We thank F. Chisari for providing Huh-7.5.1 cell line. We would like to thank Justine Ho for editing the manuscript. This work was supported by Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Institutional Programmatic Research Award and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Grant UL1TR000124 to V.A.

Un esquema general del protocolo se ilustra en la Figura 1. 1. Las células <ol><li> Preparar medio de crecimiento completo que contiene suero de 10-15% de bovino fetal (FBS), 10 mM de aminoácidos no esenciales, 10 mM de Hepes, penicilina (100 unidades / ml), estreptomicina (100 mg / ml), y 2 mM de L-glutamina. </li><li> Mantener Huh-7.5.1 células 13 en medio de crecimiento completo que contienen los suplementos anteriores para el análisis in vitro de la hepatitis C ciclo de replicación viral. </li><li> Cepas virales Cultura en Huh-7.5.1 células con el medio de cultivo complementado especificada a 37 ° C con 5% de CO 2. </li></ol> 2. Virus y Construcciones de plásmidos <ol><li> Generar la forma complementaria de ADN (ADNc) del ARN del VHC y clonar en un vector plásmido para la facilidad de manipulación genética. Nota: El descubrimiento de los japoneses hepatitis fulminante 1, JFH-1 (genotipo 2a HCV), aísle ha sido fundamental para la investigación y el VHC esutilizado principalmente para estudiar el ciclo de 11-13 replicación del VHC. Virus quiméricos inter e intragenotypic basados ​​en JFH-1 del VHC se utilizan comúnmente en la investigación 14-18. Construcción de intragenotype 2a sintética virus quimérico, FNX-VHC, y una cepa reportera quimérico monocistronic fue descrito previamente 19 y los detalles de construcción están más allá del alcance de este protocolo. </li><li> Utilice el virus intragenotype 2a pFNX-VHC, ya que contiene una NTR 5 &#39;, regiones y P7 estructurales, y parte de las regiones no estructurales NS2 (nucleótidos 1 hasta 2878) de la cepa parental J6CF (NCBI n º de acceso. AF177036), como así como los componentes no estructurales de la JFH-1 cepa viral (NCBI n º de acceso. AB047639). Nota: FNX-VHC se sintetizó basándose en la secuencia de Jc1 intragenotype 2a VHC quimérico se informó anteriormente 15. </li><li> Generar un constructo monocistrónico quimérico reportero viral, el pFNX-Rluc, basado en la cepa pFNX-VHC (antes en la etapa 2.2) mediante la inserción de un Rgen de la luciferasa enilla entre el 5 &#39;NTR y el gen del núcleo (entre nt 388 y 389). Posteriormente, conecte el gen de la luciferasa y el gen del núcleo de esta construcción usando un 2A del virus de la fiebre aftosa (F2A) secuencia del péptido, que funcionaría como una señal de la escisión. </li><li> Ingeniero de la ARN polimerasa nulo (Pol-) construcción viral utilizando el pFNX-VHC o el fondo viral pFNX-Rluc. Reemplazar los residuos catalíticos de la polimerasa NS5B, GDD (aa 2759-2761; nt 8615 a 8.623), de cualquiera de estas cadenas principales virales con residuos de aminoácidos de la AAG. </li></ol> 3. In vitro el ARN del VHC Transcripción <ol><li> Utilice un intragenotype 2a quimérico virus FNX-HCV y nulo Pol FNX-HCV (Pol-) HCV para la evaluación de la replicación viral (Figura 2A). </li><li> Linealice los plásmidos virales con la enzima de restricción XbaI y después tratar con nucleasa de judía mung para generar extremos romos. Purifica los plásmidos digeridos por cromatografía de intercambio de aniones. Verificar la integridad of el plásmido linealizado de ADN sometiendo a electroforesis en gel de agarosa (Figura 2B). </li><li> Transcribir los plásmidos virales linealizadas utilizando la T7 ARN polimerasa. </li><li> Se purifica el ARN tratado con DNasa recién sintetizado usando un kit de purificación de ARN. </li><li> Verifique la producción de ARN mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa (Figura 2C). </li><li> Cuantificar el RNA por espectrofotometría. </li><li> Almacenar el ARN generados en -80 ° C en 10 g alícuotas de trabajo. Nota: Para minimizar la variación de la calidad del ARN dentro de cada diseño experimental por la transcripción de todos los ARN para cada muestra viral y de control al mismo tiempo. </li></ol> 4. VHC ARN transfección y toma de muestras <ol><li> Recoger las células Huh-7.5.1 usando tripsina. </li><li> Para enjuagar las células, centrifugar y resuspender la suspensión dos veces con los medios de comunicación en frío bajo suero. Resuspender las células en medios de baja de suero con 1 x 10 7 células por ml. </li><li> Mezclar con un total de 10 &amp; #956; g de ARN viral transcrito con 400 l de células resuspendidas (4 x 10 6 células) en una cubeta de electroporación de 0,4-cm. Transfectar las células mediante electroporación a 270 V, 100 Ω y 950 mF. </li><li> Resuspender las células a electroporación en 10 ml de medio de crecimiento completo con 15% de FBS. Nota: El aumento de la supervivencia de las células sometidas a electroporación se observa cuando las células Huh-7.5.1 se cultivaron en 15% suero bovino fetal. </li><li> Placa de las células en los dos matraces T-25 (~ 1,2 x 10 6 células por matraz) y las placas de 48 pocillos (1 x 10 4 células por pocillo) para cada uno de los siguientes puntos de tiempo: 4, 48 y 96 h. </li><li> Reemplazar los medios de comunicación a 4-8 h después de la transfección con medio de crecimiento suplementado fresco con 10% de FBS para eliminar los residuos de células muertas de los matraces y placas de cultivo. </li><li> Sobrenadantes de cultivo celular de cosecha en los 48, 96 puntos de tiempo hr y eliminar los desechos celulares de las muestras recogidas por centrifugación de las células a 1.500 rpm durante 10 min a 4 º C. </li><li> Almacene los sobrenadantes libres de células a -80 º C. Lisar las células para la proteína y el análisis por Western blot de ARN y la transcripción inversa-PCR cuantitativa en los puntos de tiempo indicados. </li></ol> 5. Transcripción inversa-PCR cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para la evaluación de las copias del VHC Genoma <ol><li> Realice una de dos etapa de RT-qPCR para determinar el número de copias de ARN genómico del VHC. </li><li> Transcribir inversamente 1 g de ARN celular total utilizando la transcriptasa inversa y un cebador específico para el VHC cadena con sentido que se une a NTR 5 &#39;(JFH RTQ R: 5&#39;CCTATCAGGCAGTACCACA-3&#39;) o un cebador específico para el gen de mantenimiento peptidilprolil isomerasa G (R ppig : 5&#39;-GTCTCTCCTCCTTCTCCTCCTATCTTT-3 &#39;). También transcribir inversamente FNX-HCV RNA (generado en el paso 3) de copias del genoma conocidos (enero 10-09 10 estándar), utilizando el sentido del VHC primer capítulo. </li><li> Llevar a cabo qPCR utilizando 50 ng del ADNc transcrito resultante utilizando cebadores específicos de HCV (JFH RTQF: 5&#39;CTGGGTCCTTTCTTGGATAA-3; JFH RTQ R: 5&#39;CCTATCAGGCAGTACCACA-3 &#39;) y el ADN vinculante tinte verde que contiene qPCR súper mezcla. Realice qPCR para la limpieza gen ppig también (cebadores ppig F: 5&#39;-GAAGAGTGCGATCAAGAACCCATGAC-3 &#39;; ppig R: 5&#39;-GTCTCTCCTCCTTCTCCTCCTATCTTT-3&#39;) Nota: Para calcular el nivel de ARN del VHC intracelular exacta a través de muestras, utilice gen de mantenimiento celular, ppig , el nivel de expresión (ciclo Ct) para la normalización. Utilice el número de copias del genoma FNX-VHC como el estándar para la determinación del número de copias. </li><li> Utilice las siguientes condiciones cuando se ejecuta qPCR para determinar el número de copias de ARN del VHC: 95 º C durante 15 segundos y 60 &#160; º C durante 30 segundos (40 ciclos) usando el sistema de PCR en tiempo real. </li><li> Véanse las Figuras 3A y 3B para resultados replicación del genoma. </li></ol> 6. Análisis Western Blot para detectar la expresión de proteínas del VHC (Figura 3C) <ol><li> Utilice lisados ​​de células FRARN viral om transfectadas a 96 h después de la transfección de proteínas análisis Western Blot. </li><li> Resolver el lisado celular utilizando SDS-PAGE y transferencia de difluoruro de polivinilideno (PVDF). </li><li> Bloquear la membrana utilizando una solución de bloqueo que contiene leche desnatada 5%, 0,2% de Tween 20 en solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS). </li><li> Incubar la membrana con el anticuerpo primario monoclonal de ratón NS3 (1 en 1000 de dilución) y beta-actina (1 en 5000 de dilución). </li><li> Añadir IgG de cabra anti-ratón conjugado con peroxidasa de rábano picante (1 en 5000 de dilución) y detectar por quimioluminiscencia. </li></ol> 7. Ensayo de inmunofluorescencia (IFA) <ol><li> Fijar las células infectadas con el VHC y se transfectaron usando metanol durante 30 min a -20 º C para el ensayo de inmunofluorescencia. </li><li> Lavar la célula con PBS tres veces y bloquear con tampón de bloqueo IFA. </li><li> Utilice conejo policlonal anti-NS5A principalmente anticuerpo (amablemente proporcionados por el doctor Dasgupta, UCLA) o monoclonales de ratón anti-DSRNA J2 anticuerpo a una dilución de 1:200 (1 mg / ml) y se incuba durante 5 horas a la noche a 4 º C. </li><li> Lavar las células con PBS tres veces después de que el anticuerpo primario. </li><li> Añadir cabra anti-IgG de conejo-488 anticuerpo secundario policlonal o anticuerpo de cabra anti-IgG de ratón-594 anticuerpo secundario policlonal a una dilución 1:1.000 (1 g / ml) e incubar durante 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavar las células con PBS tres veces y núcleos de tinción utilizando colorante Hoechst y vista con microscopio de fluorescencia (Figura 3D). </li></ol> 8. Titulación de medición Virus <ol><li> Ingenuos células Plate Huh-7.5.1 en aproximadamente 3 x 10 3 células / pocillo utilizando una placa de 96 pocillos. Al día siguiente, realizar diluciones seriadas de 10 veces de sobrenadante de cultivo libre de células recolectadas a partir de células transfectadas de ARN del VHC utilizando medio de cultivo e inocular por triplicado en Huh-7.5.1 células. </li><li> Fijar las células a las 72 horas después de la infección usando metanol (durante 30 min a -20 </sup&gt; º C) y la inmunotinción de la proteína NS5A del VHC como se indica en la sección 7. </li><li> Utilice la dilución más alta que contar para los focos NS5A positivo y calcular el número medio de foco unidad de formación (UFF) por mililitro. Consulte la Figura 4 para el título del VHC. </li></ol> 9. Renilla Luciferase reportero de ensayo para el genoma viral de replicación e infectividad <ol><li> Para la evaluación de la replicación del genoma viral, Huh-7.5.1 células de ARN-VHC a electroporación placa por triplicado en placas de 48 pocillos (1 x 10 4 células / pocillo). </li><li> Lyse las células con 75 l de tampón de lisis pasiva al 6 horas, 48 ​​horas y 96 horas después de la transfección. </li><li> Rock the placas suavemente durante 15 minutos a temperatura ambiente y se almacena a -80 º C. </li><li> Para medir la actividad enzimática de luciferasa de Renilla, descongelar el lisado de proteínas y la luciferasa de Renilla reactivos de ensayo a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Añadir 20 l de lisado de proteína por pocillo de una 96-WEL<html> l placa luminiscencia blanca y coloque la placa en un luminómetro. </li><li> Vierta 100 l de Renilla luciferasa reactivo de ensayo (sustrato coelenterazina + buffer) por pozo y después de un retraso de 2 segundos antes de la lectura; integrar la luz emitida por 10 seg. </li><li> Calcular la media y la desviación estándar para cada muestra a partir de los valores de luciferasa de triplicados biológicos y someter los datos a análisis estadístico (Figura 5). </li><li> Para evaluar la infectividad, inocular 500 l de sobrenadante libre de células obtenidas a partir de células de ARN-VHC transfectadas para el tiempo indicado puntos (48 hy 96 h), por triplicado, en células de los animales Huh-7.5.1 en placas de 48 pocillos. </li><li> Vuelva a colocar el inóculo viral con 500 l de medio fresco por pocillo después de las 6 horas después de la infección. </li><li> Lisar las células en 48 horas después de la infección y sujetos a ensayo de luciferasa de Renilla tal como se describe en los pasos 8.2 a 8.7 (figura 5). </li></ol>í tulo &quot;&gt; 10. Análisis estadístico <ol><li> Las barras de error en los gráficos indican las desviaciones estándar (DE). Los valores de p se calcularon por el test t no apareado. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Esta ilustración describe un método para analizar el ciclo de replicación de la hepatitis C virus. HCV es un patógeno humano y el protocolo de bioseguridad prescritas tendrá que ser seguido estrictamente. Sistemas de cultivo celular de VHC infecciosas se han descrito anteriormente 11-13,16,17. Hay algunos puntos cruciales que implementamos cuando se sigue el protocolo ilustrado. En primer lugar, es de gran importancia para tener una buena calidad de intacta longitud viral ARN genómico completo para estu...

Virus de Hepatitis C (VHC) causa la cirrosis y cáncer de hígado. Afecta a 170 millones de personas en todo el mundo, con 350.000 personas que mueren cada año 1-3. El VHC es un virus ARN de cadena positiva con un tamaño de genoma de 9,6 kb. El genoma del HCV se traduce como una sola poliproteína de ~ 3.000 residuos de aminoácidos que se escinde proteolíticamente por diversas proteasas celulares y virales en 10 polipéptidos. VHC es el virus prototipo del género Hepacivirus y pertenece a la familia Flaviviridae 4. Tras la exposición, el VHC establece la infección crónica en el 80% de los individuos. La infección generalmente es asintomática y oportuno diagnóstico puede permitir la intervención terapéutica para evitar el deterioro del hígado. El tratamiento actual es subóptimo y no se dispone de vacuna 5,6. La etiología de la hepatitis C fue descrita por primera vez en 1989 7. Estudiar la replicación del VHC es importante para la vacuna contra la hepatitis C y la investigación del tratamiento, pero había sidolargo obstaculizada por la falta de un sistema de cultivo viral eficiente. Un clon molecular del VHC ha demostrado ser infecciosa en los chimpancés a la inoculación intrahepática 8. Posteriormente, replicones del VHC sub-genómicas se describen, lo que permitió a diseccionar la etapa de la replicación del genoma viral en un 9,10 sistema de cultivo celular. El descubrimiento de un VHC genotipo 2 bis aislar JFH-1 (hepatitis fulminante-1 japonés), capaz de infectar un cultivo celular abierto nuevas vías para la investigación la replicación del VHC 11-13. Cepa del genotipo 2 bis JFH-1 basada virus quiméricos inter e intra-genotípica y el genotipo 1 del VHC sistemas de cultivo basados ​​infecciosas son disponibles también 14-18. Hemos utilizado con éxito JFH-1 cepa y VHC intragenotype 2a virus quimérico obtener el mapa de alta resolución del perfil funcional de los dominios de la proteína y cis-elementos que actúan de ARN 19,20. De acuerdo con esto, aquí se describe un sistema de cultivo eficaz utilizado rutinariamente que permiteel estudio de las diversas etapas del ciclo de replicación del VHC y la interacción huésped-patógeno. Presentamos los ensayos virológicos para evaluar la replicación del genoma viral y la infectividad de novo de intragenotype VHC 2a y un reportero de VHC basado en la luciferasa de Renilla.

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			<td>The cell line was kindly provided by Dr. Francis Chisari to Dr. Arumugaswami under executed MTA between The Scripps Research Institute and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center</td>
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			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:569px;">Plasmids (pFNX-HCV, pFNX-HCV Pol null, pFNX-Rluc, and pFNX-Rluc Pol null)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Cedars-Sinai Medical Center</td>
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			<td>The HCV plasmids were synthesized by Dr. Arumugaswami using overlapping oligo-nucleotides.&#160;</td>
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			<td>E-5010-4</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Gene Pulser Xcell Total System</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">165-2660</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse monoclonal anti-dsRNA antibody J2&#160;</td>
			<td>English &#38; Scientific Consulting Kft.</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
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			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc.</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">M6101</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">GloMax-Multi Detection System (Luminometer)</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Promega</td>
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a protocol for analyzing hepatitis c virus replication

Virus de Hepatitis C (VHC) afecta a 3% de la población mundial y causa graves enfermedades del hígado incluyendo hepatitis crónica, cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. El VHC es un virus de ARN con envoltura que pertenece a la familia Flaviviridae. El tratamiento actual no es totalmente eficaz y causa efectos secundarios adversos. No existe una vacuna contra el VHC disponible. Por lo tanto, se requiere un esfuerzo continuado para el desarrollo de una vacuna y mejor terapia. Un sistema de cultivo celular VHC es crítica para el estudio de varias etapas de crecimiento del VHC incluyendo la entrada del virus, la replicación del genoma, el envasado, y la salida. En el procedimiento actual presentado, se utilizó un virus de tipo salvaje intragenotype 2a quimérico, FNX-VHC, y un virus FNX-Rluc recombinante que lleva un gen indicador de luciferasa de Renilla para estudiar la replicación del virus. Una línea celular de hepatoma humano se utilizó (basa Huh-7) para la transfección de transcritos in vitro de VHC ARN genómicos. Sobrenadantes de cultivo libres de células, lisados ​​de proteínas y tARN otal se recogieron en varios puntos de tiempo después de la transfección para evaluar el crecimiento del VHC. VHC estado de la replicación del genoma se evaluó mediante RT-PCR cuantitativa y la visualización de la presencia de VHC ARN de doble cadena. La expresión de la proteína del VHC se verificó por transferencia de Western y ensayos de inmunofluorescencia utilizando anticuerpos específicos para las proteínas del VHC NS3 y NS5A. Células transfectadas de ARN del VHC liberadas partículas infecciosas en sobrenadante de cultivo y el título viral se midió. Se utilizaron ensayos de luciferasa para evaluar el nivel de replicación y la infectividad del VHC reportero. En conclusión, se presentan varios ensayos virológicos para la caracterización de las diferentes etapas del ciclo de replicación del VHC.

Virus de la hepatitis C es un virus de ARN. Por lo tanto para el propósito de la manipulación genética, el ADNc genómico del VHC ha sido clonado en un plásmido vector bacteriano. Una secuencia promotora de ARN polimerasa de T7 se introdujo inmediatamente antes del extremo 5 &#39;del genoma del VHC. Un esquema general de flujo de trabajo de análisis de VHC se presenta en la Figura 1. Para generar ARN genómico del VHC con el extremo precisa 3 &#39;, del genoma del VHC que contiene el plásmido se c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that causes liver disorders, including cirrhosis and cancer. An HCV infectious cell culture system is essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of HCV replication and developing new therapeutic approaches. Here we describe a protocol to investigate various stages of the HCV replication cycle.

Un protocolo para el análisis de la hepatitis C de replicación del virus

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) affects 3% of the world&#8217;s population and causes serious liver ailments including&#160;chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ...

a-protocol-for-analyzing-hepatitis-c-virus-replication

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.9K vistas.  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that causes liver disorders, including cirrhosis and cancer. An HCV infectious cell culture system is essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of HCV replication and developing new therapeutic approaches. Here we describe a protocol to investigate various stages of the HCV replication cycle. 

Video: A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of infection with influenza virus alone. Instead, most individuals are thought to have succumbed to a secondary bacterial infection, predominately caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). The synergistic relationship between infections caused by influenza virus and the pneumococcus has subsequently been observed during the 1957 Asian influenza virus pandemic, as well as during seasonal outbreaks of the virus (reviewed in 1, 2). Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the mechanism(s) that may be involved in increased morbidity as a result of concurrent influenza A virus and S. pneumoniae infection. We have developed an infant murine model to reliably and reproducibly demonstrate the effects of influenza virus infection of mice colonised with S. pneumoniae. Using this protocol, we have provided the first insight into the kinetics of pneumococcal transmission between co-housed, neonatal mice using in vivo imaging 3.

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

A concurrent infection with influenza A virus is one of the factors implicated in the induction of invasive pneumococcal disease during asymptomatic Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Here we describe a mixed infection method using infant mice to investigate the synergism between these two respiratory pathogens.

Utilizando imágenes bioluminiscentes encargado de investigar la sinergia entre Streptococcus pneumoniae Y el Virus de la Influenza en ratones lactantes

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral cytokine production1,2. In order to colonize the host, viruses are obligate to evade host antiviral responses and manipulate signaling pathways. Unraveling the host-virus interaction will shed light on the development of novel therapeutic strategies against viral infection.
Murine &gamma;HV68 is closely related to human oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epsten-Barr virus3,4. &gamma;HV68 infection in laboratory mice provides a tractable small animal model to examine the entire course of host responses and viral infection in vivo, which are not available for human herpesviruses. In this protocol, we present a panel of methods for phenotypic characterization and molecular dissection of host signaling components in &gamma;HV68 lytic replication both in vivo and ex vivo. The availability of genetically modified mouse strains permits the interrogation of the roles of host signaling pathways during &gamma;HV68 acute infection in vivo. Additionally, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from these deficient mouse strains can be used to further dissect roles of these molecules during &gamma;HV68 lytic replication ex vivo.
Using virological and molecular biology assays, we can pinpoint the molecular mechanism of host-virus interactions and identify host and viral genes essential for viral lytic replication. Finally, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system facilitates the introduction of mutations into the viral factor(s) that specifically interrupt the host-virus interaction. Recombinant &gamma;HV68 carrying these mutations can be used to recapitulate the phenotypes of &gamma;HV68 lytic replication in MEFs deficient in key host signaling components. This protocol offers an excellent strategy to interrogate host-pathogen interaction at multiple levels of intervention in vivo and ex vivo.
Recently, we have discovered that &gamma;HV68 usurps an innate immune signaling pathway to promote viral lytic replication5. Specifically, &gamma;HV68 de novo infection activates the immune kinase IKK&beta; and activated IKK&beta; phosphorylates the master viral transcription factor, replication and transactivator (RTA), to promote viral transcriptional activation. In doing so, &gamma;HV68 efficiently couples its transcriptional activation to host innate immune activation, thereby facilitating viral transcription and lytic replication. This study provides an excellent example that can be applied to other viruses to interrogate host-virus interaction.

We describe a protocol to identify key roles of host signaling molecules in lytic replication of a model herpesvirus, gamma herpesvirus 68 (&gamma;HV68). Utilizing genetically modified mouse strains and embryonic fibroblasts for &gamma;HV68 lytic replication, the protocol permits both phenotypic characterization and molecular interrogation of virus-host interactions in viral lytic replication.

Disección de Host-virus Interacción en la replicación lítica de un Herpesvirus Modelo

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral ...

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in peripheral neurons. This latent reservoir is the source of recurrent reactivation events that ensure transmission and contribute to clinical disease. Current antivirals do not impact the latent reservoir and there are no vaccines. While the molecular details of lytic replication are well-characterized, mechanisms controlling latency in neurons remain elusive. Our present understanding of latency is derived from in vivo studies using small animal models, which have been indispensable for defining viral gene requirements and the role of immune responses. However, it is impossible to distinguish specific effects on the virus-neuron relationship from more general consequences of infection mediated by immune or non-neuronal support cells in live animals. In addition, animal experimentation is costly, time-consuming, and limited in terms of available options for manipulating host processes. To overcome these limitations, a neuron-only system is desperately needed that reproduces the in vivo characteristics of latency and reactivation but offers the benefits of tissue culture in terms of homogeneity and accessibility.
Here we present an in vitro model utilizing cultured primary sympathetic neurons from rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) (Figure 1) to study HSV-1 latency and reactivation that fits most if not all of the desired criteria. After eliminating non-neuronal cells, near-homogeneous TrkA+ neuron cultures are infected with HSV-1 in the presence of acyclovir (ACV) to suppress lytic replication. Following ACV removal, non-productive HSV-1 infections that faithfully exhibit accepted hallmarks of latency are efficiently established. Notably, lytic mRNAs, proteins, and infectious virus become undetectable, even in the absence of selection, but latency-associated transcript (LAT) expression persists in neuronal nuclei. Viral genomes are maintained at an average copy number of 25 per neuron and can be induced to productively replicate by interfering with PI3-Kinase / Akt signaling or the simple withdrawal of nerve growth factor1. A recombinant HSV-1 encoding EGFP fused to the viral lytic protein Us11 provides a functional, real-time marker for replication resulting from reactivation that is readily quantified. In addition to chemical treatments, genetic methodologies such as RNA-interference or gene delivery via lentiviral vectors can be successfully applied to the system permitting mechanistic studies that are very difficult, if not impossible, in animals. In summary, the SCG-based HSV-1 latency / reactivation system provides a powerful, necessary tool to unravel the molecular mechanisms controlling HSV1 latency and reactivation in neurons, a long standing puzzle in virology whose solution may offer fresh insights into developing new therapies that target the latent herpesvirus reservoir.

The protocol describes an efficient and reproducible model system to study herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency and reactivation. The assay employs homogenous sympathetic neuron cultures and allows for the molecular dissection of virus-neuron interactions using a variety of tools including RNA interference and expression of recombinant proteins.

Un sistema de neuronas cultivo primario para el estudio de la latencia del virus del herpes simple y Reactivación

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in peripheral neurons. This latent reservoir is the source of recurrent ...

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions are&#160;important to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. The Gentamicin protection assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in phagocytic cells was adapted to allow high-throughput screening to define the roles of deletion mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in host interactions using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Under this protocol, the variance in measurements is significantly reduced compared to the standard protocol, because wild-type and multiple mutant strains can be tested in the same culture dish and at the same time. The use of multichannel pipettes increases the throughput and enhances precision. Furthermore, concerns related to using less host cells per well in 96-well culture dish were addressed. Here, the protocol of the modified in vitro Salmonella invasion assay using phagocytic cells was successfully employed to phenotype 38 individual Salmonella deletion mutants for association, invasion and intracellular replication. The in vitro phenotypes are presented, some of which were subsequently confirmed to have in vivo phenotypes in an animal model. Thus, the modified, standardized assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in macrophages with high-throughput capacity could be utilized more broadly to study bacterial-host interactions.

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

A high-throughput assay to in vitro phenotype Salmonella or other bacterial association, invasion, and replication in phagocytic cells with high-throughput capacity was developed. The method was employed to evaluate Salmonella gene knockout mutant strains for their involvements in host-pathogen interactions.

Ensayo de alto rendimiento para Fenotipo<em&gt; Salmonella enterica</em&gt; Asociación Typhimurium, Invasión y replicación en macrófagos

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

Immunofluorescence to Monitor the Cellular Uptake of Human Lactoferrin and its Associated Antiviral Activity Against the Hepatitis C Virus

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or localization of a target molecule in cells and tissues. Immunofluorescence relies on the specificity of fluorescent-labelled antibodies against their corresponding antigens within a cell. Both direct and indirect immunofluorescence approaches can be used which rely on the use of antibodies linked with a fluorochrome. Direct immunofluorescence is less frequently used because it provides lower signal, involves higher cost and less flexibility. In contrast, indirect immunofluorescence is more commonly used because of its high sensitivity and provides an amplified signal since more than one secondary antibody can attach to each primary antibody. In this manuscript, both epifluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to monitor the internalization of human lactoferrin, an important component of the immune system, into hepatic cells. Moreover, we monitored the inhibitory potential of hLF on the intracellular replication of the Hepatitis C virus using immunofluorescence. Both the advantages and disadvantages associated with these approaches are discussed.

The human lactoferrin (hLF) is a component of the immune system. In this study, immunofluorescence assays are used to demonstrate both the hepatocellular uptake of hLF and a qualitative reduction in the hepatitis C virus replication upon treatment with hLF.

La inmunofluorescencia para supervisar la captación celular de lactoferrina humana y su Asociado actividad antiviral contra el virus de hepatitis C

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or ...

A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins

Influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinins recognize sialic acids on the cell surface as functional receptors to gain entry into cells. Wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir for IAV, but IAV can cross the species barrier to poultry, swine, horses and humans. Avian viruses recognize sialic acid attached to a penultimate galactose by a &#945;2-3 linkage (avian-type receptors) whereas human viruses preferentially recognize sialic acid with a &#945;2-6 linkage (human-type receptors). To monitor if avian viruses are adapting to human type receptors, several methods can be used. Glycan microarrays with diverse libraries of synthetic sialosides are increasingly used to evaluate receptor specificity. However, this technique is not used for measuring avidities. Measurement of avidity is typically achieved by evaluating the binding of serially diluted hemagglutinin or virus to glycans adsorbed to conventional polypropylene 96-well plates. In this assay, glycans with &#945;2-3 or &#945;2-6 sialic acids are coupled to biotin and adsorbed to streptavidin plates, or are coupled to polyacrylamide (PAA) which directly adsorb to the plastic. We have significantly miniaturized this assay by directly printing PAA-linked sialosides and their non PAA-linked counterparts on micro-well glass slides. This set-up, with 48 arrays on a single slide, enables simultaneous assays of 6 glycan binding proteins at 8 dilutions, interrogating 6 different glycans, including two non-sialylated controls. This is equivalent to 18x 96-well plates in the traditional plate assay. The glycan array format decreases consumption of compounds and biologicals and thus greatly enhances efficiency.

Using a printed glycan microarray strategy, a conventional 96-well plate assay was miniaturized for analysis of influenza A virus hemagglutinin avidity and specificity for sialic acid containing receptors.

Un ensayo de microarrays miniaturizada glicanos para la evaluación de avidez y especificidad del virus de la gripe A Hemaglutininas

Influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinins recognize sialic acids on the cell surface as functional receptors to gain entry into cells. Wild waterfowl are the ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.

Desarrollo de un sistema reportero virus de la hepatitis B para supervisar las primeras etapas del ciclo de replicación

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral evolution. Here we describe the construction of an infectious clone for Zika virus (ZIKV), which is currently causing an explosive outbreak in the Americas. To prevent toxicity to bacteria that is commonly observed with flavivirus-derived plasmids, we generated a two-plasmid system which separates the genome at the NS1 gene and is more stable than full-length constructs that could not be successfully recovered without mutations. After digestion and ligation to join the two fragments, full-length viral RNA can be generated by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. Following electroporation of transcribed RNA into cells, virus was recovered that exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics and in vivo virulence and infection phenotypes in mice and mosquitoes, respectively.

This protocol describes the recovery of infectious Zika virus from a two-plasmid infectious cDNA clone.

Rescate y Caracterización del Virus Recombinante de un Nuevo Mundo Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally infected chimpanzees, most in vitro models require several hundreds to thousands of viral genomes per cell in order to initiate a transient infection. Additionally, static 2D cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) allow only short-term studies due to their rapid dedifferentiation. Here, we describe 3D liver-on-a-chip cultures of PHH, either in monocultures or in cocultures with other nonparenchymal liver-resident cells. These offer a significant improvement to studying long-term HBV infections with physiological host cell responses. In addition to facilitating drug efficacy studies, toxicological analysis, and investigations into pathogenesis, these microfluidic culture systems enable the evaluation of curative therapies for HBV infection aimed at eliminating covalently closed, circular (ccc)DNA. This presented method describes the set-up of PHH monocultures and PHH/Kupffer cell co-cultures, their infection with purified HBV, and the analysis of host responses. This method is particularly applicable to the evaluation of long-term effects of HBV infection, treatment combinations, and pathogenesis.

&quot;Liver-on-a-Chip&quot; Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

The goal of this protocol is to provide a step-by-step guide to perform 3-D &#34;liver-on-a-chip&#34; infection experiments with the hepatitis B virus.

"Hígado-en-un-Chip" cultivos de hepatocitos primarios y células de Kupffer para infección del Virus de la Hepatitis B

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally ...

Identification of Coding and Non-coding RNA Classes Expressed in Swine Whole Blood

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying gene expression related to biological processes of interest. These innovations not only allow researchers to observe expression from the mRNA sequences that code for genes that effect cellular function, but also the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that remain untranslated, but still have regulatory functions. Although researchers have the ability to observe both mRNA and ncRNA expression, it has been customary for a study to focus on one or the other. However, when studies are interested in both mRNA and ncRNA expression, many times they use separate samples to examine either coding or non-coding RNAs due to the difference in library preparations. This can lead to the need for more samples which can increase time, consumables, and animal stress. Additionally, it may cause researchers to decide to prepare samples for only one analysis, usually the mRNA, limiting the number of biological questions that can be investigated. However, ncRNAs span multiple classes with regulatory roles that effect mRNA expression. Because ncRNA are important to fundamental biologic processes and disorder of these processes in during infection, they may, therefore, make attractive targets for therapeutics. This manuscript demonstrates a modified protocol for the generation mRNA and non-coding RNA expression libraries, including viral RNA, from a single sample of whole blood. Optimization of this protocol, improved RNA purity, increased ligation for recovery of methylated RNAs, and omitted&#160;size selection, to allow capture of more RNA species.

Here, we present a protocol optimized for the processing of coding (mRNA) and non-coding&#160;(ncRNA) globin reduced RNA-seq libraries from a single whole blood sample.

Identificación de la codificación y las clases de ARN no codificante expresado en cerdos sangre entera

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying ...