Name: isolation of neonatal extrahepatic cholangiocytes
Uploaded: 2014-06-05T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes at JoVE.com

The authors are grateful to the Molecular Pathology and Imaging Core of the UPenn NIDDK Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases (P30 DK50306) for assistance with imaging.
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 DK-092111) and from the Fred and Suzanne Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center (to R.G.W.) and by a fellowship from the Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network (to S.K.).

The entire procedure is carried out at room temperature&#160;unless otherwise specified. All animal work should be carried out under humane conditions under a protocol approved by the local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
1. Preparation of Equipment and Solutions
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	<li>Set up the mouse surgical table in close proximity to the tissue culture hood and incubator (Figure 1A). Note: Required equipment includes a dissecting microscope, a light source, 12.5...

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	<li>Paradis, K., Sharp, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+duct-like+structure+formation+after+isolation+of+bile+ductular+cells+from+a+murine+model.">In vitro duct-like structure formation after isolation of bile ductular cells from a murine model.</a> J. Lab. Clin. Med. 113 (6), 689-694 (1989).</li><li>Vroman, B., LaRusso, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+polarized+primary+cultures+of+rat+intrahepatic+bile+duct+epithelial+cells.">Development and characterization of polarized primary cultures of rat intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells.</a> Lab. Invest. 74 (1), 303-313 (1996).</li><li>Kumar, U., Jordan, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+biliary+epithelial+cells+from+the+biliary+tract+fraction+of+normal+rats.">Isolation and culture of biliary epithelial cells from the biliary tract fraction of normal rats.</a> Liver. 6 (6), 369-378 (1986).</li><li>Ishii, M., Vromen, B., LaRusso, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+morphologic+characterization+of+bile+duct+epithelial+cells+from+normal+rat+liver.">Isolation and morphologic characterization of bile duct epithelial cells from normal rat liver.</a> Gastroenterology. 97 (5), 1236-1247 (1989).</li><li>Strazzabosco, M., Fabris, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+bile+ducts:+Essentials+for+the+clinical+hepatologist.">Development of the bile ducts: Essentials for the clinical hepatologist.</a> J. Hepatol. 56 (5), 1159-1170 (2012).</li><li>Carpentier, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+ductal+plate+cells+give+rise+to+cholangiocytes,+periportal+hepatocytes,+and+adult+liver+progenitor+cells.">Embryonic ductal plate cells give rise to cholangiocytes, periportal hepatocytes, and adult liver progenitor cells.</a> Gastroenterology. 141 (4), 1432-1438 (2011).</li><li>Cho, W. K., Mennon, A., Boyer, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+functional+polarized+bile+duct+units+from+mouse+liver.">Isolation of functional polarized bile duct units from mouse liver.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280 (2), (2001).</li><li>Karjoo, S., Hand, N. J., Loarca, L., Russo, P. A., Friedman, J. R., Wells, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extra-hepatic+cholangiocyte+cilia+are+abnormal+in+biliary+atresia.">Extra-hepatic cholangiocyte cilia are abnormal in biliary atresia.</a> J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57 (1), 96-101 (2013).</li><li>Sutton, M. E., op den Dries, S., Koster, M. H., Lisman, T., Gouw, A. S., Porte, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+human+extrahepatic+biliary+epithelium:+the+peribiliary+glands+as+progenitor+cell+compartment.">Regeneration of human extrahepatic biliary epithelium: the peribiliary glands as progenitor cell compartment.</a> Liver Int. 32 (4), 554-559 (2012).</li><li>Cardinale, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+stem/progenitor+cells+in+human+biliary+tree+give+rise+to+hepatocytes,+cholangiocytes,+and+pancreatic+islets.">Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in human biliary tree give rise to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islets.</a> Hepatology. 54 (6), 2159-2172 (2011).</li></ol>

Described here is a technique to isolate pure cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of mice of mice of all ages, including neonates. The technique offers the advantage that extrahepatic cholangiocytes can be studied separately from intrahepatic cholangiocytes, and may facilitate studies to identify key differences between these populations of cells. We recently published a study demonstrating decreased cilia in extrahepatic cholangiocytes isolated by this method and infected with rhesus rotavirus8. D...

The origin and development of intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes are markedly different. The liver develops from a diverticulum of the ventral foregut endoderm5. The caudal region of the diverticulum forms the extrahepatic biliary tree, while the cranial region generates the intrahepatic biliary tree5. Intrahepatic duct cholangiocytes are derived from progenitor cells around the ductal plate in the peri portal regions6. These cells have the ability to differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes6. This has significant clinical implications given that cholangiopathies may specifically target one category of cholangiocytes. For example, biliary atresia initially affects the extrahepatic ducts of the neonate, while Alagille Syndrome affects intrahepatic ducts.
There are multiple descriptions of the isolation of intrahepatic cholangiocytes and bile duct units from mice and rats. Investigators have isolated single cells by duct isolation and subsequent outgrowth, or by liver digestion and antibody pull down of cholangiocytes expressing specific cell surface markers1-4. Functional and polarized bile duct units have been isolated by liver digestion and size filtration7. Bile duct units are capable of responding to secretory stimuli and demonstrate fluid secretion7, while isolated cholangiocytes have been shown to develop ductular structures in vitro1,2. Limitations of these methods include the need for specialized technical expertise and special equipment for liver perfusion with digestive enzymes. In addition, there is a risk of contamination with mesenchymal cells3.
A method to isolate extrahepatic bile duct cholangiocytes, specifically from neonatal extrahepatic bile ducts, has not been previously described. This paper outlines a simplified technique to isolate neonatal as well as adult extrahepatic bile duct cells at high levels of purity. This technique will facilitate the study of differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes and research into mechanisms of diseases like biliary atresia that involve the extrahepatic ducts.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:943px;" width="942">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11320-033</td>
			<td>500ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
			<td>25 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">MEM with non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140-019</td>
			<td>5 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Insulin-transferrin-selenium</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51300-044</td>
			<td>5 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Na Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-000-CL</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Chemically-defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11905-031</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-002-CI</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15750-060</td>
			<td>0.2ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Ethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E9508-100ml</td>
			<td>0.13ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">MEM vitamin solution</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11120-052</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Soybean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Biowhittaker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-605E</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media. Solvent is PBS, mix to 5mg/ml stock concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-005-CL</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Bovine pituitary extract</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gemini</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500-102</td>
			<td>1.1ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, Stock conc 393ug/ml dilute with ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">3 3&#39;,5-triiodo-L-thyronine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T6397</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, Stock conc 3.4 mg/ml dilute with ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">01-101</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, 25ug/ml dilute with DMEM F12+1%BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Forskolin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6886</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media, use at stock concentration of 0.411mg/ml and dilute with DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Fungizone</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15290-018</td>
			<td>1ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Rat-tail collagen</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">354236</td>
			<td>variable depending on concentration of collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">USB Corporation</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">75889</td>
			<td>use at 10x, sterlie, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">dH2O</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>sterile, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">NaOH 10N</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ss255-1</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1N, sterile, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:335px;">collagenase type XI from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7657</td>
			<td>dilute in DMEM and sterile filter before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">trypsin-EDTA (1x) 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>3 ml, incubate max 10 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">trypsin-EDTA (10x) 0.5%</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400-054</td>
			<td>3 ml, incubate max 10 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;"></td>
			<td style="width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ645</td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:335px;">Light source (fiberoptic illuminator)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Schott-Fostec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ace EKE LR 92240</td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">12.5 cm straight iris scissors</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">6&#34; non-serrated curved forceps with fine tips</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">4&#34; serrated stainless forceps with fine tips</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of neonatal extrahepatic cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

The use of this protocol results in the isolation of a population of neonatal mouse extrahepatic cholangiocytes with excellent purity, as demonstrated by K19 immunofluorescence staining (Figures 2A and 2B); we achieve similar results isolating cells from adult mice. We have observed that it takes 3 weeks for cells from freshly isolated bile ducts to form monolayers on thick collagen gels. The cholangiocytes grow in a linear fashion throughout the thick collagen, forming sheets of cells from the isolated ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, ...

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