probe such signaling components. As an example, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network. This study explains the CCMS procedure in detail, and establishes it as a powerful and versatile tool to identify novel components involved in small molecule signaling.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP controls growth and behavior of many bacteria. We have developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry based technology to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins in virtually any bacterial species.

Captura compuesto Espectrometría de Masas - Una herramienta de gran alcance para identificar nuevos c-di-GMP efectoras Proteínas

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis ...

Applications of pHluorin for Quantitative, Kinetic and High-throughput Analysis of Endocytosis in Budding Yeast

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are widely used tools for studying protein localization and dynamics of events such as cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicular trafficking in living cells. Quantitative methodologies using chimeric GFP fusions have been developed for many applications; however, GFP is somewhat resistant to proteolysis, thus its fluorescence persists in the lysosome/vacuole, which can impede quantification of cargo trafficking in the endocytic pathway. An alternative method for quantifying endocytosis and post-endocytic trafficking events makes use of superecliptic pHluorin, a pH-sensitive variant of GFP that is quenched in acidic environments. Chimeric fusion of pHluorin to the cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane cargo proteins results in a dampening of fluorescence upon incorporation of the cargo into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and delivery to the lysosome/vacuole lumen. Thus, quenching of vacuolar fluorescence facilitates quantification of endocytosis and early events in the endocytic pathway. This paper describes methods using pHluorin-tagged cargos for quantification of endocytosis via fluorescence microscopy, as well as population-based assays using flow cytometry.

Accurate quantification of vesicular trafficking events often provides key insights into roles for specific proteins and the effects of mutations. This paper presents methods for using superecliptic pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP variant, as a tool for quantification of endocytic events in living cells using quantitative fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

Aplicaciones de pHluorin para cuantitativa, cinética y de alto rendimiento Análisis de la endocitosis de levadura en ciernes

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are widely used tools for studying protein localization and dynamics of events such as cytoskeletal ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

El uso de dispositivos de microfluidos para Medir Lifespan y Celular fenotipos en células individuales levadura en ciernes

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...

Methods Article

Una evaluación cuantitativa de la Lipidome levadura utilizando la espectrometría de masas de ionización por electrospray