Este trabajo está financiado por la Comisión de Nueva Jersey para la Investigación de Lesiones Cerebrales.

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+fluid+percussion+brain+injury:+a+15-year+review+and+evaluation.">Lateral fluid percussion brain injury: a 15-year review and evaluation.</a> J Neurotrauma. 22, 42-75 (2005).</li><li>Hamm, R. J., Pike, B. R., O'Dell, D. M., Lyeth, B. G., Jenkins, L. 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No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

El método que aquí se presenta LFP muchos modelos de los resultados neuropathalogical y de comportamiento de leve a moderada lesión cerebral traumática por lo que se ha convertido en un modelo animal ampliamente utilizado de la LCT. Hay varios pasos fundamentales para tener en cuenta para aumentar la validez y fiabilidad de esta técnica. Por ejemplo, es importante que sólo los animales en los que la integridad de la duramadre no ha sido comprometido durante la craniectomía ser sometido a LFP y utilizados en el estudio. Además, si la craniectomía se halla cerrado con algún tipo de pegamento o cemento de forma que parte de la dura debajo de la craniectomía no está expuesto a la fuerza de la presión del líquido, el animal debe ser eliminado del estudio. Por último, si el tiempo de los reflejos o la tasa de mortalidad no está dentro del rango deseado, el animal no debe ser incluido en el estudio. La intensidad del pulso de presión se puede aumentar la generación de lesiones más graves. Como se muestra en la Figura 1, la configuración de los dispositivos LFP es relativamente simple y la reproducibilidad del grado de lesión se mantiene mediante el control de las atmósferas de presión en el osciloscopio. Su forma suave de la curva en el osciloscopio indica que no hay burbujas de aire en el líquido que pueda interferir con la inducción de la lesión LFP. Un pulso de prueba debe ser entregada antes de la inducción de la lesión y si el osciloscopio no muestra una curva suave, burbujas de aire debe ser eliminado. La duración del pulso es de aproximadamente 20 ms, que representa el tiempo de inducción medido en las simulaciones de pruebas de choque. Las lesiones de pulsos más cortos tienden a producir más lesiones focales. Por lo tanto, la duración de los modelos de pulso humano TBI. Los cambios morfológicos y celulares siguientes LFP incluye el daño físico a los tejidos, así como aumento del número de astrocitos y macrófagos como se muestra en la Figura 2. Es bien sabido que uno de los signos de la lesión característica es la hiperplasia de los astrocitos y la formación de una cicatriz glial. La cicatriz glial se ha demostrado que tiene efectos tanto beneficiosos como perjudiciales 24. Del mismo modo, los macrófagos se acumulan en diversos tejidos durante la fase después de la lesión cuando se inicia el proceso de curación 25. Así, el aumento del número de GFAP y MAC1 células positivas en las muestras de LFP en relación con los controles de farsa es indicativo de la inducción de la lesión. La falta de expresión de los marcadores celulares específicos en los controles sham indica que la manipulación quirúrgica por sí sola no tiene consecuencias negativas en la salud de los tejidos del cerebro y que los cambios en la expresión de proteínas específicas para el paradigma de la lesión. Las consecuencias del comportamiento de la LFP leve ilustra en la Figura 3 se incluyen los déficits cognitivos y motores. Los resultados indican que el MWM ratones LFP eventualmente aprender la tarea, pero a un ritmo más lento que los ratones farsa y no recuerdan la tarea y un día después de la formación. Por lo tanto, aunque los ratones con lesiones leves son menos eficientes que los ratones farsa en el uso de señales externas para procesar, consolidar y almacenar la información espacial, que debe ser recuperada durante las pruebas posteriores. Otras dependiente del hipocampo tareas cognitivas, como respuesta al miedo condicionado se ha demostrado que se altera en ratones sometidos a LFP 26. Por último, la latencia más corta para caer a los ratones LFP en relación con los ratones simulado en el paradigma rotarod hasta 3 semanas después de una lesión leve es un indicador de déficit en vestibulomotor integrado y funciones sensoriales y motrices. Una lesión más moderado que revelan los cambios más notables en la función cognitiva y motora, como ha sido demostrado por otros grupos 27-30. En suma, la LFP es un modelo válido para el consumo humano TBI, ya que cumple muchos de los criterios de lo esperado. LFP proporciona la validez de constructo en el que recrea los procesos etiológicos que inducen la LCT en los seres humanos. En concreto, la magnitud de la fuerza y ​​la tasa de mortalidad es similar a lo que ocurre en los deportes de leve a moderada y las lesiones auto relacionado con la salvedad de que las intervenciones quirúrgicas antes de la lesión son únicas en el modelo animal. LFP también muestra la validez aparente en el que recapitula LFP muchos de los anatómicos, los efectos bioquímicos, neuropatológicos y de comportamiento observados en humanos TBI. Hay dos cambios focal y difuso detectado después de LFP y la lateralización del impacto permite comparar el daño morfológico en el lado ipsilateral a la lesión para que en el lado contralateral. Una advertencia es que los efectos cognitivos y motores pueden ser más sutiles, como resultado de heridas sólo un hemisferio. Por último, LFP muestra la validez predictiva y la fiabilidad de la técnica LFP permite la evaluación de diversas manipulaciones farmacológicas y genéticas antes o después de la inducción de la lesión 20. Variables fisiológicas como la presión arterial, el pH sanguíneo y la sangregases tendrá que medirse en presencia y en ausencia de un medicamento de prueba para determinar el mecanismo de acción de un agente terapéutico. Sin embargo, debido a la compleja naturaleza de las consecuencias primarias y secundarias de la LCT, es una tarea difícil identificar una única intervención que puede mitigar todos los síntomas. Una consideración en el futuro para la técnica LFP puede ser el uso de micro fluidos de percusión que utiliza un microprocesador controlado, instrumento de accionamiento neumático para eliminar la necesidad de calibrar la fuerza transmitida por el péndulo, y para evitar las variables operacionales, tales como las burbujas de aire en el líquido de 15 . Sin embargo, el enfoque estándar LFP ha sido demostrado por muchos investigadores como una técnica fiable y fácil de explorar los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen a los daños y la recuperación después de una LCT, que dará lugar a mejores intervenciones y terapias.

<ul><li> Instrumento de alineación estereotáxico para los ratones (Instrumentos Kopf) </li><li> De gas del ratón anestesia cabeza titular (Instrumentos Kopf) </li><li> La anestesia de la máquina con O 2 al ras (Parkland Científica) </li><li> La anestesia de la máquina con O2 al ras (Parkland Científica) </li><li> Buprenorphrine (Supply Webster Animal) </li><li> Actualizar LACRI Lube ungüento oftálmico (Fisher) </li><li> Bupivacaína / bupivacaína (Supply Webster Animal) </li><li> Solución de povidona yodada (Fisher) </li><li> 20 g de 1 ½ &quot;agujas (Becton Dickinson) </li><li> Hoja de bisturí (# 15) y el soporte (Becton Dickinson) </li><li> Bulldog abrazaderas (Herramientas Artes Ciencia) </li><li> Herramienta dental o un raspador de hueso (Herramientas Artes Ciencia) </li><li> Lado agarrar unas pinzas Dumont # 6 (Herramientas de Bellas Ciencia) </li><li> 3 mm de diámetro exterior trépano (Tienda de Investigación de Instrumentación de la Universidad de Pennsylvania) </li><li> Cuerda de nylon sólido (1,7 mm de diámetro, por ejemplo, la línea cortadora de malezas) </li><li> Pegamento en gel </li><li> Cianoacrilato de Loctite pegamento (Loctite 444 Tak Pak) (Henkel) </li><li> Chorro de líquido acrílico (Butler Schein) </li><li> Revestimiento de Perm / Reparación Resina (Butler Schein) </li><li> Almacenamiento del osciloscopio TDS 1001B, 40 MHz, 500MS / s (Tektronix) </li><li> Inductor trauma transductor de presión de un amplificador (Diseño y Fabricación de encargo, Virginia Commonwealth University) </li><li> Dispositivos LFP (Diseño y Fabricación de encargo, Virginia Commonwealth University) </li><li> De alta presión de la tubería, 41cm de longitud, 2 ml de volumen (Baxter) </li><li> 3M Vetbond tejido adhesivo (Fisher) </li></ul>

lateral fluid percussion: model of traumatic brain injury in mice

Lesión traumática del cerebro (TBI) de investigación ha logrado un impulso renovado, debido a la creciente conciencia de lesiones en la cabeza, que se traducen en morbilidad y mortalidad. En base a la naturaleza de la lesión primaria siguiente resultado TBI, secundaria compleja y heterogénea consecuencias, que son seguidos por 1,2 los procesos regenerativos. Lesión primaria puede ser inducida por una contusión directa en el cerebro de una fractura de cráneo o de la corte y estiramiento de los tejidos causando el desplazamiento del cerebro debido al movimiento de 3,4. Los hematomas y laceraciones resultantes causan una respuesta vascular 3,5, y el daño morfológico y funcional de la sustancia blanca conduce a una lesión axonal difusa 6-8. Otros cambios secundarios comúnmente vistos en el cerebro son el edema y aumento de la presión intracraneal 9. Después de TBI existen alteraciones microscópicas en las vías bioquímicas y fisiológicas que implican la liberación de neurotransmisores excitotoxicidad, mediadores inmunes y los radicales de oxígeno 10-12, que en última instancia, dar lugar a discapacidades a largo plazo neurológicas 13,14. Por lo tanto la elección de modelos animales apropiados de TBI que presentan eventos celulares y moleculares similares en humanos y roedores TBI es fundamental para el estudio de los mecanismos subyacentes a la lesión y la reparación. Diversos modelos experimentales de la LCT se han desarrollado para reproducir los aspectos de la LCT en humanos, entre ellos tres modelos específicos son ampliamente adaptados para los roedores: la percusión de líquidos, el impacto cortical y el peso de caída / impacto de aceleración 1. El dispositivo de percusión de líquido produce una lesión a través de una craniectomía mediante la aplicación de un pulso de presión de fluido en breve a la dura intacta. El pulso es creado por un péndulo golpeando el pistón de un depósito de líquido. La percusión produce un desplazamiento breve y deformación del tejido neural 1,15. Por el contrario, las lesiones corticales impacto proporciona energía mecánica a la dura intacta a través de un péndulo rígido bajo la presión neumática 16,17. La maza / impacto del modelo se caracteriza por la caída de una barra con un peso específico en el cráneo cerrado 18. Entre los modelos de TBI, LFP es el modelo más establecido y se utiliza comúnmente para evaluar una lesión cerebral focal y mezcla difusa 19. Es reproducible y está estandarizado para permitir la manipulación de los parámetros de la lesión. Recapitula la LFP lesiones observadas en los seres humanos, lo cual lo hace clínicamente relevante, y permite la exploración de nuevas terapias para la traducción clínica 20. Se describe el protocolo detallado para realizar el procedimiento de LFP en ratones. El daño infligido es de leve a moderado, con regiones del cerebro como la corteza, el hipocampo y el cuerpo calloso es más vulnerable. Tareas de aprendizaje en el hipocampo y el motor se exploran los siguientes LFP.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Lateral fluido percusión (LFP), un modelo establecido de lesión traumática del cerebro en ratones, se demostró. LFP cumple tres criterios principales para los modelos animales: relevancia validez, fiabilidad y clínicos. El procedimiento, que consiste en una craneotomía quirúrgica, la fijación del cubo seguida por la inducción de la lesión, lo que resulta en lesiones focales y difusas, que se describe es.

Percusión fluido lateral: Modelo de Lesión Cerebral Traumática en ratones

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

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40.3K vistas.  University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Lateral fluido percusión (LFP), un modelo establecido de lesión traumática del cerebro en ratones, se demostró. LFP cumple tres criterios principales para los modelos animales: relevancia validez, fiabilidad y clínicos. El procedimiento, que consiste en una craneotomía quirúrgica, la fijación del cubo seguida por la inducción de la lesión, lo que resulta en lesiones focales y difusas, que se describe es.

Video: Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the detonation of explosive devices, however, the mechanisms that underlie the brain damage resulting from blast overpressure exposure are not entirely understood and are believed to be unique to this type of brain injury. Preclinical models are crucial tools that contribute to better understand blast-induced brain injury. A novel in vitro blast TBI model was developed using an open-ended shock tube to simulate real-life open-field blast waves modelled by the Friedlander waveform. C57BL/6N mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to single shock waves and the development of injury was characterized up to 72 h using propidium iodide, a well-established fluorescent marker of cell damage that only penetrates cells with compromised cellular membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence was significantly higher in the slices exposed to a blast wave when compared with sham slices throughout the duration of the protocol. The brain tissue injury is very reproducible and proportional to the peak overpressure of the shock wave applied.

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

This paper describes a novel model of primary blast traumatic brain injury. A compressed-air driven shock tube is used to expose in vitro mouse hippocampal slice cultures to a single shock wave. This is a simple and rapid protocol generating a reproducible brain tissue injury with a high throughput.

Un modelo de novela In Vitro de lesión cerebral traumática por explosión

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral vascular effects. Impact (i.e., non-blast) traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to decrease pressure autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature in both humans and experimental animals. The hypothesis that blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), like impact TBI, results in impaired cerebral vascular reactivity was tested by measuring myogenic dilatory responses to reduced intravascular pressure in rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments from rats subjected to mild bTBI using an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock tube. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated and prepared for Sham bTBI (identical manipulation and anesthesia except for blast injury) or mild bTBI. Rats were randomly assigned to receive Sham bTBI or mild bTBI followed by sacrifice 30 or 60 min post-injury. Immediately after bTBI, righting reflex (RR) suppression times were assessed, euthanasia at the time points post-injury was completed, the brain was harvested and the individual MCA segments were collected, mounted and pressurized. As the intraluminal pressure perfused through the arterial segments was reduced in 20 mmHg increments from 100 to 20 mmHg, MCA diameters were measured and recorded. With decreasing intraluminal pressure, MCA diameters steadily increased significantly above baseline in the Sham bTBI groups while MCA dilator responses were significantly reduced (p &#60; 0.05) in both bTBI groups as evidenced by the impaired, smaller MCA diameters recorded for the bTBI groups. In addition, RR suppression in the bTBI groups was significantly (p &#60; 0.05) higher than in the Sham bTBI groups. MCA&#39;s collected from the Sham bTBI groups exhibited typical vasodilatory properties to decreases in intraluminal pressure while MCA&#39;s collected following bTBI exhibited significantly impaired myogenic vasodilatory responses to reduced pressure that persisted for at least 60 min after bTBI.

Here, we present a protocol to describe methods for ex vivo vascular reactivity determination following a primary blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using isolated, pressurized, rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments. bTBI induction is accomplished using a shock tube, also known as an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) device.

Efectos de Neurotrauma inducido ráfaga en roedor a presión media de las arterias cerebrales

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also demonstrate that traumatic brain injuries cause changes to the gut microbiota. However, mechanisms underlying the bidirectional regulation of the brain-gut axis remain unknown. Currently, few models exist for studying the changes in gut microbiota after traumatic brain injury. Therefore, the presented study combines protocols for inducing traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device and analysis of caecum samples following injury for investigating alterations in the gut microbiome. Alterations of the gut microbiota composition after traumatic brain injury are determined using 16S-rDNA sequencing. This protocol provides an effective method for studying the relationships between enteric microorganisms and traumatic brain injury.

Presented here is a protocol to induce diffuse traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device followed by the collection of the caecum content for gut microbiome analysis.

Investigación de alteraciones en Caecum Microbiota después de una lesión cerebral traumática en ratones

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also ...

Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury

The Centers for Disease Control and Injury Prevention estimate that almost 2 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year in the United States. In fact, TBI is a contributing factor to over a third of all injury-related mortality. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of TBI are poorly understood. Thus, preclinical models of TBI capable of replicating the injury mechanisms pertinent to TBI in human patients are a critical research need. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI utilizes a mechanical device to directly impact the exposed cortex. While no model can full recapitulate the disparate injury patterns and heterogeneous nature of TBI in human patients, CCI is capable of inducing a wide range of clinically applicable TBI. Furthermore, CCI is easily standardized allowing investigators to compare results across experiments as well as across investigative groups. The following protocol is a detailed description of applying a severe CCI with a commercially available impacting device in a murine model of TBI.

Here we describe a protocol for the induction of murine traumatic brain injury via an open-head controlled cortical impact.

Modelo Murino de Impacto Cortical Controlado para la Inducción de Lesiones Cerebrales Traumáticas

The Centers for Disease Control and Injury Prevention estimate that almost 2 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year in the ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

Modelo electromagnético controlado de cabeza cerrada de lesión cerebral traumática leve en ratones

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

Evaluación de los cambios en la plasticidad sináptica utilizando un modelo de lesión cerebral traumática leve con vigilia

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...

Maintenance of a Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury Device

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for roughly 2.5 million emergency room visits and hospitalizations annually and is a leading cause of death and disability in children and young adults. TBI is caused by a sudden force applied to the head and, to better understand human TBI and its underlying mechanisms, experimental injury models are necessary. Lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) is a commonly used injury model due to similarities in the pathological changes found in human TBI compared to LFPI, including hemorrhages, vascular disruption, neurological deficits, and neuron loss. LFPI employs a pendulum and a fluid-filled cylinder, the latter having a moveable piston at one end, and a Luer lock connection to stiff, fluid-filled tubing at the other end. Preparation of the animal involves performing a craniectomy and attaching a Luer hub over the site. The next day, the tubing from the injury device is connected to the Luer hub on the animal's skull and the pendulum is raised to a specified height and released. The impact of the pendulum with the piston generates a pressure pulse which is transmitted to the intact dura mater of the animal via the tubing and produces the experimental TBI. Proper care and maintenance are essential for the LFPI device to function reliably, as the character and severity of the injury can vary greatly depending on the condition of the device. Here, we demonstrate how to properly clean, fill, and assemble the LFPI device, and ensure that it is adequately maintained for optimal results.

Proper care and maintenance are essential for a lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) device to function reliably. Here, we demonstrate how to properly clean, fill, and assemble an LFPI device, and ensure that it is adequately maintained for optimal results.

Mantenimiento de un dispositivo de lesión por percusión de fluido lateral

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for roughly 2.5 million emergency room visits and hospitalizations annually and is a leading cause of death and ...

Validación de la respuesta a las lesiones y las evaluaciones conductuales en un modelo de rata mTBI

Rat Model of Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Injury and its Validation

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful insights, developing a stable and reproducible animal model is essential. In this study, we report a detailed description of a closed-head mTBI model and a representative validation method using Sprague-Dawley rats to verify the modeling effect. The model involves dropping a 550 g mass weight from a height of 100 cm directly onto the head of a rat on a destructible surface, followed by a 180-degree turn. To assess the injury, rats underwent a series of neurobehavioral assessments 10 min post-injury, including time of loss of consciousness, first seeking-behavior time, escape ability, and beam balance ability test. During the acute and subacute stages following the injury, behavioral tests were conducted to assess motor coordination ability (Beam task), anxiety (Open Field test), and learning and memory abilities (Morris Water Maze test). The closed-head mTBI model produced a consistent injury response with minimal mortality and replicated real-life situations. The validation method effectively verified the model development and ensured the stability and consistency of the model.

Autor destacado: Avance en la investigación de lesiones cerebrales traumáticas: un modelo de cabeza cerrada para una replicación precisa y una evaluación rápida 

Here, we present a closed-head mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) rat model and its validation exhibiting remarkable similarity to human mTBI concerning behavioral manifestations during the acute and subacute stages.

Modelo de Rata de Lesión Traumática Leve de Cabeza Cerrada y su Validación

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful ...