Name: determination of the gas-phase acidities of oligopeptides
Uploaded: 2013-06-24T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides at JoVE.com

The work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE-0749737). The instrument usage was provided by the Mass Spectrometry Facility at the University of the Pacific.

1. Preparation of the Sample Solutions
<ol>
	<li>First prepare the stock solutions of the peptide and the six reference acids using a mixed solvent of methanol and water in a 1:1 volume ratio. The stock solutions should have a concentration of about 10-3 M.</li>
	<li>Weigh out 1 mg of the solid peptide sample, A3CH, in a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube and add 1.0 ml of mixed solvent of methanol and water, and mix using a vortex.</li>
	<li>Weigh out 1 mg of difluoroacetic acid (DFAH) and add 1.0 ml of the m...

<ol>
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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas-Phase+Acidities+of+Cysteine-Polyalanine+Peptides+I:+A3,4CSH+and+HSCA3,4.">Gas-Phase Acidities of Cysteine-Polyalanine Peptides I: A3,4CSH and HSCA3,4.</a> J. Phys. Chem. A. 113 (41), 10903-10912 (2009).</li><li>Morishetti, K. K., Huang, B. D. S., Yates, J. M., Ren, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas-Phase+Acidities+of+Cysteine-Polyglycine+Peptides:+The+Effect+of+the+Cysteine+Position.">Gas-Phase Acidities of Cysteine-Polyglycine Peptides: The Effect of the Cysteine Position.</a> Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 21 (4), 603-614 (2010).</li><li>Fersht, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Structure and mechanism in protein science. , (1999).</li><li>Martin, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thioredoxin-a+fold+for+all+reasons.">Thioredoxin-a fold for all reasons.</a> Structure. 3 (3), 245-250 (1995).</li><li>Carvalho, A. P., Fernandes, P. A., Ramos, M. 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Phys. Chem. A. 106 (42), 9939-9946 (2002).</li><li>Jones, C. M., Bernier, M., Carson, E., Colyer, K. E., Metz, R., Pawlow, A., Wischow, E. D., Webb, I., Andriole, E. J., Poutsma, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas-phase+acidities+of+the+20+protein+amino+acids.">Gas-phase acidities of the 20 protein amino acids.</a> Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 267 (1-3), 54-62 (2007).</li><li>Tan, J. P., Ren, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+Gas-Phase+Acidities+of+Cysteine-Polyalanine+Peptides+Using+the+Extended+Kinetic+Method.">Determination of the Gas-Phase Acidities of Cysteine-Polyalanine Peptides Using the Extended Kinetic Method.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18 (2), 188-194 (2007).</li><li>Harrison, A. 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The successful measurement of the gas-phase acidity of a peptide largely relies on the selection of suitable reference acids. The ideal reference acids are structurally similar organic compounds with well-established gas-phase acidity values. The reference acids should have similar structures to each other. This will ensure a similar entropy of deprotonation for each of the reference acids in the set. The reference acids should have acidity values close to those of the peptides. For shorter cysteine-containing oligopepti...

The acidities of amino acid residues are among the most important thermochemical properties that influence the structures, the reactivity, and the folding-unfolding processes of proteins 9,19. Individual amino acid residues often show different effective acidities depending on their locations in proteins. In particular, the residues located at the active sites often exhibit significantly perturbed acidities. One such example is the cysteine residue residing in the active sites of the thioredoxin super-family of enzymes 20,21. The active site cysteine is unusually acidic compared to those in unfolded proteins 3-5. It has been suggested that the helical conformation may have a significant contribution to the unusual acidity. There are extensive experimental studies on the acid-base properties of peptides carried out in solutions, especially in aqueous solutions 2,6-8. The results were often complicated by solvent effects 7. In fact, most of the active sites in proteins are located near the interior region where solvent effects are minimized 9,10.
In order to understand intrinsic acid-base properties of peptides and proteins, it is important to carry out the studies in a solvent-free environment. Here we introduce a mass spectrometry-based method for the determination of the gas-phase acidity. The approach is referred to as the extended Cooks kinetic method. This method has been successfully applied to a wide range of chemical systems for the determination of various thermochemical properties, such as the gas-phase acidity, the proton affinity, the metal ion affinity, the electron affinity, and the ionization energy 11-15,22-26. We have applied this method to determine the gas-phase acidities of a series of oligo cysteine-polyalanine and cysteine-polyglycine peptides 17,18,27. These studies show that the N-terminal cysteine peptides are significantly more acidic than the corresponding C-terminal ones. The high acidities of the former are likely due to the helical conformational effects in which the thiolate anion is strongly stabilized by the interaction with the helix macro-dipole. Because of the non-volatile and thermally labile nature of peptides, the kinetic method is the most practical approach available at present to produce reasonably accurate acid-base thermochemical quantities of peptides 28.
The general scheme and the equation associated with the kinetic method are shown in Figure 1. The determination of the gas-phase acidity of a peptide (AH) starts with the formation of a series of proton-bound cluster anions, [A&bull;H&bull;Ai]&macr; (or [A&macr;&bull;H+&bull;Ai&macr;]&macr;), in the ion source region of the mass spectrometer, where A&macr; and Ai&macr; are the deprotonated forms of the peptide and the reference acids, respectively. The reference acids are organic compounds with known gas-phase acidities. The reference acids should have structures similar to each other (but not necessarily similar to that of the peptide). The similarity of the structures between reference acids ensures the similarity of the entropies of deprotonation among them. The proton-bound cluster anions are mass selected and collisionally activated and subsequently dissociated using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments to yield the corresponding monomeric anions, A&macr; and Ai&macr;, with rate constants of k and ki, respectively, shown in Figure 1a. If secondary fragmentations are negligible, the abundance ratio of the CID fragment ions, [A&macr;]/[Ai&macr;], represents an approximate measure of the ratio of the rate constants, k/ki. Under the assumption that there are no reverse activation barriers for both dissociation channels, the CID product ion branching ratios, ln[A&macr;]/[Ai&macr;], will be linearly correlated to the gas-phase acidity of the peptide (&Delta;acidH) and those of the reference acids (&Delta;acidHi), as shown in Figure 1b. In this equation, &Delta;acidHavg is the average gas-phase acidity of the reference acids, &Delta;(&Delta;S) is the entropy term (which can be assumed constant if the reference acids are structurally similar to each other), R is the universal gas constant, and Teff is the effective temperature of the system. The effective temperature is an empirical parameter that depends on several experimental variables, including the collision energy.
The value of the gas-phase acidity is determined by constructing two sets of thermo-kinetic plots. The first set is obtained by plotting ln([A&macr;]/[Ai&macr;]) against &Delta;acidHi - &Delta;acidHavg, as shown in Figure 4a. Linear regression will yield a set of straight lines with the slopes of X = 1/RTeff and intercepts of Y = - [&Delta;acidH - &Delta;acidHavg]/RTeff - &Delta;(&Delta;S)/R. The second set of plots is obtained by plotting the resulting intercepts (Y) from the first set against the corresponding slopes (X), as shown in Figure 4b. Linear regression produces a new line with a slope of &Delta;acidH - &Delta;acidHavg and an intercept of &Delta;(&Delta;S)/R. The value of &Delta;acidH is then obtained from the slope and the entropy term, &Delta;(&Delta;S), is obtained from the intercept.
The experiments are performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer interfaced to an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source. A schematic diagram of the mass spectrometer is shown in Figure 2. The CID experiments are performed by mass selecting the proton-bound cluster anions with the first quadrupole unit and allowing them to undergo collisions with argon atoms leaked into the collision chamber which is held at a pressure of around 0.5 mTorr. The dissociation product ions are mass analyzed with the third quadrupole unit. The CID spectra are recorded at several collision energies with the m/z range wide enough to cover all possible secondary fragments. The CID product ion intensities are measured by setting the instrument in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode in which the scan is focused on selected product ions. The CID experiments are performed at four different collision energies, corresponding to center-of-mass energies (Ecm) of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 eV, respectively. The center-of-mass energy is calculated using the equation: Ecm = Elab [m/(M+m)], where Elab is the collision energy in the laboratory frame, m is the mass of argon, and M is the mass of the proton-bound cluster ion.
In this article, we use the oligopeptide Ala3CysNH2 (A3CH) as the model compound. The C-terminus is amidated and the thiol group (SH) of the cysteine residue will be the acidic site. The selection of the suitable reference acids is crucial for the successful measurement of the gas-phase acidity. The ideal reference acids are structurally similar (to each other) organic compounds with well-established gas-phase acidity values. The reference acids should have acidity values close to that of the peptides. For the peptide A3CH, six halogenated carboxylic acids are chosen as the reference acids. The six reference acids are chloroacetic acid (MCAH), bromoacetic acid (MBAH), difluoroacetic acid (DFAH), dichloroacetic acid (DCAH), dibromoacetic acid (DBAH), and trifluoroacetic (TFAH). Two of them, DFAH and MBAH, will be used to illustrate the protocol.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mass Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Varian</td>
			<td>1200 L and 320 L</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>402923</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bromoacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B56307</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Difluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>142859</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dichloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D54702</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dibromoacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>242357</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6508</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

determination of the gas-phase acidities of oligopeptides

Amino acid residues located at different positions in folded proteins often exhibit different degrees of acidities. For example, a cysteine residue located at or near the N-terminus of a helix is often more acidic than that at or near the C-terminus 1-6. Although extensive experimental studies on the acid-base properties of peptides have been carried out in the condensed phase, in particular in aqueous solutions 6-8, the results are often complicated by solvent effects 7. In fact, most of the active sites in proteins are located near the interior region where solvent effects have been minimized 9,10. In order to understand intrinsic acid-base properties of peptides and proteins, it is important to perform the studies in a solvent-free environment.
We present a method to measure the acidities of oligopeptides in the gas-phase. We use a cysteine-containing oligopeptide, Ala3CysNH2 (A3CH), as the model compound. The measurements are based on the well-established extended Cooks kinetic method (Figure 1) 11-16. The experiments are carried out using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer interfaced with an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source (Figure 2). For each peptide sample, several reference acids are selected. The reference acids are structurally similar organic compounds with known gas-phase acidities. A solution of the mixture of the peptide and a reference acid is introduced into the mass spectrometer, and a gas-phase proton-bound anionic cluster of peptide-reference acid is formed. The proton-bound cluster is mass isolated and subsequently fragmented via collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. The resulting fragment ion abundances are analyzed using a relationship between the acidities and the cluster ion dissociation kinetics. The gas-phase acidity of the peptide is then obtained by linear regression of the thermo-kinetic plots 17,18.
The method can be applied to a variety of molecular systems, including organic compounds, amino acids and their derivatives, oligonucleotides, and oligopeptides. By comparing the gas-phase acidities measured experimentally with those values calculated for different conformers, conformational effects on the acidities can be evaluated.

<ol>
 <li>The CID bracketing experiments provide information on the relative acidities of the peptide compared to the selected reference acids. Two representative CID spectra of the peptide (A3CH) with two reference acids, DFAH and MBAH, are shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3a the ion abundance (peak height) of the peptide ion is weaker than that of DFA&macr;, and in Figure 3b, the ion abundance of the peptide ion is stronger than that of MBA&macr;. The two spectra suggest that the gas-p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides at JoVE.com

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides

The determination of the gas-phase acidities of cysteine-containing oligopeptides is described. The experiments are performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The relative acidities of the peptides are measured using collision-induced dissociation experiments, and the quantitative acidities are determined using the extended Cooks kinetic method.

Amino acid residues located at different positions in folded proteins often exhibit different degrees of acidities. For example, a cysteine residue ...

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Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus ...

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides